Activity federal bodies executive power regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal constitutional law of the Russian Federation “On the Government Russian Federation» dated December 17, 1997 with amendments and additions dated December 31, 1997, other laws, by-laws President and Government.

According to Art. 110 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, executive power in Russia is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation, which, in accordance with Art. 1 of the Law “On the Government” is the highest executive body state power, both directly exercising executive power and heading unified system executive power in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation is a body of general competence that exercises leadership on a collegial basis various areas farms.

According to Art. 12 of the Law The Government directs the work of federal executive bodies and controls their activities, they are subordinate to it and are responsible to it for the implementation of assigned tasks; The government has the right to cancel acts of federal executive authorities or suspend the validity of these acts, etc.

However vital role in the executive branch federal level is played by the President, who, being the head of state and in many ways occupying a position as if “above the branches of power”, also has key powers in the sphere of executive power, including by definition of internal and foreign policy states; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Government, his deputies and federal ministers; direct management of the activities of federal executive authorities subordinate to him on issues within his competence by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional and federal laws, his own decrees, etc.

The system of federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation includes: ministries (federal ministries), state committees, federal commissions, federal services, Russian agencies, federal supervision, as well as the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

According to the nature of their competence, federal executive bodies are divided into sectoral and intersectoral; according to the specialization of functions, they are divided into control, supervisory authorities, as well as bodies performing specific functions of the state.

By areas of activity, federal executive authorities can be divided as follows:

a) the sphere of economics and finance - ministries: economics; finance; external economic ties and trade; state property; fuels and energy; Agriculture and food; communication routes; transport; state committees: on communications and information; according to statistics; By antimonopoly policy; on support and development of small businesses; on housing and construction policy; on standardization, metrology and certification; By state reserves; State Customs Committee; Federal Securities Market Commission and others; departments: Federal Service for Insolvency and financial recovery; State tax service; Gosgortekhnadzor and others.

b) social sphere - ministries: labor and social development;

healthcare; state committees: by physical culture and tourism; on Northern development issues; departments: Federal Migration Service.

c) the sphere of science, culture and education - ministries: science and technology; culture; general and vocational education; state committees: state committees for cinematography, press, youth affairs;

State Higher Attestation Committee; departments: Federal Service for Television and Radio Broadcasting; Federal Archive Service.

d) the sphere of natural resources management and environmental protection - the Ministry of Natural Resources; state committees: for environmental protection; By land resources and land management; federal services: hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring;

geodesy and cartography; departments: Federal service forestry.

e) the sphere of ensuring the rule of law, public and state security, defense - ministries: defense; internal affairs; Justice; Ministry of Civil Defense, emergency situations and liquidation of consequences natural Disasters; departments: Federal Security Service; Federal Border Service; Federal Security Service; Foreign Intelligence Service; Federal Tax Police Service and others.

f) the sphere of foreign policy and international relations- ministries: foreign affairs; on cooperation with the CIS member states; foreign economic relations and trade.

The activities of a number of bodies extend to several areas. For example, the State Committee for the Development of the North is designed to help solve both economic and socio-cultural problems northern territories, The State Customs Committee, in addition to the function of collecting customs duties, also performs certain law enforcement functions; The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade combines both the functions of regulation and supervision of domestic trade and activities on international economic cooperation.

In order to ensure a coordinated policy of federal executive authorities on issues related to the sphere joint activities ministries coordinate the work of other federal bodies in accordance with the government-approved block diagram. For example, educational establishments are part of many ministries and departments, but the Ministry of General and Vocational Education provides methodological guidance to these institutions, develops state educational standards. Or, for example, many instructions and instructions from the Ministry of Health are mandatory for medical services ministries of defense, FSB, Ministry of Internal Affairs and other bodies.

System (i.e. types of organizational and legal forms), structure (i.e. specific list) federal executive authorities, as well as the procedure for their creation, reorganization and liquidation are determined by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Depending on the nature of the powers of the federal body, as well as legal status its head, the system provides for three groups of federal executive authorities:

Ministries;

State committees, federal commissions;

Federal services, Russian agencies, federal supervisions.

1) Ministry - a federal executive body that pursues state policy and carries out management in the established field of activity, as well as coordinating in cases established by law, activities of other federal executive authorities in this area.

The Ministry is headed by a minister (federal minister) who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation; he is appointed and dismissed by the President at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government. Deputy federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by law (this exception applies primarily to deputy “power” ministers).

In ministries, as well as in a number of other federal executive bodies, advisory bodies - collegiums - are created. They consist of senior officials of the ministry; their composition may also include scientists, government and public figures. The composition of the board is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Federal ministers manage the relevant federal executive bodies on a single-initial basis: they issue orders, directives, and other normative and individual character. In addition, according to Art. 26 of the Law “On the Government”, the powers of federal ministers consist in participating with a casting vote in meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation, in preparing resolutions and decisions

orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, ensuring their implementation, in the development and implementation of the policy of the Government of the Russian Federation. In their activities, ministers are accountable to the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, and on issues of compliance with legislation - also to law enforcement and control authorities.

Legally, all ministries are equal and cannot be under administrative subordination, however, they can coordinate their work by concluding contracts and agreements on joint activities, including in resolving issues that require interaction between various structures, for example, in the implementation of federal targeted programs, in the fight against crime, etc.

