His discoveries are briefly tabled by Ferdinand Magellan. Fernando Magellan

MAGELLAN (Magalhães) Fernand born in the spring of 1480, in the locality of Sabrosa, province of Vila Real, Portugal, died April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Philippines. A Portuguese navigator who proved the sphericity of the Earth and the unity of the World Ocean, the discoverer of part of the Atlantic coast of South America, the passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which he crossed for the first time. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the world. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas. Opened the entire coast of the South. America south of La Plata, circled the continent from the south, discovered the strait named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera;
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was the first to cross the Pacific Ocean (1520), discovering Fr. Guam, and reached the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in a battle with local residents.
Carier start

The poor but noble nobleman Magellan served as a page in the retinue of the Portuguese queen in 1492-1504. He studied astronomy, navigation and cosmography. In 1505-13 he took part in naval battles with the Arabs, Indians and Moors, and showed himself to be a brave warrior, for which he received the rank of sea captain.
On September 20, 1519, five small ships “Trinidad”, “San Antonio”, “Santiago”, “Concepcion” and “Victoria” with a crew of 265 people went to sea. When crossing the Atlantic, Magellan used his signaling system, and the different types of ships of his flotilla were never separated. At the end of December he reached La Plata, explored the bay for about a month, but did not find a passage to the South Sea. On February 2, 1520, Magellan went south along the Atlantic coast of South America, moving only during the day so as not to miss the entrance to the strait. He settled for the winter on March 31 in a convenient bay at 49° south latitude. That same night, a mutiny began on three ships, which was soon brutally suppressed by Magellan. The ship Santiago, sent on reconnaissance in the spring, crashed on the rocks, but the crew was saved.

On October 21, they entered a narrow, winding strait, later named after Magellan. On the southern shore of the strait, sailors saw the lights of fires. Magellan called this land Tierra del Fuego. A little over a month later, the strait (550 km) was crossed by three ships, the 4th ship “San Antonio” deserted and returned to Spain, where the captain slandered Magellan, accusing him of treason against the king.
First crossing of the Pacific Ocean

On November 28, Magellan with the remaining three ships entered the unknown ocean, rounding America from the south along the strait they had discovered. The weather, fortunately, remained good, and Magellan called the ocean Pacific. A very difficult voyage continued for almost 4 months, when people ate dry dust mixed with worms, drank rotten water, ate cowhide, sawdust and ship rats. Hunger and scurvy began, many died. Magellan, although he was short, was distinguished by great physical strength and self-confidence. Crossing the ocean, he traveled at least 17 thousand km, but met only two islands, one in the Tuamotu archipelago, the other in the Line group. He also discovered two inhabited islands, Guam and Rota, from the Mariana group. On March 15, the expedition approached the large Philippine archipelago. With the help of weapons, the decisive and brave Magellan forced the ruler of the island of Cebu to submit to the Spanish king.
As the patron of the natives he baptized, Magellan intervened in the internecine war and was killed in a skirmish off the island of Mactan.

The ruler of Cebu invited part of the crew to a farewell feast, treacherously attacked the guests and killed 24 people. There were only 115 people left on the three ships, there were not enough people, and the Concepcion ship had to be burned. For 4 months the ships wandered in search of the spice islands. From the island of Tidore, the Spaniards bought cheaply a lot of cloves, nutmeg, etc. and split up: “Victoria” with captain Juan Elcano moved west around Africa, and “Trinidad”, which needed repairs, remained behind. Captain Elcano, fearing a meeting with the Portuguese, stayed significantly south of the usual routes. He was the first to navigate the central part of the Indian Ocean and, having discovered only the island of Amsterdam (near 38° south latitude), proved that the “southern” continent does not reach this latitude. On September 6, 1522, “Victoria” with 18 people on board completed the “Around the World”, which lasted 1081 days. Later, 12 more Victoria crew members returned, and in 1526 five from Trinidad.

The sale of the brought spices more than covered all the expenses of the expedition. Ferdinand Magellan.

