Analysis of fire protection systems in an orphanage. Analysis of the fire protection state of the protected object (before the fire)

Kindergartens and schools are not allowedFighting fires at such facilities is a very important task, the implementation of which must be approached with all responsibility.

Unfortunately, employees appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety of kindergartens and schools, as a rule, do not have special fire education and combine several positions, and training under the fire-technical minimum program is not enough to consider all issues. Therefore, in this article we will try to give practical recommendations, consider in as much detail as possible all the necessary issues and the most common shortcomings.

So, ensuring fire safety of an educational institution begins with appointments by Order by institution. Usually these responsibilities are assigned part-time to the deputy for administrative and economic affairs. At the same time, the head of the institution should not be removed from performing fire safety tasks, but should constantly monitor all activities carried out in the institution.

The person assigned to ensure fire safety (hereinafter referred to as the Responsible Person) first of all needs to complete the fire-technical minimum program at the appropriate educational center.

Work on site must begin with putting all documentation in order regarding fire safety. To organize your documentation, we recommendcreate several register folders:

1. For storing organizational documentation (instructions, orders, schedules, journals, etc.);

The documentation includes the following documents:

• Fire safety declaration;
• Instructions on fire safety measures at the facility;
• Instructions on fire safety measures for each fire-hazardous and fire-hazardous premises for production and storage purposes;
• conducting fire safety training;
• Certificates of completion of training according to the fire-technical minimum program;
• Protocol for testing knowledge of fire safety requirements for all employees of the organization;
• Order on the procedure and timing of fire safety training and passing the fire-technical minimum;
• Order on the creation of a fire-technical commission (optional);
• Order on the appointment of a person responsible for fire safety at the facility;
• Instructions on the procedure for operating personnel in the event of a fire during the day and night;
• Instructions on the actions of personnel to evacuate people in case of fire, once every six months - practical training;
• Smoking ban order;
• Logbook for checking the operability of electric valves and fire booster pumps;
• Instructions on the procedure for on-duty personnel upon receipt of signals about a fire and a malfunction of the fire protection installations (systems) of the facility;
• Logbook for recording the availability, frequency of inspection and recharging periods of fire extinguishers, as well as other primary fire extinguishing equipment

2. To store as-built documentation for fire automatic systems, protocols and reports of completed fire safety work, certificates and passports for primary fire extinguishing agents, fire protection equipment, fire doors, etc.;

Such documents include:

• Calculations to determine the categories of warehouse and industrial premises in terms of explosion and fire hazards, belonging to category “B” (if any);
• Certificates of fire retardant treatment of combustible roof structures of buildings, certificate for fire retardant composition, license of the organization that performed the work;
• Certificates for checking the quality of fire retardant treatment;
• Acts of conducting an inspection of the integrity of the structures of external fire escapes and roof railings of buildings;
• Certificates of performance testing of external fire escapes and roof railings of buildings;
• Certificates of inspection of ventilation system blocking devices with automatic fire alarm or fire extinguishing installations, automatic ventilation shutdown devices in case of fire;
• Schedule and reports of work on cleaning ventilation chambers, cyclones, filters and air ducts from flammable waste and grease deposits in kitchens;
• Acts on checking the serviceability of fire-fighting water supply networks (fire hydrants and hydrants);
• Certificates of inspection of fire protection systems - APS, AUPT, smoke protection, water supply, fire doors, etc.;
• Agreement for monthly maintenance of fire safety systems with a licensed organization;
• As-built documentation for installations and fire protection systems of the facility;
• Annual schedule for routine maintenance and preventive maintenance of building fire protection systems;
• Certificates for primary fire extinguishing agents;
• Certificates and passports, certificates of installation of fire doors and hatches. Certificates for fire-fighting foam (if used), license from the installation organization

3. To store inspection reports, instructions and correspondence with regulatory authorities on fire safety.

We also recommend that the Responsible acquire and study regulatory documentation (with the latest changes):

• Federal Law No. 69-FZ of December 21, 1994 “On Fire Safety”;
• Federal Law No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008 “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements”;
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 390 of April 25, 2012 “On the fire safety regime”, approving the Rules of the fire safety regime in the Russian Federation;
• Codes of fire safety rules (SP 1 - 12)

The next step is for the Responsible Person to conduct briefings and all employees institutions. In this case, the pProtocol for testing knowledge of fire safety requirements.

In the process of work, the Responsible Person conducts periodic inspections of fire protection systems, primary fire extinguishing equipment, and evacuation routes for their availability, accessibility and serviceability.

Operation of systems, frequency of work, checks and inspections

The responsible person carries out on one's own- initial check during commissioning and quarterly examination. held - annual inspection (re-examination) and recharging ( once every five years). .

Fire hydrants and hydrants

The correct installation and designation of fire cabinets is checked in accordance with.

Fire hydrants and street hydrants must be accessible. On one's own or with the involvement of contractors - cleaning hydrants from snow and ice, insulating hydrants, rolling fire hoses onto a new ramp ( annually). With the involvement of a licensed organizationfire-fighting water supply and hydrants are carried out for water loss - Twice a year (spring and autumn).

It should be noted that in public buildings (including kindergartens) with a volume of less than 5000 m 3, in schools it is allowed not to provide internal fire water supply.

If there are no fire hydrants within a radius of 100 m, fire hydrants are placed on the territory of the institution.

