Chapter II. General fire safety requirements

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As a result of studying this section, you will know:

Basic requirements for ensuring fire safety in an organization;

General measures to ensure fire safety;

Fire classes of flammable substances and materials;

Procedure in case of fire.

List of basic documents required when studying the section:

2. Fire regulations in the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 N 390

3. NPB 201-96. Fire protection of enterprises. General requirements.

4. NPB 166-97. Fire equipment. Fire extinguishers. Requirements for use.

5. Rules for electrical installations. Ministry of Energy of the USSR, 1985, 6th edition, revised and expanded, 7th edition with changes approved by the Ministry of Energy of Russia in the period from 10/06/99 to 06/20/03.

6. GOST 12.1.004-91 SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements. I-1-1-95. (with changes No. 1)

7. GOST R 12.3.047-2012 SSBT. Fire safety of technological processes. General requirements. Control methods.

BASIC DEFINITIONS OF FIRE SAFETY

Fire safety requirements are special conditions of a social and (or) technical nature established in order to ensure fire safety by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents or authorized government bodies.

The rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation establish fire safety requirements mandatory for application and execution by state authorities, local government bodies, organizations, regardless of their organizational legal forms and forms of ownership, their officials, entrepreneurs without the formation of a legal entity, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens , stateless persons.

Fire hazardous work includes:

Painting works;

Working with adhesives, bitumen and other flammable materials;

Hot work;

Gas welding works;

Electric welding works;

Metal cutting with petrol and kerosene cutting machines.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ENSURING FIRE SAFETY IN AN ORGANIZATION

Organizational managers (individual entrepreneurs) must have a fire safety system at their facilities. In each organization, an administrative document must establish a fire safety regime corresponding to their fire hazard, including:

Smoking areas are designated and equipped. Smoking areas must be marked with fire safety signs, including a “Do Not Obstruct” fire safety sign.

Smoking is not permitted on the territory and premises of warehouses and bases, grain collection points, trade facilities, production, processing and storage of flammable liquids (FLL), flammable liquids (FL) and flammable gases (GG), production of all types of explosives, explosive and fire hazardous substances plots, as well as in non-smoking areas of other organizations, in preschool and school institutions, and cereal areas.

The locations and permissible quantities of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in the premises at one time have been determined.

A procedure has been established for the removal of flammable waste and dust, and the storage of oily workwear.

The procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and at the end of the working day has been determined.

Regulated:

The procedure for carrying out temporary fire and other fire hazardous work;

The procedure for inspecting and closing premises after completion of work;

Actions of workers upon detection of a fire.

The procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training have been determined, and those responsible for their implementation have been appointed. All employees of the organization must be allowed to work only after undergoing fire safety training in the manner established by the manager.

Each facility must develop instructions on fire safety measures for each explosive and fire hazardous area. For particularly complex and unique buildings, special fire safety rules must be developed, reflecting the specifics of their operation and fire hazard, and agreed upon with the state fire supervision authorities in the prescribed manner. The rules for the use of open fire on the territory of organizations, the passage of vehicles, the admissibility of smoking and temporary fire hazardous work are established by general facility instructions on fire safety measures. In buildings where technical means of notifying people about a fire are not required, the facility manager must determine the procedure for notifying people about a fire and appoint persons responsible for this.

Leaders of the organization (individual entrepreneurs) have the right:

Appoint persons who, due to their position (the nature of the work performed), must comply with the relevant fire safety rules or ensure their compliance in certain areas of work;

Create fire-technical commissions and voluntary fire brigades.

In all production, administrative, warehouse and auxiliary premises, signs indicating the fire department telephone number must be posted in visible places.

GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE FIRE SAFETY

In buildings and structures where more than 10 people are on the floor at a time, plans (schemes) for evacuation of people in case of fire must be developed and posted in prominent places, and a fire warning system must be provided.

At a facility with a large population of people (50 people or more), in addition to a schematic plan for evacuation of people in case of fire, an Instruction must be developed that defines the actions of personnel to ensure the safe evacuation of people, according to which practical training is conducted at least once every six months for all those involved in the evacuation workers.

For facilities with people staying at night (boarding schools, hospitals, etc.), the instructions should provide for two options for action: during the day and at night. When operating emergency routes and exits, it is prohibited to block emergency routes and exits with various materials, products, equipment, garbage, etc., as well as block the doors of emergency exits.

Territories of organizations must:

 promptly clear flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc. within fire safety distances between buildings, structures and open warehouses;

 have external lighting at night.

It is not permitted to use fire clearances between buildings and structures, between stacks of timber, lumber, other materials and equipment for storing materials, equipment and containers, for parking vehicles and for the construction of buildings and structures.

Roads, driveways and entrances to buildings, structures, open warehouses, external fire escapes and water sources used for fire extinguishing purposes must always be free for the passage of fire equipment, kept in good condition, and in winter be cleared of snow and ice.

