Participial turnover. Participle and adverbial phrase Participle and participle phrase

The participle phrase is formed from the participle with dependent words. It acts as a circumstance in a sentence and answers the questions: “Why? How? When? For what purpose? How?" You can ask questions about such a design: “Doing what? Having done what? In writing, participial phrases are always separated by commas. It means an additional, clarifying action. If there are two participial phrases in one sentence, united by the conjunction “and,” then a comma is not placed between them. An adverbial phrase is a form characteristic of written speech. Therefore, it is more often found in business letters, scientific works, and literary works. In oral speech, such a turn of phrase is not used, since in it it is inconvenient and inappropriate.

Examples

• “The husband, without taking his eyes off the monitor, clicked the seeds.”
• “The cat, blissfully stretching and purring contentedly, settled down on the computer desk.”
• “Without showing her embarrassment, she continued talking.”

Possible mistakes

• The participial phrase must refer to the same noun as the verb. Otherwise, errors appear that contradict the norms of the Russian language. An example of incorrect use of a phrase: “When returning to my homeland, I began to feel depressed.” In order for the proposal to be consistent, it needs to be restructured. For example, like this: “Returning to my homeland, I became sad.”
• If there is no verb in the sentence, the adverbial phrase becomes inappropriate. Example: “I did well in passing the exam, so I got the highest score.” It would be correct: “I concentrated and remembered everything I know while taking the exam, so I got the highest score.”
• In impersonal sentences, mistakes are often made like: “Even sitting next to the fireplace, I feel cold.” In this case, it is better to say: “Even after sitting near the fireplace, I did not warm up.”
• In indefinitely personal sentences, the gerund must be referred to the implied person. Otherwise, it will be erroneous: “Having completed their studies, the graduates were sent to practice.” It would be more correct: “After finishing their studies, the graduates went to practice.”

If the participial phrase is part of a phraseological unit, then it is not separated by commas: “She listened to him with bated breath.” If the participle loses its verbal meaning and acts as a complex preposition (usually, in such cases the words are used: starting, looking, from such and such a time, in accordance with, on the basis), the turnover is not isolated. For example: “You can start working on Monday.” “We will act depending on the situation.” Here the words “starting” and “looking” can be easily removed without losing the meaning of the statement. If the word cannot be removed from the sentence, that is, it clarifies the action, then the phrase is isolated.

Don't be confused

The participial and participial phrases differ from each other in that the first is separated by commas only if it stands after the main word, and the second always, except in exceptional cases. Also, the participle phrase is checked by the fact that it can begin with the words “which, which.” For example: “The book lying on the table was long ago read by me from cover to cover.” Here one could put it this way: “The book that lies on the table...”

In the Russian language, speech structures can be enriched with participial and participial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for using each type of phrase, and provides examples of their proper use in speech.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.

• Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign of action, answers questions Which? What? What do you do? What did he do? and in a sentence refers to the word being defined. Syntactic role – a separate or non-separate definition.

  Examples of sentences with participial phrases: Sitting by the window the boy put the book aside and looked at his mother (the boy (which one? what was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the dacha, we placed in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the dacha).

• Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions Doing what? What did you do?

  and in a sentence refers to the predicate verb. Performs the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb. Examples of using participial phrases: While doing the exercise , the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (doing what?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner

Note! When forming a participial phrase, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and a participial phrase can only be a gerund.

Isolation of participial phrases

In a sentence, the isolation (set off with commas) of the participial phrase in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

• Before the word being defined, the participial phrase is not isolated.

  Examples: Dima raised fallen from a hanger hat. The student redrawn given in the textbook diagram.

• After the word being defined, the participial phrase is highlighted with commas on both sides.

  Examples: Janitor, swept away the leaves all morning, left for lunch. Painting, drawn in Art Nouveau style, hung over the sofa.

Also, the participial phrase is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.

Examples: Transferred to another group, they haven’t had time to meet each other yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (he called (why? what was he doing?) worried about his friend).

Isolation of adverbial phrases

In adverbial phrases, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participial phrase is always separated by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the predicate verb.

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Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma prepared tea for us, asking about what happened.

The participial phrase is not separated by commas:

• If it is part of a phraseological expression L(people listened to the guest ears hanging down) ;
• If a gerund has turned into an adverb and can be replaced with a synonymous adverb (They walked leisurely (slowly)).
• If the adverbial phrase includes a dependent word which or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).

Test on the topic

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Participial turnover is a participle with dependent words. Like a single gerund, it denotes an additional action and is performed by the same person, object or phenomenon that performs the main action. Always isolated. Answers the question “doing what?” or “having done what?” The action usually refers to the subject, for example: summing up the meeting, the minister congratulated all teachers on the start of the school year.