2) State Committee of the Russian Federation, federal commission Russia - federal executive authorities that carry out, on a collegial basis, intersectoral coordination on issues within their jurisdiction, as well as functional regulation in a certain field of activity. The state committee and the federal commission of the Russian Federation are headed by the Chairman, appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3) Federal Service of Russia, Russian agency, federal supervision of Russia - federal executive authorities that carry out special (executive, control, licensing, regulatory and other) functions in established areas of jurisdiction. The Federal Service of Russia is headed by a head (director); Russian agency - CEO; Federal supervision - chief. The heads of these federal executive bodies are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the heads of bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation. The federal executive bodies, which, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation, are directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation, include bodies ensuring state and public security and the fight against crime, sovereignty and territorial integrity state, the inviolability of its borders, the extraction of intelligence information, bodies carrying out external relations with foreign countries and so on. Their leaders are appointed and dismissed in a specially established manner.

According to the Decree of Pres. RF dated August 14, 1996 No. 1176 system. fed. org. Spanish authorities are the ministries of the Russian Federation (federal ministries) and other federal. Spanish authorities authorities (state committees of the Russian Federation, federal commissions of the Russian Federation, federal services of the Russian Federation, Russian agencies, federal supervision of the Russian Federation, as well as the Administration of the Presidency of the Russian Federation). Center. org. Spanish authorities function in economic, social-cultural and administrative-political spheres. spheres. Federal structure Spanish authorities authorities were approved by the Decree of the President. RF dated May 17, 2000 No. 867.

Executive authority - this is an organizational team that carries out executive and administrative activities, endowed with operational independence, having a permanent staff, formed by a higher body, accountable and controlled by a higher executive body, the formation, structure and procedure of which is regulated mainly by the norms of the Administrative Department. rights.

Article 110 of the Code of the Russian Federation directly establishes that the executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation. The CRF does not establish criteria by which certain government bodies are classified as executive power. But we can come to an understanding of this logically if we subtract from all federal government bodies the legislative and judicial bodies, as well as bodies with special status(Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, SP of the Russian Federation, Central Election Commission). The remaining bodies constitute the system of executive authorities, which are today enshrined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the structure of federal executive bodies” No. 867 of May 17, 2000.

In addition, in accordance with Part 2 of Article 77 of the CRF, the federal executive authorities and the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation form a unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation. Thus, in contrast to the legislative power, the executive power in the Russian Federation is of a unified nature, which predetermines the scope of powers of the Government of the Russian Federation (organizes the implementation of laws and international treaties adopted by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation; exercises control over the implementation of these acts by the executive power of the Russian Federation and its subjects, takes measures to eliminate violations of the current legislation).

The CRF does not provide for the consolidation of the system of federal executive bodies in the federal law, and only the Federal Law on the Government of the Russian Federation establishes such a rule. Therefore, such a system is established by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. The federal executive authority system includes: the Government of the Russian Federation; ministries of the Russian Federation (24); state committees of the Russian Federation (6); federal commissions of Russia (2); federal services of Russia (13); Russian agencies (8); federal supervisions of Russia (2); other federal executive authorities (3).

Ministry of the Russian Federation– a federal executive authority that carries out state policy and carries out management in the established field of activity, as well as coordinating, in cases established by laws, decrees and regulations, the activities of other federal executive authorities in this area. The ministry is headed by a federal minister who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation.

State Committee of the Russian Federation, Federal Commission of the Russian Federation– Federal executive authorities that, on a collegial basis, carry out intersectoral coordination on issues within their jurisdiction, as well as functional regulation in a certain field of activity and are headed by the chairman of the Civil Code or Financial Committee.

Federal Service of the Russian Federation, Russian agency, federal supervision of the Russian Federation– Federal executive authorities that carry out special (executive, control, licensing, regulatory, etc.) functions in established areas. The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation is headed by the head (director), the RA is the general director, and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation is the head.

The creation of federal executive bodies, their reorganization and liquidation are carried out by the President of the Russian Federation at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. Regulations on federal executive bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him on issues assigned to him by the Code of the Russian Federation and laws are approved by the President of the Russian Federation, and on other federal executive bodies - by the Government of the Russian Federation. The maximum number and wage fund for employees of the central apparatus and territorial bodies of federal executive bodies are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The status of each executive body corresponds to the procedure for appointing its leaders. Thus, federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. Deputy federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation or in accordance with laws. The appointment and dismissal of heads of federal executive bodies, except for federal ministers and heads of bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation, is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The heads of federal executive bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Code of the Russian Federation and laws are appointed to and dismissed from office in a specially established manner.

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies are the highest authorities. The federal government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. These authorities also include the President.

What are federal government agencies?

In Russia, the leading position in power structures is held by the President. He is the top federal authorities, being at the same time the guarantor of the Constitution, the head of state and the main link between the branches of government. However, he does not belong to any of them.

The legislative bodies consist of the Federation Council and the State Duma. Together they form the Federal Assembly. It is the drafter of laws that must be implemented throughout the country.

The executive branch is formed by federal state executive authorities. Their powers include issuing decrees, decisions and other by-laws. The main executive body in Russia is the Government of Russia. The sectoral divisions of the executive branch are subordinate to him: federal services, ministries, agencies and their territorial representative offices. All these bodies are approved by the President of Russia.