At hydrants and ponds(water sources), as well as in the direction of movement towards them, must beappropriate ones are installed (volumetric with a lamp or flat, made withthe use of reflective coatings that are resistant to precipitation and solarradiation). They must be clearly marked with numbers indicating the distance to the water source.

Evacuation plans

Kindergartens and schools must have photoluminescent evacuation plans; their number usually corresponds to the number of emergency exits. The availability of plans, compliance of the actual location with that indicated on the plan, illumination of the location, GOST R 12.2.143-2009 are checked. E monthly P quality control of their functioning is carried out (including control of the relative brightness of the glow) .

Controlling the relative brightness of the glowcarried out visually by comparing the brightness of the element with the brightness of the control (reference) sample 10 and 60 minutes after turning off the lighting sources, taking into account the adaptation of the organ of vision to dark conditions.

Roof railings, stairs and fire escapes

External fire escapes and roof railings of buildings and structures must be maintained in good condition and at least once a year it is necessary to conduct an inspection of the integrity of the structure and draw up a report based on the results of the inspection. At least once every five years must be subject to . Tests and annual inspections must be carried out by organizations that have trained personnel, certified testing equipment and measuring instruments with the results of their verification (a license is not required).

External fire escapes should be located at a distance between them of no more than 150 m along the perimeter of buildings.

Not allowed trim vertical fire escapes to a height of more than 1.5 m from ground level to the bottom of the stairs. In this case, it is allowed to cover the lower part of external vertical fire escapes with easily removable shields to a height of no more than 2.5 m from the ground level.

The height of stair railings used by children should be not less than 1.2 m, and in preschoolinstitutions for children with mental disabilities - 1.8 or 1.5 m with a continuous fence mesh.

In stair railings, vertical elements must have clearance no more than 0.1 m(horizontal divisions in fences are not allowed); The height of the porch fencing when climbing three or more steps must be at least 0.8 m.

Maintenance of the attic

It is not allowed to store any materials or objects in attics, as well as to set up production facilities or workshops. Doors and hatches leading to the attic from the interior must be fire-fighting, hatch size is at least 0.6 x 0.8 m, door size - 0.75 x 1.5 m.

​Combustible structures (beams, sheathing, etc.) of the roof of a building must be treated with fire retardants. For attract a licensed organization. In addition, it shouldbe carried out status check fire retardant treatment (impregnation) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions with drawing up an inspection report state of fire retardant treatment (impregnation). (impregnation) in the absence of frequency periods in the instructions, it is carried out at least once a year.

Clear height of attic passagealong the entire buildingmust be at least 1.6 m, and the width of these passages must be at least 1.2 m.

Basement maintenance

It is not permissible to place children's preschool institutions, dormitory buildings of boarding schools and other children's institutions in the basement floors.

It is not allowed to store in basements and ground floorsflammable and combustible liquids, gunpowder, explosives, pyrotechnic products, flammable gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other fire-explosive substances and materials.

In basements with one emergency exit, more than 6 people are not allowed to stay at the same time.

Pits near window openings in the basement and ground floors of buildings (structures) must be cleared of debris and foreign objects.

If the basement or ground floor as a whole is used as a technical floor, it is allowed to accommodate technical premises without separating them with fire doors. If there are rooms for other purposes in the basement, then all rooms must be fenced off with fire partitions with fire doors installed.

Warehouse premises located inbasement and ground floors must be equipped with an automatic fire extinguishing installation.

Escape routes and emergency exits

When operating evacuation routes and exits, it is necessary to ensure compliance with design decisions and the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety (including the lighting, number, size and space-planning solutions of evacuation routes and exits, as well as the presence of fire safety signs on evacuation routes).

From the premises, floors of buildings for summer children's recreation, buildings of children's preschool institutions, it is provided at least 2 emergency exits.

Locks on the doors of emergency exits must ensure that they can be free opening from inside without key.

It is not allowed to place children in the attic rooms of wooden buildings, more than 50 children in wooden buildings and buildings made of other flammable materials.

Prohibited:

• remove doors of emergency exits from corridors, halls, foyers, vestibules and staircases, and other doors that prevent the spread of fire hazards along evacuation routes;
• obstruct escape routes and exits (including passages, corridors, vestibules, galleries, elevator halls, landings, flights of stairs, doors, escape hatches) with various materials, products, equipment, industrial waste, garbage and other objects, as well as block doors emergency exits;
• arrange storage rooms and other utility rooms in staircases and floor corridors, as well as store things, furniture and other flammable materials under flights of stairs and on landings;
• arrange dryers and hangers for clothes, wardrobes in exit vestibules, as well as store (including temporarily) equipment and materials
• install external air conditioning units in staircases;
• simultaneous stay of more than 50 people in premises with one emergency exit;
• fix self-closing doors of staircases, corridors, halls and vestibules in the open position (if devices that automatically trigger in case of fire are not used for these purposes), and also remove them;
• change the direction of door opening.

Carpets and other floor coverings in children's educational institutions and on evacuation routes must be securely attached to the floor. At the same time, do not forget about limiting the use of flammable materials on evacuation routes.

When arranging furniture, play complexes and any equipment in rooms, offices, groups and other premises, it is necessary to ensure presence of passages to escape routes and emergency exits.