Temporary buildings must be located from other buildings and structures at a distance of at least 15 m (except in cases where other fire safety distances are required by other standards) or near fire walls.

Separate block container buildings are allowed to be located in groups of no more than 10 in a group and with an area of ​​no more than 800 square meters. m. The distance between groups of these buildings and from them other buildings, shopping kiosks, etc. should be taken at least 15m.

Making fires, burning waste and containers is not permitted within the limits established by the fire safety distance design standards, but not closer than 50 m to buildings and structures. Burning of waste and containers in specially designated areas must be carried out under the supervision of operating personnel.

For all production and storage premises, the explosion and fire hazard category must be determined, as well as the zone class according to the Electrical Installation Rules, which must be indicated on the doors of the premises. Standard safety signs should be posted near equipment that has an increased fire hazard. Signal colors and fire safety signs must comply with the requirements of fire safety regulations.

In buildings and structures of organizations it is prohibited:

Storage in basements and ground floors of flammable liquids and gases, gunpowder, explosives, gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other explosive substances and materials;

Use attics, technical floors, ventilation chambers and other technical premises for organizing production areas, as well as for storing products, equipment and other items;

Place storage rooms, kiosks, stalls, etc. in elevator halls;

Arrange warehouses for flammable materials and workshops in the basement and ground floors, if the entrance to them is not isolated from common staircases;

Remove the design doors of emergency exits from floor corridors, halls, and other doors that prevent the spread of fire hazards along evacuation routes;

Warm frozen pipes with blowtorches and other methods using open fire;

Leave the oily cleaning material uncleaned;

install blind bars on windows and pits near basement windows;

Arrange storage rooms in stairwells and floor corridors;

Install additional doors or change the direction of opening doors from apartments to a common corridor if this interferes with the free evacuation of people;

To install mezzanines and other built-in spaces made of flammable and difficult to combustible materials and sheet metal in production and warehouse premises of buildings (except for buildings of fire resistance class V).

The simultaneous presence of 50 or more people in rooms with one emergency exit is not allowed, and in buildings of IV and V fire resistance degrees, 50 or more people are allowed to stay only in rooms on the first floor.

The number of people simultaneously present in the halls (auditorium, dining, exhibition, shopping, etc.) of buildings with a mass presence of people should not exceed the number established by design standards or determined by calculation (taking the estimated area per person in the amount of 0.75 sq. . m).

In a heavily occupied building, maintenance personnel should have electric lights in case of a power outage. The doors of attics, as well as technical floors and basements where permanent presence of people is not required, must be locked, and the doors must contain information about the location of the keys.

Used cleaning materials should be collected in containers made of non-flammable material with a closing lid. At the end of the work shift, the contents of these containers must be removed outside the buildings. The overalls of persons working with oils, varnishes, paints and other flammable liquids and flammable liquids must be stored suspended in metal cabinets installed in specially

places designated for this purpose.

Fire water supply networks must be in good condition and provide the required water flow for fire extinguishing needs. Their performance must be checked at least twice a year (in spring and autumn). Fire hydrants must be in good condition, and in winter they must be insulated and cleared of snow and ice.

Premises, buildings and structures must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means in accordance with the Fire Regulations and NPB 166-97. Cylinders and containers of fire extinguishing installations, the mass of the fire extinguishing agent and the pressure in which are below the calculated knowledge by 10% or more, are subject to recharging or recharging. The use of fire extinguishing agents that do not have the appropriate certificates is not allowed. Primary fire extinguishing means must be maintained in accordance with the passport data on them.

The choice of type and calculation of the required number of fire extinguishers at the facility should be made depending on their fire extinguishing ability, maximum area, as well as the fire class of flammable substances and materials:

Class A– fires of solid substances, mainly of organic origin, the combustion of which is accompanied by smoldering (wood, textiles, paper);

Class B– fires of flammable liquids or melting solids;

Class C– gas fires;

Class D– fires of metals and their alloys;

Class E– fires associated with burning electrical installations.

In public buildings and structures, at least two manual fire extinguishers must be located on each floor. Premises of categories D may not be equipped with fire extinguishers if their area does not exceed 100 square meters. m.

PROCEDURE IN THE EVENT OF FIRE

Every citizen, when detecting a fire or signs of combustion (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.) must:

Comply with fire safety requirements;

Immediately report this by phone to the fire department and call:

Address of the object,

Location of the fire

Your last name;

Take, if possible, measures to evacuate people, extinguish fires and preserve material assets.