The judicial branch unites the federal courts. These are the Supreme Court of Russia, the Constitutional Court of Russia and other federal bodies. It is their responsibility to ensure justice.

The Russian Federation is not considered a federal government agency central bank.

President of Russia

The President of Russia has a list of powers that differs from those in other countries. Presidential power in Russia is distinguished in special category authorities. In our country, the President has wider authority. They are spelled out in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the elections are regulated by Federal Law 19-F3 “On Presidential Elections”.

The head of the Russian Federation relies on the authorities close to him. One of them is the Security Council of the Russian Federation. He influences the domestic and foreign policies of the state and deals with national security. This structure is also headed by the President. He is the chairman of the Security Council. The Security Council holds meetings at which all decisions are made by voting, after which they are certified by the minutes and signed by the President.

The Security Council also holds meetings. They take place once a week with the participation of the chairman. Interdepartmental commissions act as working bodies. The composition of these commissions is approved by the Secretary of the Security Council. The members of the Council are approved by the President.

Another such structure is the State Council of the Russian Federation. This body is designed to help the President in exercising his powers in matters of interaction between government bodies. The State Council holds meetings. They take place once every 3 months. The decisions made are in the nature of recommendations. The State Council can initiate the creation of working groups, where scientists and other specialists can be involved.

Main functions of the President of the Russian Federation

The range of functions of the country's highest official:

• Serve as a guarantor of the Constitution, ensuring the freedoms and rights of citizens.
• Ensure coordination in the actions of government bodies.
• Support the sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
• Determine priorities in the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
• Take part on behalf of the country in international meetings, forums, and relations.

The protection of the Constitution and its strict observance is one of the main directions of the President’s activities.

Federal Assembly

The Federal Assembly is the legislative body and passes laws at the federal level. It consists of the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma includes 450 deputies from different factions, who are elected during national elections. The Federation Council includes 178 legislators. Its composition includes representatives of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma operates separately from the Federation Council.

One of the main tasks of the Federal Assembly is to approve the country's budget, which is prepared by the Government of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Duma is considering the budget, which is then in the form federal law sent for approval to the Federation Council.

A specific feature of the powers of the State Duma is the adoption of various federal laws. This process usually occurs in 3 stages called readings. On the first one happens general discussion draft law and conceptual aspects. The second stage involves a more detailed analysis of all articles of the bill. At the third stage, voting is carried out for or against the adoption of the law under discussion. It is no longer possible to make any changes to the law at this stage.

For a law to be adopted, more than 50% of deputies must vote for it. If a constitutional law is adopted, then this figure is higher - at least 2/3 of the number of participants.

After adoption by the State Duma, the law must be approved by the Federation Council, and only in this case it acquires legal force. Insufficiently developed or inappropriate in current situation the law may be rejected. For a law to be approved by the Federation Council, it must be supported by a majority (more than half) of the members of the chamber. If the Federation Council does not consider within two weeks this law, then it is accepted automatically, except for laws of special importance.

The State Duma can initiate the early resignation of the President, and if this initiative is approved by the Federation Council, then the head of the country will be obliged to resign. Grounds for resignation may include intentional sabotage, espionage, bribery, flagrant abuse of power, war crimes, etc.

Government of the Russian Federation

The government refers to executive branch federal authorities civil service and consists of a chairman, vice-chairmen and ministers. The government is responsible for the development federal budget country, the draft of which is submitted for approval to the State Duma. It can make decisions regarding federal spending, including those related to the social sphere.

Main directions of work of the Government

Responsibilities of the Government:

• Implementation of reforms, optimization financial policy, including aimed at reducing the country's budget deficit.
• Pursues policies in the field of science, culture, health, education, ecology and social security.
• He is in charge of various objects federal property, including railways, enterprises, buildings and so on.
• Works on military equipment and fulfilling social obligations to the military.
• Monitors the observance of human rights, public order, compliance with federal laws.

Judicial authorities

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies include the judicial system. Their main task is to ensure justice. The main branches of the country's federal judicial system are: the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court.

Conclusion

Thus, the federal government bodies of Russia are components of the executive, legislative and judicial powers. Each of them is endowed with its own individual powers and performs the functions prescribed to it by the Constitution.

Federal authorities

The system of federal government bodies includes: the President of the Russian Federation (exercises the power of the head of state), the Russian Federation (Federation Council and State Duma - legislature), Government of the Russian Federation ( supreme body executive power), federal executive bodies and their territorial bodies, federal courts (). The exercise of the powers of federal state power throughout Russia is ensured by the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation.

Implementation practice constitutional norms allows you to highlight special group government agencies exercising control, supervisory and other powers that are not included in the powers of either legislative, executive, or judicial government bodies are bodies of special competence: the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 2202-1 “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”), the Central election Committee Russian Federation (election legislation), Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 4-FZ “On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation”), Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 86-FZ “On Central Bank Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)"), Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation (Federal Constitutional law No. 1-FKZ “On the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation”).