To ensure evacuation at night when there is a power outage, there must be working electric lights at the rate of 1 per 50 people.Evacuation lighting (if equipped) must turn on automatically when the power supply to the working lighting is interrupted.

Maintenance of electrical equipment

As fire analysis results show, one of the most common causes of fires is improper maintenanceelectrical equipment.

During operationelectrical equipmentprohibited:

Technical buildings

Electrical switchboards

Electrical control rooms should not be located under rooms with wet processes (bathrooms, showers, kitchens, etc.).

Electrical room doors should open outwards and also be carried out fire-fighting. If the door faces the street, there is no need to make it fireproof.

In order to prevent moisture from accumulating in the electrical room, there must be natural ventilation, as well as electric lighting and heating, ensuring a temperature of at least +5 ° C.

Not allowed storage any combustible materials, organization of workplaces, workshops, etc.It is prohibited to use homemade, non-standard fuse links (fuses) in electrical panels.

Electrical switchboards are equipped with a set of dielectric tools and a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.

If electrical panels are located outside special premises, the following measures must be taken:

• devices must be located in convenient and accessible places for maintenance;
• points and shields are installed in niches, boxes or covered with casings;
• points and shields should not have open, non-insulated live parts;
• devices are placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from pipelines.

Water metering unit

The most important thing in the water metering unit is how the fire water supply networks are powered. In connection with the requirements for installing water meters, they often forget about the network of fire hydrants, namely: in order to save money, they install a water meter with a flow diameter smaller than the main pipe. What happens in the end is that the required amount of water does not pass through the water meter and the fire water supply essentially becomes just a decoration.

According to fire regulations, the water meter must be designed for a pass fire-fighting water flow, or a bypass line is provided with a valve sealed in the closed position. Such a valve is required must be electrically driven, in case of a fire, no one will run to the basement to open the valve manually - it takes a long time and is too dangerous. The opening of the valve is provided automatically from buttons installed at fire hydrants, or from fire automatic devices (fire alarm systems, fire extinguishing systems).

It is also necessary to ensure good condition and periodic(at least 2 times a year)checks of the valve's performance, including a description of the technical condition in the dates of the check.

General Directorate for Civil Defense

and emergency situations in St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg Educational and Methodological Center

on civil defense, emergency situations

Fire safety in

educational institutions

Saint Petersburg

Under the general editorship of the head of the department for organizing the fire extinguishing service and emergency rescue operations of the State Administration for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of St. Petersburg

Reviewers:

Deputy head of the department for organizing fire extinguishing and emergency rescue operations of the State Administration for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of St. Petersburg;

Head of the St. Petersburg Medical Center for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Fire Safety

The textbook is intended for managers and officials of educational institutions, children's and medical institutions in St. Petersburg involved in organizing fire safety and fire training.

The manual discusses the features of the fire hazard of children's and medical institutions, the organization of fire safety regimes, general fire safety measures in schools: chemistry, physics rooms and other premises, and indicates fire safety measures during public events (evenings, New Year trees, film screenings, etc. .). The principles of placing children in children's institutions and patients in hospitals are given, space-planning and design solutions for ensuring fire safety and creating safe conditions for the evacuation of children in the event of a fire are considered.

Basic information about automatic fire protection installations and primary fire extinguishing means is provided, as well as the necessary actions of employees in case of fire.

The appendices present documents and reference material necessary for practical application in solving fire safety problems in children's institutions.

Saint Petersburg

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Fire safety can be ensured through the systematic implementation of preventive measures, strict compliance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts and documents in the field of fire safety, and the use of modern effective technical means of warning, notification and fire extinguishing.

The main document regulating the fire safety system is the Law of the Russian Federation dated 01/01/01 “On Fire Safety” as amended and supplemented by the Federal Law dated 01/01/01.

Ensuring fire safety is one of the most important functions of the state.

Fire safety measures are developed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents on fire safety, as well as on the basis of experience in fighting fires, assessing the fire hazard of substances, materials, technological processes, products, structures, buildings and structures.

Regulatory documents on fire safety include standards, norms and rules of fire safety, instructions and other documents containing fire safety requirements.

Fire safety rules (PPB 01-03) in the Russian Federation establish fire safety requirements on the territory of the Russian Federation, which are mandatory for execution by all government bodies, local government bodies, organizations, enterprises and institutions, regardless of their organizational, legal forms and forms of ownership.

Fire safety rules for secondary schools, vocational schools, boarding schools, orphanages, preschool, out-of-school and other educational institutions PPB-101-89 establish specific fire safety requirements for all children's institutions.

A fairly large number of fires in the country occur as a result of violation of the Fire Safety Rules, as well as the fire safety requirements of other regulatory documents. Such violations not only lead to the outbreak of a fire, they can contribute to its rapid development and the onset of serious consequences - both material and associated with injury and death.

Violation of fire safety requirements entails criminal, administrative and other liability in accordance with current legislation.

The development and implementation of fire safety measures for organizations, buildings, structures and other objects, including their design, must necessarily include solutions to ensure the evacuation of people in case of fires.

For children's institutions, it is mandatory to develop fire extinguishing plans that include solutions to ensure the safety of children and staff.

Organization of work to establish a fire safety regime and fire safety training of employees is aimed at increasing the general technical knowledge of managers, as well as organizations and institutions responsible for fire safety in the field of fire safety.