Upon arrival at the scene of a fire, persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, managers and officials of organizations, persons appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety must:

Report the occurrence of a fire to the fire department, notify the management and duty services of the facility;

In the event of a threat to people’s lives, immediately organize their rescue, using available forces and means for this;

Check the inclusion of automatic fire protection systems (notifying people about a fire, fire extinguishing, smoke protection);

If necessary, turn off the electricity (with the exception of fire protection systems), leave the operation of transport vehicles, shut off raw materials, gas, steam and water communications, stop the operation of ventilation systems in the emergency room and adjacent rooms, and take other measures to help prevent the development of a fire;

Stop all work in the building;

Remove all workers not involved in fire extinguishing outside the danger zone;

Provide general guidance on fire extinguishing until the arrival of the fire department;

Ensure compliance with safety requirements by workers taking part in fire extinguishing;

Simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, organize the evacuation and protection of material assets;

Organize a meeting of fire departments and provide assistance in choosing the shortest route to the fire;

Inform fire departments involved in extinguishing the fire and carrying out related priority rescue operations with information about hazardous, explosive, and highly toxic substances being processed or stored at the facility.

Organizations, their officials and citizens who violate fire safety requirements are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Fire safety is the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of one occurring, the impact of dangerous fire factors on people is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured.

Fire safety requirements include:

Proper organization of fire protection at the enterprise, in residential, administrative and public buildings;

Conducting fire safety briefings, creating traffic police, conducting inspections, issuing orders;

Compliance with building codes and regulations, GOSTs when designing buildings and structures, installing electrical networks, electrical installations, equipment, heating, ventilation, lighting, etc.;

Prohibition of smoking and the use of open fire in unauthorized places, compliance with fire safety measures when carrying out hot work, etc.;

Timely preventive inspections, tests and repairs of technological and engineering equipment (electrical networks, electrical installations, heating, ventilation, etc.);

Preventing the formation of a flammable environment;

Preventing the formation of ignition sources in the flammable sphere;

Use of electrical equipment and lamps corresponding to the explosion and fire hazard class of the premises;

Elimination of conditions for thermal, microbiological or chemical spontaneous combustion of substances and materials;

Application of measures to combat static electricity discharges and other types of sparking;

Regulation of the maximum permissible heating temperature of equipment surfaces, flammable substances, materials, structures, etc.;

The use of non-flammable and low-flammable substances and materials instead of fire hazardous ones;

Limiting the amount of flammable substances and their rational placement;

Isolation of flammable environments (sealing of equipment and containers with flammable substances, mechanization and automation of production processes, placement of fire-hazardous processes and equipment in isolated rooms, compartments);

Application of devices to protect equipment from damage and accidents, etc.;

Use of instrumentation and automatic devices for control, signaling, protection and regulation of technological processes and equipment;

Use of fire extinguishing agents;

Preventing the spread of fire beyond its source (installation of fire barriers, emergency shutdown of equipment and communications, etc.);

The use of building structures of buildings and structures with appropriate fire resistance limits so that they retain load-bearing and enclosing functions throughout the entire duration of evacuation of people from a burning facility;

Arrangement of necessary escape routes;

The use of means of collective protection of people (shelters, protected premises, etc.) and their individual protection (in cases where evacuation is difficult or impractical);

Use of fire alarms and fire notification means;

Actions in case of fire. 1. Every employee, citizen who discovers a fire or fire (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.) is obliged to:

a) immediately report this to the fire department;

b) begin to extinguish the fire using available means

fire extinguishing equipment (fire extinguisher, fire hydrant, etc.);

c) take measures to call the administration to the fire site.

2. A representative of the administration or other official who arrived at the scene of the fire must:

a) check whether the fire department has been called;

b) notify the employer about the fire;

c) assign a person to meet the fire departments, okay

knowledgeable location of access roads and water sources;

d) remove people not involved in the work from the premises or hazardous area

fire extinguishing;

e) in the event of a threat to people’s lives, organize their rescue;

f) if necessary, call other emergency services (me-

Ditsinskaya, energy networks, city gas, etc.):

g) stop all work not related to the event until

fire extinguishing;

h) organize a power outage, stop transport

tying devices, units, apparatus, shutting off gas boilers

communications, stopping ventilation systems, activating the system

smoke removal topics, etc.;

i) provide measures to protect people taking part in fire extinguishing from possible collapse of structures, electric shock, poisoning, and burns.

3. The representative of the administration in charge of extinguishing the fire, upon arrival at the fire of the fire service units, is obliged to inform the senior fire service officer all information about the source of the fire, the measures taken to eliminate it, the presence of flammable and explosive materials and gas cylinders in the buildings and premises , as well as the presence of people in need of help involved in eliminating fires.

4. A representative of a construction organization, when included in the fire-fighting headquarters, is obliged to:

a) advise the fire extinguishing manager on specific

technical features of a burning object, as well as inform it about

presence and location of explosive and toxic substances,

gas cylinders and electrical installations;

b) provide the headquarters with manpower and engineering and technical resources

personnel to perform work related to fire extinguishing and

evacuation of property.

. Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements

Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements at enterprises is borne personally by their managers, by industry - by the heads of republican government bodies, and by city and other populated areas - by local executive and administrative bodies.

In residential premises of a state, public fund, housing-construction cooperative fund, responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements rests with the tenants, and in residential apartments, houses, dachas and other buildings owned by citizens as private property - with their owners.