The role of the President of the Russian Federation in the system government controlled

At the time of its adoption, the Constitution was ahead of its time and situation. Movement towards the implementation of constitutional norms “in conditions legal nihilism and apathy" was possible only centrally, through a strong and autonomous institution of state power - the power of the head of state. This fact determined the consolidation of a unique, non-direct constitutional analogues in the world, the status of the President of Russia: firstly, the power of the head is organizationally allocated in separate species state power, secondly, the scope of presidential powers is extremely broad. The status and powers of the President of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Constitution, the procedure for elections is Federal Law No. 19-FZ “On the Election of the President of the Russian Federation”. Constitutional status The President is made up of four components: the head of state; guarantor of the Constitution, human rights and freedoms and; Supreme Commander-in-Chief; subject of the legislative process.

In Russia, a super-presidential type of republic is currently emerging, which is evidenced, among other things, by the presence of bodies under the President of the Russian Federation, a brief description of which is presented below.

Constitutional body, which prepares presidential decisions on the development strategy of Russia, on the implementation of a unified public policy in the field of ensuring national security, is the Security Council of the Russian Federation. The legal basis of its activities is federal legislation, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 726 “On approval of the Regulations on the Security Council of the Russian Federation and the apparatus of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, as well as on amendments and invalidation of certain acts of the President of the Russian Federation”, others legal acts President of the Russian Federation.

Wide range The functions and tasks of this body come down to work in two directions - the formation of a strategy for the domestic and foreign policy of the state and a strategy for national security policy. The Security Council of the Russian Federation includes: the Chairman (ex officio the President of the Russian Federation), who directs its work; Secretary (among the permanent members); permanent members and members whose inclusion and exclusion from membership is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation.

The main form of activity is meetings; decisions are made by permanent members by a simple majority of their total number, documented in the minutes of the meeting and come into force after approval by the Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Efficiency in discussing national security issues is an integral element of an effective state. Another form of Council activity is meetings. Operational meetings are held by the Chairman of the Council with its permanent members, usually once a week. Conducting meetings on strategic planning is the prerogative of the Secretary of the Council with permanent members and members of the Council. The main working bodies are interdepartmental commissions: permanent, created by functional or regional basis, and temporary, created for the purpose of preparing proposals for the prevention of emergency situations, current problems law and order in society and the state, etc. The personal composition of the commissions, on the proposal of the heads of federal executive authorities, is approved by the Secretary of the Council. The personal composition of the Security Council of the Russian Federation is approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.

The new procedure for the formation of the Russian upper chamber initiated a search for ways for the heads of state to participate Russian regions in the development of public policy, which led to the creation of a new body under the President of the Russian Federation - the State Council of the Russian Federation. This is an advisory body that facilitates the implementation of the powers of the head of state on issues of ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies. Grounds for its formation: Art. 80 and 85 of the Constitution, proposals from both chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Legal basis activities - federal legislation, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1602 “On State Council Russian Federation", decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation.

The State Council includes senior officials (heads of the highest executive bodies of state power) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation, who is the chairman. Solution operational issues entrusted to the Presidium of the State Council (seven members). The form of activity of the State Council of the Russian Federation is meetings that are held at least once every three months and are valid in the presence of a majority of the total number of members. The State Council is vested with the right to create temporary and permanent working groups, the right to attract scientists and specialists, including on a contractual basis.

Decisions of the State Council are advisory in nature, formalized in a protocol, if necessary, by decrees, orders or instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, or submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the manner legislative initiative President of the Russian Federation. The duties of the Secretary of the State Council, who is not part of its composition, are assigned by the Head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation to one of the assistants to the President of the Russian Federation. In general, the tasks performed by the State Council of the Russian Federation make it possible to distinguish this body as a subject of state policy and one of the ways of its formation.

IN last decade In Russia, the practice of the institution of representation of the President of the Russian Federation at various levels state power and management. Today, authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation operate in the Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, in the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, representing the interests of the President of the Russian Federation and facilitating the implementation of his activities as the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The Institute of Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation also operates in federal districts, formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District.”

This institution replaced the representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the constituent entities of the Federation in order to ensure the implementation by the head of state of his constitutional powers, increasing the efficiency of the activities of federal government bodies and improving the system of control over the implementation of their decisions. The Presidential Plenipotentiary Representative in the federal district, as a federal civil servant, is a member of the Presidential Administration, appointed and dismissed on the proposal of the Head of the Presidential Administration, and directly subordinate to the head of state. The offices of plenipotentiary representatives are independent divisions of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, their structure and staffing level determined by the Head of Administration.

Under the plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of federal and regional government bodies, increasing the efficiency of the institution of representation, in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 337 “On councils under the plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in federal districts,” advisory bodies function - councils (except for the Southern Federal District). The ex-officio members of the council are: senior officials (heads of the highest executive bodies of state power) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the federal district; Ministry representative regional development Russian Federation (by decision of the Ministry of the Russian Federation); deputy Prosecutor General Russian Federation for the federal district (as agreed); other persons may enter. The personal composition of the council, at the proposal of the plenipotentiary, is approved by the Head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

The working apparatus of the President of the Russian Federation is the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation - this is a state body formed in accordance with clause “and” of Art. 83 of the Constitution in order to ensure the activities of the head of state and monitor the implementation of his decisions on the basis of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 “On approval of the Regulations on the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation”, other decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation. The composition of the Administration is represented by a wide circle officials And structural divisions.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as the highest legislative body, performs the functions of representing the interests of citizens and actually legislates. The Russian parliament is a bicameral state body.