The main task is to familiarize them with the main areas of fire prevention, fire extinguishing means, rules for calling for help and actions in case of fire.

The manual discusses specific fire-fighting measures necessary for educational institutions, children's and medical institutions.

Fire safety must be ensured based on state standards GOST 12.1.004-91* “SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements".

Fire safety of children's institutions must be ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems, including organizational and technical measures.

Fire safety systems must be characterized by the level of fire safety and perform one of the following tasks:

prevent the occurrence of fire;

ensure fire safety of children and staff;

ensure fire safety of material assets;

ensure fire safety of people and material assets at the same time.

Facilities must have fire safety systems aimed at preventing people from being exposed to fire hazards, including their secondary manifestations at the required level.

The required level of fire safety for people using the above systems must be at least 0.999999 prevention of exposure to hazardous factors per year per person, and the permissible level of fire danger for people must be no more than 10-6 exposure to hazardous fire factors exceeding the maximum permissible values, per year per person.

1. Organization of fire protection. Basic organizational and general fire prevention measures

1.1. Activities of the head of a children's institution to ensure fire safety

Managers, teachers, maintenance personnel and other employees of children's institutions (hereinafter referred to as employees of children's institutions), as well as students and pupils, are required to know and strictly follow fire safety rules, and in the event of a fire, take all measures within their power to evacuate people and extinguish the fire. .

Responsibility for ensuring fire safety of children's institutions lies with their leaders - directors, managers.

The head of a child care institution is obliged to:

ensure compliance with fire safety rules and monitor compliance with the established fire safety regime by all employees, students and pupils, take urgent measures to eliminate the noted deficiencies;

organize the study of fire safety rules and conduct fire safety briefings with employees of children's institutions according to the program given in the appendix. Determine the timing, place and procedure for conducting fire safety training, as well as the list of officials who are responsible for conducting it. Persons who have not undergone fire safety training, as well as those who have demonstrated unsatisfactory knowledge, are not allowed to work. With children of senior preschool age - conversations on fire prevention at school and at home;

ensure the development and approval of an evacuation plan and a procedure for notifying people, establishing the responsibilities and actions of employees of a child care institution in the event of a fire. The evacuation plan and evacuation procedures must be reviewed promptly to take into account changing conditions. Practical classes on developing an evacuation plan should be held at least once every six months (for seasonal institutions - at the beginning of each shift);

establish a procedure for inspecting and closing premises and buildings at the end of classes and work of the child care institution;

exercise control over compliance with fire safety regulations by leasing organizations;

ensure timely implementation of fire safety measures proposed by state fire supervision authorities and provided for by orders and instructions of higher authorities;

organize a voluntary fire brigade (fire fighting crews) and a fire-technical commission, promote their activities;

immediately report to the fire department about fires, malfunctions of existing fire protection equipment, and changes in the condition of roads and passages;

provide assistance to fire protection in extinguishing fires, establishing the causes and conditions of their occurrence and development, as well as in identifying persons guilty of violating fire safety requirements and causing fires;

provide, at the request of officials of the State Fire Service, information and documents about the state of fire safety in the institution, about fires that occurred on the territory and their consequences.

1.2. Responsibility for fire safety

1.2.1. Rights and responsibilities of employees of children's institutions in the field of fire safety

Employees have the right to:

protection of their life, health and property in case of fire;

compensation for damage caused by fire in the manner prescribed by current legislation;

participation in establishing the causes of the fire that caused damage to their health and property;

obtaining information on fire safety issues, including in the prescribed manner from management bodies and fire departments;

participation in ensuring fire safety, including, in accordance with the established procedure, in the activities of the voluntary fire department.

Employees are required to:

comply with fire safety requirements;

If fires are detected, immediately notify the fire brigade;

before the fire department arrives, take all possible measures to save children, property and extinguish fires;

assist the fire department in extinguishing fires;

comply with orders, regulations and other legal requirements of state fire inspection officials;

Managers they have a right:

submit proposals to state authorities, local governments and higher authorities on issues related to ensuring fire safety of their institutions;

carry out work to establish the causes and circumstances of fires that occurred in the institution;

establish incentive measures to ensure fire safety;

receive information on fire safety issues, including in the prescribed manner from management bodies and fire departments.

Responsibility for fire safety of buildings and premises

Responsibility for fire safety of offices, laboratories, workshops, individual warehouses, storerooms and other premises lies with officials specially appointed by order of the director (manager).

In children's institutions with round-the-clock stay of students or pupils, the person on duty at the institution on weekends and holidays, as well as in the evening and at night, is obliged to:

when going on duty, check the availability and condition of fire extinguishing equipment, the serviceability of telephone communications, emergency lighting and fire alarms, and also make sure that all escape routes (corridors, staircases, vestibules, foyers, halls, vestibules) are not blocked, and the doors of emergency exits if necessary, they can be opened freely.

If violations of the fire safety regulations and malfunctions are detected that may result in a fire, take measures to eliminate them, and, if necessary, inform the manager or his replacement employee;

have lists (logs) of students, pupils and employees located in the children's institution, know their locations and report information about the number of people to the fire department;

Always carry with you a set of keys to the doors of emergency exits and car entrance gates to the territory of the child care facility, as well as a hand-held electric flashlight.