Persons who violate or fail to comply with the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Fire Safety”, standards, norms and rules of fire safety, as well as persons responsible for causing fires, bear disciplinary, material, administrative and criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.

Disciplinary liability consists of imposing penalties in the form of a reprimand, reprimand, severe reprimand and even dismissal (Article 198-204 of the Labor Code).

For workers of transport, customs service and other categories with special working conditions, disciplinary liability is established by the Government of the Republic of Belarus (Article 204 of the Labor Code).

An employee may be held financially liable if, through his fault, the enterprise suffered material damage (Article 400 of the Labor Code, Regulations on the implementation of State Fire Supervision and Resolution of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of June 25, 2003 No. 26).

Administrative responsibility is manifested by measures of administrative coercion and suppression (Article 170 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses (CAO)).

Administrative coercive measures include: warning or imposing a fine on officials, workers and citizens for violating fire safety rules or failure to comply with instructions and resolutions.

Administrative measures include: suspension of the operation of the enterprise, repair of facilities; prohibition of the operation of buildings, machines, devices and other devices operating in violation of fire safety requirements; a ban on the production, sale and use of products that do not meet fire safety requirements.

The right to apply these measures is granted to employees of the State Fire Supervision authorities (Article 204 of the Administrative Code). The amount of penalties, as well as the competence to apply administrative measures of restraint, depend on the status of the employee of the State Fire Supervision Authority.

Administrative penalties on behalf of the State Fire Supervision authorities may be imposed by:

Chief State Inspector of the Republic of Belarus for Fire Supervision

and his deputies. Sanctions applied: for citizens - warning

imprisonment or a fine of up to 7 basic units and for officials

persons - a warning or a fine of up to 30 basic units;

Senior state inspectors of the Republic of Belarus for fire safety

zora, chief state inspectors of the regions and the city of Minsk for

fire inspectors and their deputies. Applicable sanctions: for

citizens - a warning or a fine of up to 5 basic levs

rank and for officials - a warning or a fine in the amount

up to 20 basic units;

Senior state inspectors of the regions and the city of Minsk for

fire supervision. Sanctions applied: for citizens - warning

imprisonment or a fine of up to 3 basic units and on official

persons - a warning or a fine of up to 15 basic units;

Chief state inspectors of cities and districts for

fire supervision. Applicable sanctions for citizens - warning

warning or a fine of up to 2 basic units and must

private persons - a warning or a fine of up to 10 basic

State fire inspectors of cities (districts)

mu supervision. Sanctions applied: for citizens - warning

or a fine of up to 1 basic amount and for officials -

warning or fine of up to 5 basic units.

In addition to administrative measures, there is also criminal liability defined in the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus.

Art. 304 of the Criminal Code regulates the following:

1. Violation of fire safety rules by the person responsible

guilty for their implementation, which resulted in a fire, completely

committed within a year after the imposition of an administrative penalty

penalties for violating fire safety rules,

Punishable by a fine or correctional labor

for a term of up to one year, or arrest for a term of up to three months with deprivation

denial of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in professional activities

limited activity or without deprivation.

2. Violation of fire safety rules by the person responsible

guilty for their execution, which negligently resulted in

fire that caused serious or less serious bodily harm

damage or damage on a large scale,

Punishable by correctional labor for up to two years

imprisonment for a term of up to three years, or imprisonment for the same term with

deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or hold

with a certain activity or without deprivation.

3. The act provided for in part two of this article,

resulting through negligence in the death of a person or causing

grievous bodily harm to two or more persons,

Punishable by imprisonment for a term of up to seven years with imprisonment

obtaining the right to hold certain positions or engage in

certain activities or without deprivation.

Deliberate destruction or damage to property, committed in a generally dangerous manner, such as arson, or causing damage on a large scale (an amount of two hundred and fifty or more times the base amount established on the day the crime was committed),

Punishable by restriction of freedom for a term of up to five years

or imprisonment for a term of three to ten years (Article 218 of the Criminal Code).

Destruction or damage to property through negligence, resulting in damage on an especially large scale (an amount of a thousand or more times the base amount established on the day the crime was committed),

Punishable by correctional labor for up to two years

years, or arrest for up to six months, or restriction of freedom

boda for up to two years (Article 219 of the Criminal Code).

Destruction or damage to forest as a result of careless handling of fire, non-compliance with the rules for blasting operations, violation of the rules for operating other sources of increased danger, violation of the procedure for logging and removal of wood, resulting in damage on a particularly large scale (in this case, damage of two hundred and fifty or more times higher than the base

the amount established on the day the crime was committed),

Punishable by a fine, or correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or restriction of freedom for a term of up to two years, or imprisonment for the same term with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities or without deprivation (Article 276 of the Criminal Code).