The participle is an independent part of speech in the Russian language, which denotes an additional action with the main one. This part of speech combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, voice and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, syntactic role of adverbial adverb). Answers questions about what to do? what did you do?

Rule.

When using an adverbial phrase in a sentence, remember that:

1. the main action expressed by a predicate verb and the additional action expressed by a gerund refer to the same person or thing
2. often the participial phrase is used in a one-part definite-personal sentence, including with a verb in the imperative mood (where the subject is easily restored)
3. it is possible to use the participial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive

Sentences with adverbial verbs (examples)

Trap!

The participial phrase cannot be used in the following cases:

if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons (objects):

Jumping off the footboard of the tram, my hat flew off (IMPOSSIBLE, since “a hat cannot jump from a tram”!)

if in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial phrase could relate, but there is a combination of a predicate verb with a pronoun or noun as an object.

Looking out the window, I felt sad (IMPOSSIBLE, since there is an addition to me)

if the participial phrase refers to passive participles, because in this case, the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the gerund) do not coincide:

Having run away from home, the boy was found (IMPOSSIBLE, since the boy runs away from the house, and other people find him!)

Syntactic norms. Algorithm of actions.

1) In the phrase in bold, find the participle (answers the questions: what by doing? what by doing?)

2) Highlight the basics in each option.

3) If the sentence does not have a subject, try to reconstruct it using the predicate.

4) If it is impossible to restore the subject in a sentence, see if the producer of the action is indicated in the indirect case.

5) Match the subject with the gerund in each option.

6) The option where the subject performs the action of both the gerund and the predicate is correct.

Analysis of the task.

Provide a grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Without counting on help,

1) my strength began to leave me.

2) the students completed the task independently.

3) independence is very important.

4) the textbook helps you better cope with difficult material.

Finding the participle: n not counting on help - doing what? without counting.

In each option we will find the grammatical basis:

1) my strength began to leave me.

2) the students completed the task independently.

3) independence very important .

4) the textbook helps you better cope with difficult material.

Let's correlate the participle and the subjects by answering the question: who can not count on help? Is not strength, not independence and not a textbook. Only students can cope with the task and not count on help.

Correct answer - option number 2.

Also watch the video if anything is unclear.

Practice.

1. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Analyzing Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”,

1) critics noted the abundance of colloquial expressions.

2) its “obvious” disadvantage was considered to be the abundance of colloquial expressions.

The answer to the question of how a participle phrase differs from an adverbial phrase lies in the terminology. It is enough to remember what their forming parts of speech are:

• participle – an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adjective, expressing a procedural characteristic of the subject;
• A gerund is an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adverb, expressing a procedural feature of an action (more often it denotes an additional element).

The combination of participles and gerunds with words grammatically dependent on them is called turns.

Comparison

The syntactic constructions under consideration inherit all the properties and features of their fundamental parts of speech. The participial phrase denotes a temporary attribute of an object as an action that it produces or is subjected to. Peter, headed the Land Noble Cadet Corps, proved himself to be a worthy successor to Minich’s work. An adverbial phrase denotes an additional action that characterizes another action. Sofia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having arrived in Russia, tried to become Ekaterina Alekseevna as soon as possible.

The difference between a participial phrase and a participial phrase is easy to notice from the questions asked: the first one answers “what did/did/is doing?” or, more generally, “which one?”; the second is “what by/having done?” or “how/in what way?”

The participial phrase is associated with a noun, numeral or pronoun, the participial phrase is associated with the predicate verb. It always refers to the person performing the main action. Berlioz, able to speak verbosely but meaningfully, the conversation with the supposed foreigner was easy. Poet Homeless, forced to act as a listener, I fully shared his point of view.

The participial phrase does not change, unlike the participle, which is declined according to gender, number and case. A boy who bought chocolate, a girl who bought chocolate, first-graders who bought chocolate, someone who bought chocolate as a gift, a client who bought chocolate. The boy (girl, first graders), having bought chocolate, headed towards the exit.

In a sentence, the participial phrase acts as an agreed-upon isolated definition (and is emphasized by a wavy line during syntactic parsing), the participial phrase acts as a separate adverbial adverb (graphically indicated by dots with dashes).

What is the difference between participial and participial phrases in terms of punctuation? For the first, its location relative to the word being defined is important: when it comes forward in a sentence, the construction is highlighted with commas, when, on the contrary, punctuation marks are not placed between them. The participial phrase is isolated in any case if it refers to a personal pronoun, has an additional causal, conditional or clarifying meaning, and also if there are other members of the sentence between it and the word being defined.