Ferdinand Magellan

is a Portuguese and Spanish navigator who made the first trip around the world, as well as the first European to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Youth

Ferdinand Magellan was born on November 20, 1480, but the exact place of birth is not known. Little is known about the family, it is only known that Magellan came from a noble family. In 1505 he made his first voyage with the first admiral and king of Portugal, Francisco Almeida. And under the command of Almayda, Magellan began his expeditions to India, Malki.
Expeditions
The expedition lasted from September 20, 1519 to September 6, 1522 - later this journey was called the first around the world. 18 people and one ship returned from the expedition, but five ships departed with a crew of 280 people on board. Most of the crew died from disease, food shortages and military clashes with the natives.

Achievements

Made the first trip around the world;
He gave the name to the Pacific Ocean because while he walked through it for 30 days, the ocean was calm, he met not a single storm (in fact, the Pacific Ocean is the most violent of all);
He opened a strait, which was called the Strait of Magellan;
He became the first European to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan was killed by natives who did not want to submit to the Spanish crown on the Mactan island of Lapu-Lapu on April 27, 1521.

Now almost anyone can travel around the world. For this purpose, special tourism programs have been created. But perhaps it is worth remembering the one who made such a journey for the first time in history - Ferdinand Magellan.

A man whose name is forever inscribed in world history was born on November 20, 1480 in the town of Sabrosa (Portugal) into a noble family. He was orphaned at an early age, but his title of nobility allowed him to remain under the tutelage of the royal court. This is what gave him the opportunity to study maritime affairs at a school on Cape Sagres. And after receiving an excellent education at that time, he went to serve in the Royal Navy.

Since 1505, he sailed in the squadron of the Viceroy of Portugal, Francisco de Almeida. His first voyage was a trip to India. This was the case until 1508, when he became a participant in military operations against the Moors, Indians and Arabs, where he showed himself to be a brave warrior. These events in his life allowed him to rise through the ranks to the rank of captain. But being overly ambitious, he committed a false denunciation and was deprived of further promotion. This put an end to his career in the Portuguese Navy.

Having emigrated to Spain in 1517, he not only swore allegiance to Charles I, but also offered the monarch something that would glorify his fleet and empire - the first voyage around the world. But the Spanish ruler did not immediately agree to this proposal, as he considered it a big gamble. But after lengthy discussions, the captain’s authority was taken into account and the Spanish fleet began to prepare 5 ships for this voyage: “San Antonio”, “Victoria”, “Santiago”, “Trinidad”, “Concepcion”.

On September 20, 1519, these sailing ships with a crew of 319 (according to some sources 265) people weighed anchor off the coast of Spain (Sanlúcar) and went out to the open sea. The composition of 5 ships reached the southern coast of South America. In those days there was no specific navigation system. But Magellan not only managed not to lose them, but also in practice used signals that made it possible to remain in each other’s field of vision. In 1520, the ship "Santiago" crashed into the rocks during a storm, and shortly after that, the crew of the ship "San Antonio" betrayed their admiral and returned to Spain, where its captain slandered Magellan for treason against the kingdom.

They sailed across the Pacific Ocean for about three months. The weather was on their side. By the spring of 1521, travelers landed on the shores of the Philippine Islands (Mactan Island). Wanting to subjugate the natives to the Spanish crown, Ferdinand Magellan, along with part of his crew, fell in battle on April 27, 1521. The sailors could not continue their journey on three ships and therefore they had to burn the ship “Concepcion”. After filling the holds with spices, the sailing ships headed home. But by order of the Portuguese king, Trinidad was captured. But “Victoria” successfully sailed the southern shores of Africa and reached the shores of Spain, where goods brought from the east easily covered all the costs of this expedition.

Ferdinand Magellan was a good captain, a brave warrior. But vanity destroyed him. Despite this, he firmly inscribed his name in the history of the Spanish fleet and world navigation in general.

4th, 5th grade and its discoveries

Interesting facts and dates from life

After the publication of Vespucci's letters, vague rumors spread in Europe about the existence of a route to India south of the American continent. Some geographical maps recorded this passage back in 1515, although with an error. The Spaniards and Portuguese set out to find him. Solis's expedition was equipped precisely for this purpose, as is clear from his reports. It was especially important for the Spaniards to find this passage in order to get into Asia, where the Portuguese were conducting intensive colonial trade.