Fire extinguishing agents The main fire extinguishing agents are water, chemical and air-mechanical foams, aqueous solutions of salts, inert and non-flammable gases, water vapor, halocarbon fire extinguishing compounds and dry fire extinguishing powders.

Water is the most common means of extinguishing fires. Once in the combustion zone, water heats up and evaporates, absorbing a large amount of heat. When water evaporates, steam is formed, which makes it difficult for air to reach the combustion site. In addition, a strong jet of water can knock down the flame, which makes it easier to extinguish the fire, but in some cases water is not used to extinguish the fire.

For example, water cannot extinguish the fire of substances and materials such as alkali metals (potassium, sodium), calcium carbide, aluminum powder, etc., when interacting with water they release a large amount of heat, flammable gases, etc.

Water is a good conductor of electric current, so using it to extinguish fires in electrical installations under voltage can lead to electric shock. Water in the form of compact jets cannot be used to extinguish fires of flammable liquids.

Extinguishing most solid flammable substances and materials, heavy oil products, creating water curtains and cooling objects located near the fire source is carried out with water in the form of compact and sprayed jets from fire monitors and hand-held fire nozzles.

Finely sprayed water effectively extinguishes solids and materials, flammable and even flammable liquids. With such extinguishing, water consumption is reduced, materials are minimally moistened and deteriorated, the temperature in the burning room is reduced and smoke is deposited.

To extinguish substances that are poorly wetted by water (for example, cotton, peat), special wetting agents are introduced into the water to reduce its surface tension.

Fire-extinguishing foam is widely used to extinguish flammable liquids. Foam is a mass of gas bubbles enclosed in thin shells of liquid. Spreading over the surface of the burning liquid, the foam insulates the combustion source. In practice, two types of foam are used: chemical and air-mechanical.

Chemical foam is obtained by the interaction of alkaline and acidic solutions in the presence of foaming agents. This produces gas (carbon dioxide). Gas bubbles are enveloped by water and a foaming agent, resulting in a stable foam that can remain on the surface of the liquid for a long time. Substances that are necessary to produce carbon dioxide are used either in the form of aqueous solutions or dry foam powders. The use of chemical foam in fire extinguishing practice is declining; it is increasingly being replaced by air-mechanical foam.

Air-mechanical foam is a mixture of air - 90%, water - 9.7 and foaming agent - 0.3%. A characteristic of foam is its expansion ratio - the ratio of the volume of the resulting foam to the volume of the starting substances. Foam of regular expansion (up to 20) is obtained using air-foam barrels. Their operating principle is based on the fact that water under a pressure of 0.3...0.bMPa, pre-mixed with a foaming agent, enters a special device that provides air suction. Recently, high-expansion (expansion over 200) foam, which is much more voluminous and lasts longer, has been used in fire extinguishing practice. It is obtained in special generators, where air is not sucked in, but is pumped under some pressure.

Water vapor is used to extinguish fires in rooms with a volume of up to 500 m3 and small fires in open areas and installations. Steam moistens burning objects and reduces oxygen concentration. The fire extinguishing concentration of water vapor in the air is approximately 35% by volume.

Inert and non-flammable gases, mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen, reduce the concentration of oxygen in the combustion area and inhibit the intensity of combustion. Since carbon dioxide is reduced by alkali and alkaline earth metals, it cannot be used to extinguish them. Inert gases are usually used in relatively small spaces. The fire extinguishing concentration of inert gases when extinguishing indoors is 31...36% of the volume of the room.

To quickly extinguish fires in electric motors and other electrical installations, carbon dioxide is an indispensable means due to its non-electrical conductivity. It is stored in steel cylinders in a liquefied state under pressure.

When carbon dioxide is released from the cylinder, its expansion causes severe cooling and the formation of white flakes of solid carbon dioxide. At the combustion site, solid carbon dioxide evaporates, lowering the temperature of the burning substance and reducing the oxygen concentration.

Aqueous solutions of salts are among the liquid fire extinguishing agents. Solutions of sodium bicarbonate, calcium and ammonium chlorides, Glauber's salt, ammonia-phosphorus salts, etc. are used. Salts, falling out of an aqueous solution, form insulating films on the surface of the burning substance, removing heat. When salts decompose, non-flammable gases are released.

The fire extinguishing effect of halohydrocarbon fire extinguishing compounds is based on chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction (inhibition). They are saturated hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine). The following are widely used for fire extinguishing: tetrafluorodibromethane (freon 114B2), methylene bromide, trifluorobromomethane (freon 13B1). Compositions based on ethyl bromide are also used.

Halocarbon compositions have a high density, which increases the effectiveness of fire extinguishing, and low freezing temperatures allow them to be used at low air temperatures.

Fire extinguishing powders are finely ground mineral salts with various additives that prevent them from caking and clumping. They have good fire extinguishing ability, several times higher than the ability of such strong combustion inhibitors as halocarbons, as well as versatility of use, since they suppress the combustion of materials that cannot be extinguished by water and other means (for example, metals and some metal-containing compounds).