The upper house - the Federation Council - is a permanent body, which includes two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The term of office of members of the Federation Council corresponds to the term of office of the government body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation that appointed them; the procedure for formation is regulated by Federal Law No. 113-FZ “On the procedure for forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.” The jurisdiction of the upper chamber includes such issues as: calling elections of the President of the Russian Federation and his removal from office; approval of borders between subjects of the Federation; appointment and dismissal

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation (on the recommendation of the President of the Russian Federation), Deputy Chairman Accounts Chamber the Russian Federation and half of its auditors; appointment of judges Higher courts Russian Federation (as recommended by the President of the Russian Federation); approval of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of emergency and martial law on the territory of the country or its individual parts.

The lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation - the State Duma, consists of 450 deputies, elected for a term of four years; the first meeting is held on the thirtieth day after the election or earlier on the initiative of the President of the Russian Federation. The procedure for electing deputies is established by Federal Law No. 175-FZ “On the election of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation” and electoral legislation RF. Its jurisdiction includes issues of approval of the candidacy proposed by the President of the Russian Federation for the post of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation; bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, and the Commissioner for Human Rights.

Chambers Russian parliament are the main subjects of the legislative process: the State Duma adopts federal constitutional and federal laws, the Federation Council approves or disapproves of them. To resolve disagreements between the chambers, the constitution provides for the possibility of creating a conciliation commission. An adopted federal law means a law adopted by the State Duma and considered approved by the Federation Council in the manner established by the Constitution. Such a law is sent for signature to the President of the Russian Federation. Federal constitutional law differs from federal law: it is adopted only on issues provided for by the Constitution is considered adopted upon approval by a majority of at least 1/3 of the votes from the total number of deputies of the State Duma and at least 1/4 votes from the total number of members of the Federation Council; subject to mandatory signing by the President of the Russian Federation within 14 days and publication.

The dissolution of the State Duma is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in following cases: threefold rejection of the submitted candidates for the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; repeated expression of no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation within three months; refusal of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation, when the question of trust is raised on the initiative of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma cannot be dissolved:

1) within a year after her election on the second of these grounds;
2) from the moment she brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation until the adoption of a corresponding decision by the Federation Council;
3) during the period of military action on the territory of the state or state of emergency;
4) within six months before the end of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation. Having dissolved the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation sets an election date so that the newly elected Duma meets no later than four months from the date of dissolution.

Improving the system of public administration involves, among other things, carrying out legislation, which consists of changing the order of formation of the chambers of parliament. On the basis of Federal Law No. 192-FZ “On the procedure for forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,” the Federation Council of the Russian Federation included the head of the legislative and the head of the executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Representative of the bicameral legislature state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation was determined by a joint decision of its chambers. By the end of the 1990s. such a system has shown to be ineffective.

The new Federal Law established that the Federation Council includes two representatives from each region of the country: one each from the legislative and executive bodies of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation), no later than three months from the date of taking office, appoints a representative to the Federation Council from the executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the decision is formalized by a decree (resolution) of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, within three days sent to the legislative (representative) body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the next or extraordinary meeting of the legislative body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, /3 of the total number of deputies will vote against the appointed candidate, the decree does not enter into force, the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation appoints another representative.

The procedure for electing a member of the Federation Council - a representative from the legislative (representative) body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is different for unicameral and bicameral regional parliaments. From the composition of the unicameral legislative body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, no later than three months from the date of the first meeting in the authorized composition of this body, at the proposal of its chairman, a representative is elected to the Federation Council. The candidacy(s) for the election of a representative to the Federation Council from the bicameral legislative body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is submitted to this body for consideration in turn by the chairmen of the chambers.

An alternative candidacy may be submitted by a group of deputies no less than the total number of deputies of this body. A representative from a bicameral legislative body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is elected alternately from each chamber for half the term of office of the corresponding chamber. The decision of the legislative body is made by secret ballot and formalized by resolution ( by joint resolution both houses of a bicameral legislature). The government body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation that made the decision to elect (appoint) a member of the Federation Council, no later than the next day after the day the decision enters into force, notifies the Federation Council of its decision, the date of its entry into force and no later than five days sends it to the Federation Council.

The changes also affected the procedure for electing deputies to the State Duma of the Russian Federation. The fourth convocation of the Duma was formed on the basis of the Federal Law, half according to single-mandate electoral districts (225 deputies), half according to federal lists of candidates for deputies nominated by political parties and electoral blocs (225 deputies). Candidates for deputies can be nominated directly through self-nomination, as well as through nomination political party, electoral bloc or as part of the federal list of candidates. Political parties that pass the 7% mark in the elections have the right to nominate candidates on the federal list. The decision to nominate a federal list of candidates by a political party is made by secret ballot at the political party's congress. Total number candidates nominated by a political party, electoral bloc in a federal electoral district cannot exceed 270 people.