The Portuguese navigator Fernando de Magellan was the first to develop a plan for a large expedition. Magellan visited the Portuguese possessions in India and the islands of the southern seas and heard from one of his pilot friends about the discovery of the Moluccas, which, due to their geographical location, should have belonged to Spain. Having been naturalized in Spain, Magellan presented the king with a plan for the expedition, which he approved.

Between the king, on the one hand, and Magellan and his friend Faleiro, on the other, a special agreement was signed, which provided for the granting (if a passage was found) to Magellan and Faleiro the exclusive right of navigation through the strait to the Moluccas for a period of 10 years; the right to receive income from the discovered islands, if there are no more than six of them, and if more are discovered. In addition, under this agreement, Magellan received all the valuables acquired during the first expedition, as well as the position of royal governor and ruler, and this position was inherited by Magellan’s children.

On September 20, 1519, an expedition of five ships headed for the shores of Brazil. Having explored part of its shores, the expedition headed to the mouth of the La Plata River, where Magellan, struck by the sight of one hill, gave it the name Monte Vidia or Video (now Montevideo). Having suppressed the uprising of several native tribes in Puerto San Julian, the expedition moved on.

After many adventures, Magellan, having discovered a land along the way, which he called Patagonia (because, as it seemed to him, all the inhabitants of this country had very long legs), with only three ships he passed through the strait, which has since bore his name (November 26 1520), and went out into the Pacific Ocean. Setting a course to the north and then to the northwest, Magellan discovered a number of islands belonging to the groups of Laugronsknzh (Mariana) and Philippine Islands.

On the island of Cebu, he established relations with the local leader, who already had information about the Portuguese who ruled in the nearby lands. Magellan entered into an agreement with this leader, according to which he pledged to help conquer the neighboring islands in exchange for recognition of the supreme power of the Spanish king. On one of these islands - Matan (or Mactans) - Magellan and several of his companions were killed by the natives. Lopez de Carvajo took command of the expedition. The expedition continued to move on, visiting other islands of the Philippine group along the way, then Borneo and the Moluccas, where the ships were loaded with colonial goods.

Of the three ships that passed through the Strait of Magellan, only one ship, the Victoria, under the command of the Basque Sebastian de Elcano, was able to continue its voyage at the end of December 1521. After visiting Bura and Timor, Victoria headed to the southern Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and headed north. On September 6, 1522, the Victoria arrived in Sanlúcar (Seville), ending her trip around the world, which lasted three years. The king received the members of Magellan's expedition very well. He gave Elcano a coat of arms that depicted the globe.

In 1525, Elcano, together with Loaiza, made a new expedition, which ended very unsuccessfully. Only one ship reached Timor. The Spaniards decided to turn this island into a center for trade in colonial goods, in which they wanted to compete with the Portuguese. A year later, a similar expedition was undertaken by Sebastian Cabot (or Cabotto), a navigator who was in the service of Charles. It also ended unsuccessfully; the travelers only reached the La Plata River.

The Portuguese followed Magellan's expedition with displeasure and, although they did not formally interfere with it, they made every effort to delay the return to Spain of those Elcano companions who remained in Timor in 1521. The Portuguese considered themselves a monopoly in the development of this area and , contrary to Magellan, included the Moluccas in their sphere.

To peacefully resolve this issue, the kings of Spain and Portugal appointed a mixed commission, which, after several meetings, without reaching any decision, ceased to exist. In fact, it was impossible to reach an agreement given the ambiguity that existed in the definition of longitude and latitude, and with the disagreements that emerged from the very first day on the issue of dividing spheres of influence.

Finally, this issue was resolved by a special treaty (April 22, 1529), according to which Charles ceded all his rights to the Moluccas to Portugal for a large monetary reward. In addition, the treaty established the western border of Spanish possessions, which was to pass 17° east of the Moluccas. Thus, the Portuguese maintained their dominant position in trade with Asia.

But the Spaniards continued to send expeditions (from Mexico) to the islands of Oceania, even to those that directly penetrated the Portuguese possessions. These expeditions discovered many new lands, especially in the northern part of Oceania, and, in particular, New Guinea was discovered. The Spaniards tried to establish themselves in the Philippines, but due to the resistance of the Portuguese, this task remained unresolved.