There are powders for general and special purposes. The main component of the PSB-3 composition is sodium bicarbonate; PF - diammonium phosphate; P-1A ​​- ammophos; SI-2 - silica gel saturated with freon (114B2), etc.

Fire water supply for enterprises Each enterprise must have engineering and technical structures used when extinguishing fires (for intake, transportation, storage of water).

The organization of fire-fighting water supply is carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02--£4 “Water supply. External networks and structures" and SNiP 2.04.01-85 "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings."

Mechanical engineering enterprises must be provided with:

Sources of water supply (ponds, rivers, bulk water

storage facilities, treated wastewater);

Water intake structures;

Water treatment plants (filters, settling tanks);

Pumping stations;

Water supply networks (networks must be ring-shaped in

one, two or more lines);

Containers for storing water;

Equipment;

Fittings;

Pump-hose equipment for extinguishing.

Fire hydrants on the external fire extinguishing water supply network should be laid along roads on the territory of the enterprise, located no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the roadway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings. The consumption rates of water used for internal fire extinguishing are given in SNiP 2.04.01-85

When locating hairdressing salons in residential buildings, the premises must have entrances and emergency exits isolated from the residential part of the building.

It is allowed to install one emergency exit from the premises of public institutions located on the first and ground floors with a total area of ​​no more than 300 m2 and the number of employees no more than 15 people.

Doors of emergency exits and other doors on escape routes must open in the direction of exit from the building.

Each organization must develop instructions on fire safety measures.

All employees of organizations must be allowed to work only after undergoing fire safety training, and if the specifics of work change, undergo additional training in preventing and extinguishing possible fires in the manner established by the manager.

Signs indicating the fire department telephone number must be posted in visible places in all premises.

The rules for the use of open fire on the territory of organizations, the passage of vehicles, the admissibility of smoking and temporary fire hazardous work are established by general facility instructions on fire safety measures.

In each organization, an administrative document must establish a fire safety regime corresponding to their fire hazard, including:

designated and equipped smoking areas;

a procedure has been established for the removal of flammable waste and dust;

the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and at the end of the working day has been determined;

regulated:

procedure for carrying out temporary fire and other fire hazardous work;

the procedure for inspecting and closing premises after completion of work;

actions of workers upon detection of a fire;

the procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training have been determined, and those responsible for their implementation have been appointed.

When more than 10 people are in the premises at a time, plans (schemes) for evacuation of people in the event of a fire must be developed and posted in visible places, and a system (installation) for warning people about a fire must be provided.

Employees of organizations must:

comply with fire safety requirements, as well as observe and maintain fire safety regulations;

take precautions when using gas appliances, household chemicals, working with flammable (hereinafter referred to as flammable liquids) and combustible (hereinafter referred to as GC) liquids, other fire-hazardous substances, materials and equipment;

If a fire is detected, report it to the fire department and take possible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire.

Fire protection systems and installations (smoke protection, fire automatic equipment, fire water supply systems, fire doors, valves, other protective devices in fire walls and ceilings, etc.) of premises, buildings and structures must be constantly maintained in good working order.

Self-closing devices for doors must be in good condition. It is not allowed to install any devices that prevent the normal closing of fire or smoke doors (devices).

When renting premises, tenants must comply with fire safety requirements for this type of building.

In organizations it is prohibited:

storage and use in basements and ground floors of flammable liquids and gases, gunpowder, explosives, gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other explosive and fire hazardous substances and materials, except for cases specified in current regulatory documents;

use attics, technical floors, ventilation chambers and other technical premises for organizing production areas, workshops, as well as storing products, equipment, furniture and other items;

arrange warehouses for flammable materials and workshops, place other utility rooms in basements and ground floors, if the entrance to them is not isolated from common staircases;

remove the design doors for emergency exits from floor corridors, halls, foyers, vestibules and staircases, and other doors that prevent the spread of fire hazards along evacuation routes. Make changes to space-planning solutions, as a result of which the conditions for the safe evacuation of people worsen, access to fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire safety equipment is limited, or the coverage area of ​​automatic fire protection systems (automatic fire alarms, stationary automatic fire extinguishing installations, smoke removal systems, warning and evacuation control). Reducing the coverage area of ​​an automatic fire alarm or automatic fire extinguishing installation as a result of redevelopment is permitted only with additional protection of the volumes of premises excluded from the coverage area of ​​the above automatic installations, by individual fire detectors or modular fire extinguishing installations, respectively;

clutter doors, hatches on balconies and loggias, transitions to adjacent sections and exits to external evacuation stairs with furniture, equipment and other items;

carry out cleaning of premises and washing clothes using gasoline, kerosene and other flammable liquids and flammable liquids, as well as warming frozen pipes with blowtorches and other methods using open fire;

leave oily cleaning material uncleaned;

install blind bars on windows and pits near basement windows, except for cases specifically stipulated in the norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner;

arrange storage rooms (closets) in stairwells and floor corridors, as well as store things, furniture and other flammable materials under flights of stairs and on landings. Under flights of stairs on the first and ground floors, it is allowed to construct only rooms for central heating control units, water metering units and electrical switchboards, fenced off with partitions made of non-combustible materials;

Locks on the doors of emergency exits must provide people in the organization with the ability to freely open the locks from the inside without a key.