Judicial power in Russia

Judicial power in Russia is exercised only by courts represented by judges, jurors, established by law order to implementation, folk and arbitration assessors, through constitutional, arbitration, civil, administrative, criminal proceedings. The Russian judicial system is a collection federal courts and courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The federal court system includes: Constitutional Court RF; Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, supreme courts subjects of the Russian Federation, district courts, military and specialized courts that make up the system of federal courts of general jurisdiction; Supreme of the Russian Federation, federal arbitration courts of districts, arbitration appellate courts, arbitration courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to form constitutional (statutory) and magistrates' courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction, the activities of which are regulated by regional legislation. The legal basis for the organization and functioning of the judicial system is: the Constitution, Federal Constitutional Laws No. 1-FKZ “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”, No. 1-FKZ “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation”, No. 1-FKZ “On arbitration courts in the Russian Federation", Federal Law No. 45-FZ "On state protection judges, officials of law enforcement and regulatory authorities,” Law of the Russian Federation No. 3132-1 “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Status of Judges). Judges of the Higher Courts are appointed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, judges of other federal courts - by the President of the Russian Federation. No person may be nominated for appointment as a judge without the consent of the relevant qualification board judges.

Judicial reform began in connection with the need to form an independent judiciary in the early 1990s. The concept of reform, aimed at creating arbitration and constitutional proceedings on an equal basis with courts of general jurisdiction, was approved by Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 18011. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation was formed in 1991, the State Arbitration system was transformed in 1992 into the system of arbitration courts, headed by the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. The next step is to establish in the Law on the Status of Judges guarantees of the independence of judges (irremovability and immunity) and exempting them from disciplinary liability.

Democratic path of development Russian state predetermined the need for further radical reforms of the judicial system. Key moment judicial reform– adoption of the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”, in pursuance of which bodies of judicial self-government were formed (Councils of Judges of the Subjects of the Russian Federation and the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation), institutions of justice of the peace and jurors. Continuation of judicial reform is associated with modernization trial– with the adoption of the new Criminal Procedure and Civil Procedure Codes. IN last years judicial reform was carried out according to a single Federal target program “Development of the judicial system of Russia for 2002-2006”; in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 961 in order to prepare proposals for priority areas judicial reform, expanding interaction between federal judicial authorities, bodies of the judicial community, organizations and institutions operating in the field of law, an advisory body has been created - the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Improving Justice.

One of the criteria for the effectiveness of the functioning of the judicial system is currently the growth of public trust in the courts. The number of citizens' appeals to the judiciary has increased, but the judicial system was not ready for this. In magistrate justice, one judge has an average of 139 cases per month, in regional courts– 450 cases, which affects the quality of decisions, their objectivity and timing.

Experts see solutions to existing problems in the introduction of the principle of separation of functions into the system of courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts, i.e. in the creation of specialized structures (courts, boards, individual judges) on certain narrow vectors of judicial practice. In the general jurisdiction system, this is juvenile justice, patent court, administrative proceedings; in arbitration courts - deepening on taxes, corporate disputes, insolvency cases. To reduce the workload on judges, it is proposed to introduce judicial practice conciliation procedures, extrajudicial and pre-trial proceedings, alternative ways dispute resolution. The development of judicial specialization should be facilitated by the adoption of a federal law on courts of general jurisdiction. In order to overcome the strong dependence of the process of appointing judges on the bureaucratic apparatus, the creation of disciplinary courts is proposed. Alternative solutions to issues of access to justice and legality court decisions, the effectiveness of the human rights and punitive functions of the state, other areas of judicial reform should be reflected in the Federal Target Program “Development of the Judicial System of Russia”.

The Government of the Russian Federation and the system of federal executive authorities

The executive branch is often referred to as administrative power, since it represents an executive-administrative, organizational activities states. She has the most branched system government bodies subordinate to each other. The highest executive body of state power is the Government of the Russian Federation - collegial body, who heads the unified system of executive power in Russia. The legal basis for the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation is the Constitution, Federal Constitutional Law No. 2-FKZ “On the Government of the Russian Federation”.

The Government of the Russian Federation includes the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (with the consent of the State Duma), his deputies and federal ministers appointed by the President of the Russian Federation (at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation). Proposals for the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation are submitted by the President of the Russian Federation to the State Duma no later than two weeks from the moment he takes office or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or within a week from the day the candidacy is rejected. Issues of forming a system of federal executive power are the area joint management The President of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, who submits to the President proposals on the structure of federal executive authorities no later than a week after appointment. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1319, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation has three deputies, including one First Deputy, a Deputy and a Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

General powers The Government of the Russian Federation includes: development, submission to the State Duma and execution of the federal budget; organizing the process of implementing the domestic and foreign policies of the Russian Federation; regulation of the socio-economic sphere; implementation of management federal property; coordination and control of the activities of executive authorities; formation and implementation of target programs, etc.

The Government of the Russian Federation has special powers in every sphere of society; issues legal acts (decrees, orders) that are binding on the territory of the country, which can be repealed by the President of the Russian Federation in case of conflict with the Constitution and current legislation. The form of activity is meetings, held at least once a month. The Government of the Russian Federation informs citizens about the issues discussed at the meetings, about decisions made through the media. To resolve operational issues, the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation is formed, working in meeting mode.