Responsibility for ensuring the fire safety regime in rented buildings and premises, as well as for the implementation of fire safety measures specified in the lease agreement, lies with the heads of the leasing organizations.

1.2.2. Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements

Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements in accordance with current legislation lies with:

property owners;

heads of federal executive authorities;

heads of local government bodies;

persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, including heads of organizations;

persons duly appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety;

officials within their competence.

Article 219 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability for violation of fire safety rules committed by a person who was responsible for their compliance. The crime under Part 2 of Article 219 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (resulting in the death of a person or other grave consequences) is classified as grave. According to PPB 01-03, responsibility for compliance with fire safety rules in general at the facility lies with:

a) heads of institutions;

b) persons responsible for functional responsibilities (based on job descriptions).

c) persons appointed by order of the director (manager) to be responsible for ensuring fire safety;

d) tenants (unless otherwise specified in the contract). In actual rental relationships, joint activity agreements are sometimes drawn up, in which fire safety issues are not reflected, and in this case responsibility will be borne not by the tenant, but by the owner;

To establish the status of the person who violated the rules, it is necessary to obtain the relevant documents: an order appointing those responsible for compliance with the safety regulations, a job description, a lease agreement, rental agreement, etc.

It should also be noted that the same acts at some facilities are a violation of the safety regulations, but at others they are not. For example, the operation of electric heating devices in warehouses is not allowed, but in service rooms it is not prohibited if precautions are taken.

1.2.3. ARTICLE 20.4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Violation of fire safety requirements

1. Violation of fire safety requirements established by standards, norms and rules shall entail a warning or the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of five to ten times the minimum wage; for officials - from ten to twenty minimum wages; for legal entities - from one hundred to two hundred minimum wages.

2. The same actions committed under the conditions of a special fire safety regime shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of ten to fifteen times the minimum wage; for officials - from twenty to thirty minimum wages; for legal entities - from two hundred to three hundred minimum wages.

3. Violation of the requirements of standards, norms and rules of fire safety, resulting in the outbreak of a fire without causing grave or moderate harm to human health or without the occurrence of other grave consequences, shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of fifteen to twenty times the minimum wage; for officials - from thirty to forty minimum wages; for legal entities - from three hundred to four hundred minimum wages.

Unauthorized blocking of passages to buildings and structures installed for fire engines and equipment - entails the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of three to five times the minimum wage; for officials - from five to ten minimum wages; for legal entities - from fifty to one hundred minimum wages.

1.2.4. Responsibility for violation of fire safety legislation in St. Petersburg

Failure to comply with or violation of the requirements of the St. Petersburg Law “On Fire Safety” by officials, legal entities and individuals entails liability in accordance with current legislation.

1.3.1. Induction training

Introductory training on fire safety is carried out for all newly hired employees, regardless of their education, work experience, or position held.

The induction training is conducted by the official assigned this responsibility.

Introductory training is carried out in a specially equipped room using modern technical teaching aids and visual aids (posters, models, films, videos, etc.).

Introductory briefing is carried out according to a program developed by the person conducting the briefing, taking into account the requirements of the rules, fire safety instructions, as well as all the features of the children's institution, approved by the director (manager).

An entry about the introductory briefing is made in the introductory briefing registration log with the obligatory signature of the person being instructed and the instructing person, as well as in the employment document.

The introductory briefing ends with a test of the knowledge and skills acquired by the instructees. For employees whose knowledge turned out to be unsatisfactory, the instruction is repeated with mandatory subsequent testing.

The log is kept by the person conducting the introductory briefing and is kept by him.

1.3.2. Initial training at the workplace

Initial briefing at the workplace before starting to perform official duties is carried out by:

with all those newly admitted to the institution, as well as those transferred from one institution to another;

with employees performing new work for them, business travelers, temporary workers;

with builders performing construction and installation work on the territory of the educational institution;

with students and students who arrived for industrial training or internship.

Initial training at the workplace is carried out according to instructions developed and approved by the management of the institution, taking into account the requirements of the relevant norms and regulations.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account an approximate list of questions for initial training on fire safety in the workplace.

Initial instruction at the workplace is carried out with each employee or student individually with a practical demonstration of actions in the event of a fire. Initial briefing is possible with a group of people performing the same type of job duties.

1.3.3. Re-briefing

All employees, regardless of qualifications, education, or work experience, undergo repeated training at least once every six months.

Repeated instruction is carried out individually or with a group on the issues of initial instruction at the workplace in full.

1.3.4. Unscheduled briefing

Unscheduled briefing is carried out by:

requirements for the maintenance of fire alarm installations, fire extinguishing systems, smoke protection systems, warning people about a fire and evacuation management;

procedure in case of fire.
Note:

if necessary, additional sections can be included in the instructions or those listed above can be shortened, depending on the specifics of the facility, existing systems and fire protection equipment.

Sections of instruction No. 1 on fire safety measures must reflect the following issues:

measures to ensure fire safety during technological processes, equipment operation, and fire hazardous work;

procedure and standards for storage and transportation of explosive substances and fire hazardous substances and materials;

smoking areas, open fires and hot work; the procedure for collecting, storing and removing flammable substances and materials, maintaining and storing protective clothing;

limit readings of control and measuring instruments (pressure gauges, thermometers, etc.), deviations from which can cause a fire or explosion;

responsibilities and actions of workers in case of fire, including:

rules for calling the fire department;

procedure for emergency shutdown of process equipment;

procedure for turning off ventilation and electrical equipment;

rules for the use of fire extinguishing means and fire automatic installations;

procedure for evacuation of flammable substances and material assets;

the procedure for inspecting and bringing all premises of the institution into a fire and explosion-proof condition.