When operating evacuation routes and exits, it is prohibited:

obstruct escape routes and exits (including passages, corridors, vestibules, galleries, elevator halls, landings, flights of stairs, doors, escape hatches) with various materials, products, equipment, industrial waste, garbage and other objects, as well as block doors emergency exits;

arrange dryers and hangers for clothes, wardrobes in exit vestibules, as well as store (including temporarily) equipment and materials;

install thresholds on evacuation routes (with the exception of thresholds in doorways), sliding and up-and-down doors and gates, revolving doors and turnstiles, as well as other devices that prevent the free evacuation of people;

use flammable materials for finishing, cladding and painting walls and ceilings, as well as steps and landings on escape routes (except for buildings of fire resistance class V);

fix self-closing doors of staircases, corridors, halls and vestibules in the open position (if automatic devices that are triggered in the event of a fire are not used for these purposes), and also remove them;

glaze or close the blinds of air zones in smoke-free staircases;

replace reinforced glass with regular glass in the glazing of doors and transoms.

When operating existing electrical installations, it is prohibited:

use electrical energy receivers (electrical receivers) in conditions that do not meet the requirements of the manufacturer’s instructions, or receivers that have faults that, in accordance with the operating instructions, can lead to a fire, as well as operate electrical wires and cables with damaged insulation or loss of protective properties;

use damaged sockets, switches, and other electrical installation products;

wrap electric lamps and lamps with paper, cloth and other flammable materials, as well as operate lamps with removed caps (diffusers) provided for by the design of the lamp;

use electric irons, electric stoves, electric kettles and other electric heating devices that do not have thermal protection devices, without stands made of non-flammable heat-insulating materials that eliminate the risk of fire;

use non-standard (homemade) electric heating devices, use uncalibrated fuse links or other homemade overload and short circuit protection devices;

place (store) flammable (including flammable) substances and materials near electrical panels, electric motors and starting equipment.

Fire valves of internal fire water supply must be equipped with hoses and stems. The fire hose must be connected to the valve and the barrel. It is necessary to re-roll the hoses onto a new roll at least once a year.

Fire automatics installations must be in good condition and in constant readiness, and comply with design documentation.

Premises, buildings and structures must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means at the rate of 1 2-liter powder fire extinguisher per 100 sq. m of premises and at least 1 per room.

If a fire or signs of combustion are detected (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.):

immediately report this by phone to the fire department (in this case, you must provide the address of the facility, the location of the fire, and also provide your last name);

Take, if possible, measures to evacuate people, extinguish fires and preserve material assets.

SNiP 2.08.02-89* “Public buildings and structures.”

SNiP 01/31/2003 “Residential multi-apartment buildings”.

SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.

SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage”.

SNiP 2.09.04-87* “Administrative and domestic buildings.”

SNiP 21-01-97* “Fire safety of buildings and structures.”

SNiP 35-01-2001 “Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility.”

SP 31-110-2003 “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings.”

NPB 151-00 “Fire cabinets. Technical requirements for fire safety. Test methods".

NPB 110-03 “List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment subject to protection by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarms.”

NPB 104-03 “Warning systems and management of evacuation of people during fires in buildings and structures.”

GOST R 12.1.004-91* “Fire safety. General requirements".

GOST R 12.2.143-2002 “Photoluminescent evacuation systems. Elements of systems. Classification. General technical requirements. Control methods".

GOST R 12.4.026-2001 “Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and rules of use. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods".

GOST 28130-89 (ST SEV 6301-88) “Fire extinguishers, fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems. Conventional graphic designations.”

GOST 12.1.033-81 “Interstate standard. System of occupational safety standards. Fire safety. Terms and Definitions".

PPB 01-03 “Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation.”

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Slide number 44.

Federal Law "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" dated July 22. 2008 No. 123-FZ established:

Slide No. 45, 46.

Article 5. Ensuring fire safety of protected objects

• 1. Each protected object must have a fire safety system.
• 2. The purpose of creating a fire safety system for a protected facility is to prevent fire, ensure the safety of people and protect property in case of fire.
• 3. The fire safety system for the protected object includes a fire prevention system, a fire protection system, and a set of organizational and technical measures to ensure fire safety.
• 4. The system for ensuring fire safety of the protected object must necessarily contain a set of measures that exclude the possibility of exceeding the permissible fire risk values ​​established by this Federal Law and aimed at preventing the danger of harm to third parties as a result of a fire.

Slide number 47, 48, 49, 50.