The powers of the Government of the Russian Federation are terminated in the following cases:

1) The Government of the Russian Federation resigns its powers to the newly elected President of the Russian Federation;
2) The Government of the Russian Federation may submit resignation, which is accepted by the President of the Russian Federation (or rejected);
3) dismissal from office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation - upon personal statement Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation on resignation or in case of impossibility of fulfilling his duties job responsibilities;

4) by decision of the President of the Russian Federation on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, on the following grounds:

A) on the initiative of the President of the Russian Federation;
b) if the State Duma repeatedly expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation within three months;
c) in the event that the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation raises before the State Duma the question of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, and the State Duma refuses confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation manages the activities of federal executive authorities. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 314 “On the system and structure of federal executive authorities,” the system of federal executive authorities has become three-tier, including federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies. The gradation occurred according to functional principle: federal ministries perform the functions of developing public policy and legal regulation of activities in specific area life of society; federal agencies carry out functions in the established field of activity to provide public services, state property management and law enforcement functions; The federal service carries out functions of control and supervision in the established field of activity, as well as special functions in the field of defence, state security, defense and security State border Russian Federation, fight against crime, public safety.

The Federal Ministry coordinates and controls the activities of the agencies and services subordinate to it and is headed by a federal minister who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation; federal service, federal agency is headed by a head (director). The structure of federal executive bodies is determined by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 649 “Issues of the structure of federal executive bodies” and is represented by three blocks of bodies.

Block 1 – executive authorities, whose activities are managed by the President of the Russian Federation (the so-called political authorities):

– Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation;
- The Federal Migration Service;
– Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief;
– Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;
– Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation;
– Federal Service for Defense Orders;
– Federal Service for Technical and Export Control;
– Federal agency special construction;
– Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Penitentiary Service;
– Federal registration service;
- Federal Service bailiffs;
– State Courier Service of the Russian Federation (federal service);
– Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (federal service);
– Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Drug Control;
– Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation;
- Headquarters special programs President of the Russian Federation (federal agency);
– Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency).

Block 2 – federal executive authorities, whose activities are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation:

– Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare;
– Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development;
– Federal Service for Labor and Employment;
– Federal Agency for Health and Social Development;
– Federal Medical and Biological Agency;
– Federal Agency for High-Technology medical care;
– Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Security cultural heritage;
– Federal Archival Agency;
– Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography;
– Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications;
– Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for intellectual property, patents and trademarks;
– Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science;
– Federal Agency for Science and Innovation;
– Federal Agency for Education;
– Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere;
– Federal Agency water resources;
– Federal Forestry Agency;
– Federal Agency for Subsoil Use;
– Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Agency for Industry;
– Federal Agency for technical regulation and metrology;
– Federal Energy Agency;
– Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services;
– Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Veterinary and phytosanitary supervision;
– Federal Fishery Agency;
– Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Supervision of Transport;
– Federal Agency air transport;
– Federal Road Agency;
– Federal Agency railway transport;
– Federal Agency for Maritime and river transport;
– Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography;
– Ministry information technologies and communications of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Service for Supervision of Communications;
– Federal Agency for Information Technologies;
– Federal Communications Agency;
– Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation;
- The Federal Tax Service;
– Federal Insurance Supervision Service;
– Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision;
– Federal Service for financial monitoring;
– Federal Treasury (federal service);
– Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation;
– Federal Agency for State Reserves;
– Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency;
– Federal Agency for Management federal property;
– Federal Agency for the Management of Special economic zones.

Block 3 – federal agencies and federal services, the activities of which are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation:

– Federal antimonopoly service;
– Federal Air Navigation Service;
– Federal Tariff Service;
– Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring;
- Federal Service state statistics;
– Federal Service for;
– Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and nuclear supervision;
– Federal customs Service;
– Federal Agency for atomic energy;
– Federal Space Agency;
– Federal Agency for Tourism;
– Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports Federal executive authorities, whose activities are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation, are called administrative authorities.

The procedure for the relationship between federal ministries and the services and agencies under their jurisdiction, the powers of federal executive bodies, as well as the procedure for them to carry out their functions are defined in the Regulations on these bodies, approved respectively by the President of the Russian Federation or the Government of the Russian Federation. On the recommendation of federal ministers, the Government of the Russian Federation appoints deputy federal ministers and heads of federal services and agencies subordinate to the Government; federal ministers, on the recommendation of the heads of federal services and agencies, appoint deputy heads of federal services and agencies and heads territorial bodies. Appointments to the bodies of the strategic block are made by the President of the Russian Federation.

Federal executive authorities have the right to form territorial bodies. The rules of their organization and activities are reflected in Model regulations internal organization federal executive authorities, approved by resolution Government of the Russian Federation No. 452. Such bodies are formed to exercise the powers of the federal executive body on certain territory in accordance with a single scheme their placement, on the basis of an order from the federal executive body. The placement scheme is prepared by the federal executive body and submitted by its head to the Government of the Russian Federation or the relevant federal ministry. The scheme is accompanied by explanatory note indicating the purpose, objectives and types of territorial bodies being formed; information about the territories of their activities; financial and economic feasibility study. Depending on whose jurisdiction the federal executive authorities are located, the layout of their territorial bodies is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, by order federal ministry.

Regulations on territorial bodies are approved by the heads of the relevant federal services and agencies; they reflect the rules for the implementation of administrative, permitting, control and supervisory powers, measures state coercion; implementation of federal target programs, plans and other activities; interaction with executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government, other territorial bodies and authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in federal districts; exercise of powers of the head of the territorial body. The activities of a territorial body are organized by its head, who bears personal responsibility for the implementation of the functions assigned to the body. As a rule, the status of territorial bodies is Administration (for example, the Administration of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance for Saratov region; Department of the State Employment Service for the Saratov Region, etc.)
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Executive power in the Russian Federation. Structure of the Government of the Russian Federation, appointment procedure, powers

Executive branch- This is a subordinate branch of the state. power, whose activities are aimed at ensuring the execution of laws and other acts of legislative power.