Instructions for using automatic fire extinguishing systems and automatic fire alarm systems may have the following sections:

general provisions;

external inspection and performance testing;

procedure for action in the event of a “fault” signal;

procedure for responding to a "warning" signal;

procedure for responding to a fire signal.

Sections of instructions on the use of fire protection systems must reflect the following issues:

purpose of the system and main elements;

responsibilities of duty personnel when going on duty (external inspection, checking the operability of installations);

what happens when a “fault” or “warning” signal is received, the actions of the duty personnel;

Ryabov Maxim

This work is an educational research project.

The purpose of the projectis to study the state of fire safety as a subsystem of the comprehensive safety of the technical school.

Project objectives:

1. Analyze the tactical and technical characteristics of the technical school building.

2. Analyze the state of the notification and warning systems.

3. Characterize the availability of primary fire extinguishing and protective equipment.

4. Characterize the effectiveness of fire safety measures.

The project was presented at the interuniversity regional student conference "Youth and Science 2013" at the Volga Region Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation and received a Diploma for a meaningful analysis of the problem under study.

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Analysis of the fire safety state of the Engels Polytechnic

M. Ryabov , State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Engels Polytechnic"

Leaders – T.I.Ulyanova , Master of Industrial Training I

Qualification category

D.S.Petrakova , fire safety engineer and

Labor protection

Comprehensive security of an educational institutionis a set of measures and activities of an educational institution, carried out in cooperation with local governments, law enforcement agencies, other support services and public organizations, to ensure its safe functioning, as well as the readiness of employees, students and students to act rationally in emergency situations.

The goal of my projectis to study the state of fire safety as a subsystem of the comprehensive safety of our technical school.

Project objectives:

1. Analyze the tactical and technical characteristics of the technical school building.
2. Analyze the state of the notification and warning systems.
3. Describe the availability of primary fire extinguishing and protective equipment.
4. Describe the effectiveness of fire safety measures.

Tactical and technical condition of the building of the educational building Poltavskaya

17 has the following characteristics: the building building is 3-storey, third degree of fire resistance, with a total area of ​​2749.8 m 2. . Year of construction: 1966. External walls are brick, 380 mm thick. Plasterboard panels, floors and coverings made of reinforced concrete slabs, roofing - slate over wooden lathing with attic space, prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs, plank, linoleum, ceramic and concrete floors. There are 3 fire hydrants, 1 hydrant located at 19 Poltavskaya St., 16 fire extinguishers. There is an automatic fire alarm system with a warning system for people in case of fire. The building has 6 emergency exits.

The building's warning and warning systems consist of:

1. optical smoke detector IPD-3.1M
2. siren "Orpheus"
3. control panel system "Signal - 20"

The building has a redundant power supply unit BIRP.

The availability of primary fire extinguishing equipment is sufficient. It includes fire extinguishers OP-4 (powder fire extinguisher, extinguishes all types of fires), tools (shovels, hooks, buckets, sand). For the work of the fire service, the building is equipped with PC fire hydrants (one on each floor of the building), a hydrant (a column ten meters from the entrance to the building) and a vertical staircase (on the north side of the building, that is, at the entrance to it).

Work on fire safety for the 2012-2013 academic year showed a sufficient level of preparedness of students, teachers and technical equipment in case of an emergency. The following activities were carried out:

1. Familiarity with different types of instructions.
2. Conducting practical training sessions on evacuation.
3. Organization of an object voluntary fire brigade.

Thus, as a result of the analysis of the state of fire safety

Engel Polytechnic, we came to the conclusion that it complies with state standards and norms.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 69-FZ
   "About fire safety"
2. Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements "Adopted by the State Duma on July 4, 2008. Approved by the Federation Council on July 11, 2008
3. Order of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief of June 18, 2003 No. 313. Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 27, 2003. Registration No. 4838 ON APPROVAL OF FIRE SAFETY RULES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (PPB 01-03 )
4. Safety in emergency situations: Textbook" edited by N.K. Shishkin. - M., State University of Management, 2000.

5. V.E. Anofrikov, S.A. Bobok, M.N. Dudko, G.D. Elistratov "Life Safety: A Textbook for Universities" / State University of Education. – M.: ZAO "Finstatinform", 2009..

6. V.G. Atamanyuk "Civil Defense: Textbook for Universities" ed. D.I. Mikhailika. – M.: “Higher School”, 2007..

7.E.P. Pyshkina, V. S. Kluban “Fire safety in

enterprises.”

New times require a new approach to the safety of schools, hospitals, boarding schools and nursing homes

After several high-profile fires on the territory of the Russian Federation, the victims of which were the elderly and children, the issue of fire protection of social facilities is very acute. On the one hand, the facilities themselves are very expensive to maintain, and without strengthening fire safety measures. On the other hand, human life is an irreplaceable value. Our conversation with Alexey Belokobylsky, a researcher at the Krasnodar branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia, tells us about the current situation with social facilities and their protection.