The participial phrase is always highlighted with commas if it is not part of a stable combination (carelessly, headlong). The exception is when it is included in the semantic center of the statement. The students, who were waiting for Kedrov quite nervously and in awe in advance, dispersed in bewilderment. In addition, if it acts as a member of a sentence, homogeneous with a non-isolated circumstance, then it is not distinguished punctuationally. Members of the institute commission studied the girl with the last name Brushtein suspiciously and frowning.

Table

TASK 17: Sentences with participle and participial phrases.

Task 17 from the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is devoted to sentences with isolated members of the sentence (definitions, circumstances, applications, etc.). The largest number of errors is associated with the placement of signs when using participial (PO) and adverbial (DO) phrases. To avoid mistakes, you should follow the algorithm.

ALGORITHM.

1. Find all participles and gerunds.

2. Find those words on which participles and gerunds depend.

3. Determine the speed limits (using questions).

4. Think: are there any homogeneous phrases in the sentence (i.e. those that depend on one word).

What is useful to remember about PARTICIPLES.

WHICH? WHAT DOES, DOES, DOES?

2. Participles indicate sign by action. A child PLAYS - he is a PLAYER; PLAYED - PLAYED; the book has been READ - it is READ, etc.

3. In a sentence, the participle depends on a NOUN (or other part of speech in the role of a noun; for example, on a pronoun).

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Active present participles: ASCH, YASCH; USCH, YUSCH. Thinking, gluing, searching.

Active past participles: VSh, Sh. THINKING, Gluing, SEEKING.

Present passive participles: THEM; EM/OM. Readable, persecuted.

Passive past participles: ENN, NN, T. BUILT, READ, COVERED.

What is useful to know about participles.

1. Answer the following questions: WHAT DO YOU DO? HOW?

2. Participles mean additive action. The man walked, LOOKING around; the scientist read the manuscript, carefully STUDYING the author’s notes, etc.

3. In a sentence, the gerund depends on the VERB.

4. Remember gerund suffixes.

Imperfect participles: AND I. Doing, working, hearing, screaming, holding.

Perfect participles: V, LICE, SHI. Done, seen, lowered, decided, baked, dried, locked.

Such suffixes are rare, but also occur: UCHI, YUCHI. BEING, DRIVING, PLAYING.

What is useful to know about REVERSES.

1. A revolution is a participle/gerund + dependent words.

2. It will be easier to determine the boundaries of a phrase if you ask questions from the main word in the phrase (from a participle or gerund) to the words around it.

3. We highlight participial phrases (or single participles) in tasks from the Unified State Exam with the signs ALWAYS.

4. We highlight the participial phrase in tasks from the Unified State Exam with signs when it comes AFTER the DEFINED (main) word.

The old NAVIGATION, who had weathered many storms in his long life, was not at a loss in an unfamiliar situation.

If the participial phrase comes BEFORE the word being defined, then we do not put signs.

OSTAP, NOT CONFUSED in this situation, dodged to the right.

Let's look at some examples from task 17.

1. A young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from the summer sky (4) outlining the space above the horizon.

1. Taking off, outlining - gerunds.

2. Taking off HOW? unexpectedly high. Soaring OVER WHAT? over the plain. Unexpectedly flying high above the plain - an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so we put commas in place of numbers 1 and 3.

3. Outlining WHAT? space. WHAT space? above the horizon. Outlining the space above the horizon is also an adverbial phrase. We put a sign in the number 4.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb DISAPPEARED. Where it stands relative to the speed is not important to us. DOs are still isolated.

Answer: 134.

2. Having walked dozens of miles (1) and (2) feeling very tired (3), I lay down in the shade of a thick willow tree (4) standing lonely on the shore of a steppe pond.

1. Having passed and felt - gerunds.

2. Having passed WHAT? more than a dozen miles. This is an adverbial phrase.

3. Feeling WHAT? severe fatigue. This is also an adverbial phrase.

4. The main word for both DO is the verb LIE. This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in numbers 1 and 2, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 3, a sign is needed, because in a sentence DO should be highlighted with signs.

4. Standing - communion. Standing HOW? lonely. Standing WHERE? on the shore of a steppe pond. After the number 4 comes software. It depends on the word VETLA (WHAT willow? standing...). Because PO is after the DEFINED word, we put a comma (in number 4).

3. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1) who created a completely unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed (4) in her muse.

1. Who created and believed - sacraments.

2. Who created WHAT? a completely unique poetic world. This is a participle phrase.

3. Believed HOW? holy. Believing WHAT? to your muse. This is also a participle phrase.

4. The main word for both software is Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva WHAT? Who created... and believed... . This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 2 and 3, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 1, the sign is needed because PO comes after the DEFINED word.

4. All around was only the solemn sea (1) silvered by the moon (2) and (3) the sky strewn with stars (4).

1. Silvered, studded - communions.

2. Silver plated with WHAT? moon. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SEA. WHAT kind of sea? silvered by the moon. The participial phrase comes after the DEFINED word, and therefore we must separate it with commas.