Executive power is exercised through a system of executive bodies - state bodies called upon to carry out executive and administrative activities - the government, the president.

The executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised Government of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation consists of:

Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation

Federal ministers

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. After his appointment, the Chairman of the Government forms the structure of federal executive bodies, determines the main directions of government activity and organizes its work.

Government Structure

Chairman of the Government

First Deputy Prime Minister

Deputy Prime Minister

Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation - Deputy Prime Minister

Head of the Government Staff - Deputy Prime Minister

Federal Ministers:

Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation

Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation

Minister of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation

Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

First Deputy Chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation - Minister of the Russian Federation

Minister of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation

Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation

Minister of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation

Minister of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation

Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation

Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation

Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief

Coordination and advisory bodies of the Government:

Government Commission for Improving Interaction between Federal Executive Bodies and Executive Bodies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation

Government Commission on Budget Projects for the Coming Year (2005) and for the Medium Term

Commission of the Government of the Russian Federation on Military-Industrial Issues

Government Commission for Combating Violations in the Field of Intellectual Property, its legal protection and use

Maritime Collegium under the Government of the Russian Federation

Council on Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship under the Government of the Russian Federation

Government Commission on Economic Integration

Commission of the Government of the Russian Federation on the World Trade Organization and interaction of the Russian Federation with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Government Commission on Integrated Development transport system Russian Federation

Commission of the Government of the Russian Federation on Legislative Activities

Commission on International Humanitarian and Technical Assistance under the Government of the Russian Federation

Government Commission on Relocation Organization archival funds and property of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg) into a new building

Government Commission for Administrative Reform

Other bodies under the Government:

Academy of National Economy

Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law

Information and Telegraph Agency of Russia (FSUE)

government plenipotentiary representatives to various bodies

Expert Council under the Government of Russia

Russian tripartite commission for regulation of social and labor relations

Powers of the Government of the Russian Federation:

As the highest body of federal executive power, the Government of the Russian Federation is vested with fairly broad powers. These powers, unlike the powers of the governments of many foreign countries, are determined by the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Develops and presents the State. Duma for approval of the federal state budget

Ensures the execution of government budget after its approval by the State. Duma

Ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation

Provides a unified policy in the field of culture, science, education, health care, social security, ecology

Manages federal property

Implements measures to ensure the country's defense and implement the foreign policy of the Russian Federation

Implements measures to ensure the rule of law, rights and freedoms of citizens

Organizes the protection of property and public order

In its activities it is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws

Issues decrees and orders that are binding in the Russian Federation and ensures their implementation

Has the right to resign (the resignation is accepted or rejected by the President of the Russian Federation)

In case of resignation or resignation, it continues to be valid until the formation of a new Government of the Russian Federation.

Appointment procedure

The procedure for appointing the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is defined in Art. 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Article 7 of the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation”. The question of the procedure for appointing the head of the Russian Government has great importance, since the named position is one of the key and leading in the state.

Part 1 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation contains the initial norm: The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President - this is one of the most important constitutional powers of the President of the Russian Federation. The same part of this article refers to the power of the State Duma - “with the consent of the State Duma,” which corresponds with Article 103 part 1, which provides that the State Duma gives consent to the President to appoint the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The following is the procedure for nominating a candidate for the post of Chairman of the Government provided for by the Constitution. Let's highlight the most important points. Firstly, only the President of Russia has the right to nominate a candidate for this position. Secondly, the nomination of a candidacy to the State Duma must occur within certain periods: a) no later than two weeks after the newly elected President takes office; b) no later than two weeks after the resignation of the Government, if any; c) within a week from the date the State Duma rejected the candidate for this post. Part 3 of Article 111 establishes certain period for consideration by the State Duma of a candidacy for the post of Chairman of the Government - within a week from the date of submission of the proposal for the candidacy4.

The Rules of Procedure of the State Duma (Chapter 17) define in detail the procedure for giving consent to the President for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The President of Russia or his authorized representative in Federal Assembly officially presents a candidacy for the post of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The candidate reports to the State Duma the program of the main directions of activity of the future Government of the Russian Federation. Before discussing the candidacy, during the time determined by the State Duma, but not more than 30 minutes, the candidate answers questions from deputies. After answering questions, representatives of factions and parliamentary groups speak for or against the nominated candidacy. Consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is considered received if a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma votes for the proposed candidacy.

Article 111 part 4 provides that after the State Duma has rejected the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation three times, submitted by the President, the President independently appoints the Chairman of the Government. This is explained by the fact that the state cannot do without the Government and its head for a long time.

In legal literature, Article 112 Part 1 of the Constitution is sometimes considered as the President’s right to determine the structure of federal executive bodies. This, however, is not indisputable due to the lack of regulation in legislation (including in the Constitution itself) of this issue, which is intended to be regulated in the law on the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the order of their organization and activities. Currently, the issue, for example, of federal executive authorities is regulated by a number of Presidential decrees.