Limited mobility groups and old layout

- Alexey, what can be classified as social objects and what difficulties are associated with these objects?
- Social facilities should include institutions for social protection of citizens, healthcare, educational and preschool institutions.
Their fundamental difference from other objects is the massive presence of people in them, including the so-called low-mobility groups of citizens - the elderly and disabled. So, with limited mobility groups of the population, as a rule, difficulties arise during evacuation, since they require a longer time to leave the building or to a safe zone than at other protection facilities. The situation is similar with children's institutions, where additional factors are the psychological characteristics of the behavior of children and adolescents in extreme situations, such as a fire.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that often socially significant objects are located in the old stock. Reconstruction or major repairs of these buildings is proceeding rather slowly, which is caused by a lack of funding from both local and federal budgets. In addition, we often encounter a problem when social facilities are located in buildings that originally had a different functional purpose. That is, kindergartens, schools, nursing homes and other similar institutions can be located in the buildings of former leisure institutions (clubs, cultural centers and others), and there, as you understand, planning solutions were intended for completely different purposes. These buildings have slightly different requirements for the parameters of evacuation routes, the placement of premises within the building volume, their functional purpose, etc.
Those regulatory documents that regulate fire safety today, I mean the most recent documents - the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements”, Codes of Rules, national standards, SNiPs in the updated version, pay closer attention to these objects. Unfortunately, it is impossible to take into account all options for the placement and functioning of social facilities using strictly standardized requirements. In accordance with the provisions of Article 78 of the “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements,” the mechanism of special technical conditions (STU) is actually applicable for facilities “for which there are no regulatory fire safety requirements.” For most social facilities, there are regulatory requirements for fire safety.
I think that one of the solutions to this problem could be the development and publication of collections of standard compensatory measures, technical solutions that will allow social facilities to be brought into compliance with fire safety requirements.
And yet it is worth noting that in recent years there have been positive trends in the issues of reconstruction, repair and technical equipment of social facilities, including in the field of fire safety. The federal target program “Fire Safety” and regional target programs in this area have a huge impact on the dynamics of this process.
- According to the draft changes to the methodology for calculating public buildings, it is planned to exclude such objects from the methodology. Do you think this is correct?
- Yes, indeed, there is such a project. It is difficult for me to assess the correctness or incorrectness of such changes. But questions arise automatically. What is the task? Or should we not engage in risk calculations for these objects at all and bring these objects into full compliance with the standards? Or will an independent risk assessment methodology be developed for these institutions, namely functional fire hazard class F1.1? For now this question remains open.
If we take everyday practice, it is absolutely clear that in the near future it is not possible to completely bring these facilities into compliance with regulatory documents on fire safety. Let's take, for example, boarding schools and nursing homes. I will not sin against the truth if I say that 70 - 80% of these objects are located in the old fund. And there are also objects that are located in barracks-type buildings with load-bearing wooden structures. These buildings have a fire resistance class of V - with all the ensuing consequences.
It is extremely difficult to move such objects en masse into modern, fireproof buildings. These are systemic problems that have evolved over many decades. This means that they must in any case be brought into compliance with the requirements of the standards.
Often, these facilities do not comply not only with the modern regulatory framework in the field of fire safety, but also with those regulatory documents (in some matters more liberal) that were in force before the “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” came into force.
Considering the approaches included in the methodology, today with correct calculations, i.e., when performing calculations in accordance with the methodology, it is almost impossible to obtain positive results for these objects. There is no possibility of evacuation. One of the main reasons is the start time of evacuation for such facilities. This parameter is strictly fixed by the methodology in the current edition for buildings of class F1.1. You can carry out a huge number of calculations, taking into account additional compensating measures that are established by the methodology, but the result will be unsatisfactory. And as you and I understand, all recalculations cost money. A situation arises where huge sums are spent to no avail. Therefore, I think these changes are already very necessary. The only questions that remain are: when will these changes take effect? And what to do next with objects of class F1.1?
A slightly different development of events is also possible, in which the probability of evacuation is ensured, but the results of calculating fire risks are not satisfactory. What should the customer do? According to the methodology, it is again necessary to carry out additional fire-fighting measures aimed at ensuring the safe evacuation of people, followed by a re-calculation of risks. All this entails large material costs for protected objects. The additional activities offered are often not enough. And it turns out to be a vicious circle. Enormous amounts of money were spent on calculations and measures, but the object of protection did not and does not meet the requirements of the standards. Obviously, this situation arises for a number of reasons. This includes the lack of financial capacity to implement serious measures, such as the installation of fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems, and the dishonesty of organizations conducting fire risk assessment calculations, and the systemic violations that exist at the facilities.
Of course, as part of the implementation of the targeted Fire Safety programs, many socially significant facilities were significantly improved in the field of fire protection, including through the installation of fire automatic systems: alarms, warnings and other measures. But, unfortunately, this is not always enough.
Therefore, changes in the approach to socially significant objects both in the field of fire risk assessment and in terms of equipping with fire safety engineering systems are relevant, timely and necessary.