3. Dotted with WHAT? stars. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SKY. WHAT is the sky? studded with stars. The participial phrase comes before the DEFINED word, and therefore we DO NOT separate it with commas.

4. Please note that between the turns there is a conjunction I. Many will decide that it connects exactly two turns, and therefore they are homogeneous. But that's not true. These phrases cannot be homogeneous, since they depend on different words. The conjunction I connects the words SEA and SKY. That is why we consider these turnovers separately from each other. In the first case, we highlight the revolution with signs, and in the second case, we DO NOT highlight the revolution with signs.

Task 1 #4286

Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate (1) Fenya (2), so frightened two hours ago (3) and still from excitement (4) not daring to go to bed (5), was now frightened again almost to the point of hysteria.

Having heard - a gerund. Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate is an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Scared is a participle. So frightened two hours ago - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The word being defined is “Fenya”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Undecided - participle. Still not daring to go to bed out of excitement - participial phrase. It also refers to the defined word “Fenya” and comes after it. In this case, the software is isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two POs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 3.

Answer: 125

Task 2 #4287

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Driving along the big Oryol road (1) young officials and other unoccupied people can still notice a huge wooden house (2) completely abandoned (3) with a collapsed roof and (4) tightly blocked (5) windows (6) pushed to the very top the road.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Passing - participle. Those driving along the big Oryol road are a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word(s) being defined. Defined words are officials and people. PO comes before them, so there is no comma in place of the number 1.

Abandoned - participle. Completely abandoned is a participial phrase. The word being defined is “house”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. Commas should be placed in place of numbers 2 and 3.

Crowded - participle. Tightly packed - participial phrase. The defined word is “windows”. It occupies a position after the software, so it is not isolated; commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5 are not needed.

Nominated - participle. Pushed to the very road - PO. The word being defined is “house”, it comes before the software, so there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 236

Task 3 #4288

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Completely bankrupt (1) he went to St. Petersburg (2) to look for a place for himself (3) and died in a hotel room (4) without waiting for any decision.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Having gone broke is a gerund. Having completely gone bankrupt is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Without waiting - a gerund. Without waiting for any decision - an adverbial phrase. There should be a comma in place of the number 4.

Answer: 14

Task 4 #4289

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

If just one person made his notes throughout the entire book (1) without missing a single sheet of it (2) and began to read it (3) by picking up a pen (4) and placing a sheet of notepaper in front of him (5) and then After reading a few pages, he would remember his whole life and all the incidents (6) that happened before his eyes.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Without missing - participle. Without missing a single sheet of it - an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. The numbers 1 and 2 should be replaced by commas.

Having taken (taken) - gerund. Picking up a pen - participial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Having put (put) - gerund. By placing a sheet of notepaper in front of you - BEFORE, it always stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two DOs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 4.

Happened - participle. What happened before his eyes is a participle phrase. The word being defined is “incidents.” It comes before the software, in this case the software stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12356

Task 5 #4290

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Thus dressed (1) he rode in his own carriage along the endlessly wide streets (2) illuminated by the meager lighting from (3) flickering (4) windows here and there.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Getting dressed is a gerund. Dressing in this way is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Illuminated - communion. Illuminated by the meager lighting from the flickering windows here and there - a participle phrase. The defined word is “streets”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. There should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Flashed - communion. Flashed here and there - a participial phrase. The word being defined is “windows”. The software stands in front of it, therefore, it is not isolated. In place of numbers 3 and 4, commas are not needed.

Answer: 12

Task 6 #4291

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Nekhlyudov dressed in a dress that had been cleaned and (1) prepared on a chair (2) and went out into the dining room with a huge oak buffet and an equally large sliding table (3) that had something solemn in its (4) widely spaced in the shape of lion paws (5 ) carved legs.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Cooked - participle. Cooked on a chair is a participial phrase. The software is isolated if it appears after the word being defined. The word being defined is “dress.” The software stands in front of him. In place of numbers 1 and 2, commas are not needed.

Those who had - communion. Those who had something solemn in their carved legs widely spaced in the form of lion paws - a participial phrase. The defined word is “table”. PO stands after the word being defined, therefore, it is isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Arranged - communion. Widely spaced in the form of lion paws - participial phrase. The defined word is “legs”. The software comes before the word being defined, so it is not isolated. In place of numbers 4 and 5, commas are not needed.

Graduated is a participle. Having completed important homework is a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of numbers 1 and 2.

Those who talked are a participle. Talking to your doctor about the weather and a small pimple - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 2 and 4.

To those who jumped up - communion. Jumped up on the nose - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “pimple”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5.

Showing is a participle. Showing great talents - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12456