Magellan's journey also caused a series of sea expeditions to the South Pacific Ocean, during which the coasts of Chile and others were discovered and explored. The heroes of these geographical discoveries were Ruy Diaz, Juan Fernandez, Alonso Quintero and especially Alonso Camarco (1539).

The biography of Ferdinand Magellan begins with the fact that the future navigator was born in 1480, in the Portuguese city of Sabrosa, into a not very noble family.

At the age of twelve, he and his brother Diogo went to Lisbon to serve as pages in the court of Queen Leonora. There he learned of the intense competition that existed between Spain and Portugal to explore new sea routes and dominate the spice trade from the East Indies, particularly the Moluccas (also called the Spice Islands).

It was during these young years that young Fernando developed a passion for maritime affairs. Magellan's first voyage took place in 1505, when he and his brother boarded a ship bound for India. From then on, for seven years he participated in expeditions to India and Africa and was wounded in several battles.

In 1513, King Manuel sent a flotilla of five hundred ships to Morocco to challenge the Moroccan ruler, who refused to pay annual tribute to the Portuguese treasury. Portuguese troops easily broke the enemy's resistance. In one of the battles, Magellan was seriously wounded in the leg and was left lame.

In those days, spices meant as much as oil means today. People were willing to pay huge amounts of money for black pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg and garlic, because they helped preserve food in times when there were no refrigerators. In addition, the spices fought off the smell of spoiled meat.

It was impossible to grow them in cold, arid Europe, so it was vital for Europeans to find the shortest route to the Moluccas. The eastern route has long been known. Magellan had to build a sea route from the west.

Magellan, a traveler who by that time had gained extensive experience in numerous campaigns, decided to turn to King Manuel to enlist support for a planned campaign to the Moluccas along a new route. Several times the king rejected his requests. In 1517, a disappointed Magellan renounced his Portuguese citizenship and moved to Spain to try his luck there. This act was already a small feat: Fernando had no connections in the country and practically did not speak Spanish.

There he met his fellow countryman and soon married his daughter. The Barbosa family, which had good connections at court, managed to get him permission to meet with the Spanish monarch. King Charles, only 18 years old at the time, was the great-grandson of the king who financed Columbus's expedition. He did not break tradition, and Magellan's expedition received approval and much-needed funds.

Thus, Magellan's trip around the world set itself the task of circumnavigating the globe from the west. Fernand hoped that perhaps this route would be shorter. On August 10, 1519, five ships left the Spanish port. Magellan was on the Trinidad, followed by the San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago and Victoria.

In September, the ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean, then known as simply the Ocean, and reached the shores of South America. They moved along the coast in the hope of finding a strait that would allow them to sail further west. One of the discoveries of Ferdinand Magellan after a year of wanderings was the strait, which was later named after him.

Leaving the strait behind, the travelers became the first Europeans to see a new ocean in front of them, which the fearless captain called “Pacifico”, which meant “quiet”. Now Magellan's path lay through completely uncharted waters. Next they were waiting for the Philippines, where he tried to work as a preacher and made friends with the local population. At that moment he was almost at his goal - the Moluccas were very close.

However, he allowed himself to be drawn into a battle between the local population and a tribe from a neighboring island. Believing that European weapons would help him win an easy victory, the great traveler walked ahead of his army... An arrow poisoned with poison put an end to the trip around the world and the biography of Ferdinand Magellan.

He died on April 27, 1521. The two remaining ships reached the Moluccas six months later. As a result, in 1522, only the Victoria arrived in Spain, loaded to the brim with spices, but with only a couple of dozen people on board.

In search of fame and fortune, the daring escapade of the traveler around the world brought more than just spices to the Europeans. Ferdinand Magellan discovered a new ocean, geographical knowledge of that time made a huge leap forward, and it was recognized that the earth was much larger than previously thought. The route taken by Magellan to circumnavigate the world was considered too long and dangerous a route to the Moluccas and was never used for trade again.

Why do they say that Magellan is the first person to circumnavigate the world if he never returned to Spain? He is the first person to visit the Philippines from both sides: first arriving there through the Indian Ocean and subsequently through the Pacific and Atlantic.

The first person to travel around the world “from point A to point A” was his slave Enrique: he was born on one of the islands and was brought by Magellan to Spain, and a few years later he went with him on the famous journey, which eventually led him to home island.