The reality of automatic fire extinguishing systems

Alexey, one more question then. Today, manufacturers and sellers of automatic fire extinguishing systems say that these systems must be installed everywhere, including at social facilities. They cite the United States as an example, where automatic fire extinguishing systems are a necessity and are prescribed by law for mandatory use. How realistic is this in Russia?
- I'll say even more. We have the ability to view and analyze both European standards, the so-called “Eurocodes”, and North American NFPA standards. In Europe, everything is extremely tough on this issue. One of the latest trends is the equipping of cottages, individual households, townhouses, duplexes, etc. with automatic fire extinguishing systems, both initially during the construction of objects and existing buildings. Of course, this is also due to the developed insurance system. The more protected the object, the lower the insurance premiums.
As for social facilities, in Europe they are given very close attention in terms of human safety and fire protection.
My personal opinion is this: when constructing social facilities, they must be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems. And in those institutions that were built earlier, find the possibility of installing such systems now. It is possible that at some facilities it would be possible to provide modular fire extinguishing installations, including with finely sprayed water, with which it would be advisable to protect the most fire-hazardous rooms, rooms with large numbers of people, etc. Such systems can be quickly and relatively easily installed, and they can really help in the event of a fire .
The fire extinguishing device at protection facilities affects a number of very important parameters - this includes limiting the area of ​​the fire and its complete elimination in the initial stages, protecting evacuating people from exposure to high temperatures, facilitating the actions of fire departments, reducing economic losses from a fire at the facility, etc. d.
- Fine. Then here's the question. It may seem provocative, but you can’t do without it. How does VNIIPO as a “trend setter” look at the issue of automatic fire extinguishing systems?
- I'll say this. VNIIPO works closely with the Department of Supervisory Activities (DND) of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, divisions of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, ministries, departments, organizations and citizens. There is a constant exchange of information, analysis of the need to implement certain regulatory documents, technical means and methods of both prevention and protection, and fire fighting.
And today there is an information letter from one of the leaders of the DND, which provides information that is worth special mention. The letter, by the way, is quite recent - dated July 7, 2011. The essence of the letter concerns the application of Federal Law-123. As you remember, there is a certain procedure for assessing fire risk, regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 272 ​​of January 31, 2009. This decree establishes the procedure for conducting fire risk assessment calculations and the information that the report should contain. The structure and detail of the report concerns both the results and the list of source data. So, DND conducted a detailed analysis of fire risk assessment reports, and the results, unfortunately, were disappointing.
In general, a large number of violations were identified in the preparation of reports throughout the country. And very often, instead of the real situation at protection sites and the development of measures to reduce fire risk, the results are adjusted to the customer’s requirements. Obviously, with objective calculations, the results can be completely different - worse, and this will require the customer to make additional serious financial investments in ensuring the safety of the facility, including equipment with fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems.
Some facilities spare money for such systems, some simply do not have them, but nevertheless, the owners and administrations of facilities are increasingly becoming interested in serious automation systems, such as fire extinguishing. After all, a calming calculation of risks on paper is unlikely to help in practice, in the event of a real fire at the facility. Therefore, my position as an employee of VNIIPO is the following: fire risk calculations should help ensure the fire safety of objects, find thin and weak points in their security, and not allow one to avoid the installation of certain fire protection systems and measures.
And VNIIPO, as the leading institution in the field of fire science in the Russian Federation, supports initiatives to equip socially significant facilities with modern and reliable automatic fire extinguishing systems. I hope we all understand that this is really important and necessary.

The course project on fire safety of objects and settlements is the most important stage in mastering the course; course design provides the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to solving specific practical problems related to the development of engineering solutions, recommendations for ensuring fire safety of production processes. Great importance in the development of any industry should be given to production safety, especially in those industries where the conditions of technological processes, the use of flammable and flammable liquids, flammable gases and substances create an increased fire and explosion hazard, sometimes causing material damage to production. Fires at industrial facilities are a disaster that is often accompanied by loss of life and irretrievable material losses. In this regard, the role of fire protection in the prevention and extinguishing of fires at industrial enterprises is increasing. The design and construction of woodworking enterprises poses certain tasks for specialists in terms of improving design, improving technology and introducing promising technological processes based on new materials, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes. Workshops of woodworking enterprises that have the same purpose by the nature of the technological process, usually located in the same building, separated by walls or partitions into separate rooms. The fire hazard of workshops of woodworking enterprises is characterized by the fire hazardous properties of flammable substances and materials circulating in production, their quantity, as well as the possibility of the formation in some cases of flammable dust-air concentrations, the presence of ignition sources and the speed of fire spread.

The most fire and explosion hazards at woodworking enterprises are the processing, finishing, drying of wood, as well as finished product warehouses due to the high fire load. At the same time, the fire hazard is due to the fact that wood itself is a flammable material, and materials and vapors of synthetic finishing materials are fire and explosive due to their physical and chemical properties. According to statistics, in 9 out of 10 cases of fire, a person is to blame, mainly due to careless handling of fire - 29%, operation of faulty equipment - 21%, improper operation and use of homemade heating devices - 12%, violation of safety regulations in the production of fire and welding work - 6%, etc.

1. Fire hazard analysis and development of fire protection systems

General fire safety requirements for production processes are ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems and a systematic approach to organizational and technological measures. The development of such systems is carried out based on an analysis of fire hazards and process protection.

Fire hazard analysis and protection of production processes is carried out in stages. It includes the study of production technology, assessment of the fire hazardous properties of substances and materials used in production: identification of possible causes of the occurrence and formation of a flammable environment in production conditions, ignition sources and fire spread paths, development of fire protection systems, as well as organizational and technical measures for ensuring fire safety