Article 6. Conditions for compliance of the protected object with fire safety requirements

• 1. The fire safety of the protected object is considered ensured if:
• 1) the mandatory fire safety requirements established by federal laws on technical regulations have been fully met;
• 2) the fire risk does not exceed the permissible values ​​established by this Federal Law.
• 2. The fire safety of protected objects for which fire safety requirements are not established by federal laws on technical regulations is considered ensured if the fire risk does not exceed the relevant permissible values ​​established by this Federal Law.
• 3. When complying with mandatory fire safety requirements established by federal laws on technical regulations and the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety, fire risk calculation is not required.
• 4. Fire safety of urban and rural settlements, urban districts and closed administrative territorial entities is ensured as part of the implementation of fire safety measures by the relevant state authorities and local governments in accordance with Article 63 of this Federal Law.
• 5. The legal entity - the owner of the protection object (buildings, structures, structures and production facilities) as part of the implementation of fire safety measures must submit a fire safety declaration in accordance with Article 64 of this Federal Law before the commissioning of the protection object.
• 6. Calculations for assessing fire risk are an integral part of the fire safety declaration or industrial safety declaration (at facilities for which they must be developed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation).
• 7. The procedure for carrying out calculations to assess fire risk is determined by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
• 8. Development of a fire safety declaration is not required to justify the fire safety of fire-fighting equipment and general purpose products.

Slide number 51.

1. Fire regulations (PPR 2012) contain fire safety requirements that establish rules of behavior for people, the procedure for organizing production and (or) maintenance of territories, buildings, structures, premises of organizations and other objects (hereinafter referred to as objects) in order to ensure fire safety.

Slide number 52.

• 2. In relation to each object (with the exception of individual residential buildings), the head of the organization (individual entrepreneur), in whose use the objects are located on the right of ownership or on another legal basis (hereinafter referred to as the head of the organization), approves instructions on fire safety measures in accordance with the requirements , established by section XVIII of the PPR 2012, including separately for each fire-hazardous and fire-hazardous premises for production and storage purposes.
• 3. Persons are allowed to work at the site only after completing training in fire safety measures.

Training of persons in fire safety measures is carried out by conducting fire safety briefings and passing the fire-technical minimum.

The procedure and timing of fire safety training and passing the fire-technical minimum are determined by the head of the organization. Fire safety training is carried out in accordance with fire safety regulations.

Slide number 53.

• 4. The head of the organization appoints a person responsible for fire safety, who ensures compliance with fire safety requirements at the facility.
• 5. In order to organize and carry out work to prevent fires at production facilities, facilities where 50 or more people can be present at the same time, that is, with a mass presence of people, the head of the organization can create a fire-technical commission.
• 6. In warehouse, production, administrative and public premises, places of open storage of substances and materials, as well as placement of technological installations, the head of the organization ensures the presence of signs with a telephone number to call the fire department.
• 7. At a facility with a large number of people (except for residential buildings), as well as at a facility with workplaces on the floor for 10 or more people, the head of the organization ensures that there are evacuation plans for people in case of fire.
• 8. At a facility with overnight stays of people (including boarding schools, homes for the elderly and disabled, orphanages, preschool institutions, hospitals and facilities for summer children's recreation), the head of the organization organizes round-the-clock duty of service personnel.
• 9. At a facility where people stay at night, the head of the organization ensures that there are instructions on the procedure for operating personnel in the event of a fire during the day and night, telephone communications, electric lights (at least 1 light for each person on duty), personal respiratory and vision protection equipment humans from toxic combustion products.
• 10. The head of the organization ensures (daily) the transfer to the fire department, in the exit area of ​​which there is an object with people staying at night, information about the number of people (sick) present at the object (including at night).
• 11. The head of the organization provides buildings for summer children's recreation with telephone communications and a device for giving an alarm in case of fire. At least 2 emergency exits are provided from the premises, floors of buildings for summer children's recreation, and buildings of preschool institutions. It is not allowed to post:
  • a) children in the attic rooms of wooden buildings;
  • b) more than 50 children in wooden buildings and buildings made of other flammable materials.
• 12. At a facility with a large number of people, the head of the organization ensures that there are instructions on the actions of personnel to evacuate people in case of fire, as well as practical training for persons operating at the facility at least once every six months.
• 13. At a facility with round-the-clock stay of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population (disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders, people with visual impairments and hearing impairments, as well as elderly and temporarily disabled people), the head of the organization organizes training for persons carrying out their activities at the site, to take action to evacuate said citizens in the event of a fire.
• 14. The head of the organization ensures that the requirements stipulated by Article 6 of the Federal Law “On Restricting Tobacco Smoking” are met at the facility.

Smoking is prohibited on the territory and premises of warehouses and bases, grain collection points, in grain tracts and hayfields, at sites of trade, production, processing and storage of flammable and combustible liquids and combustible gases, at production sites of all types of explosives, at fire and explosion hazards. fire hazardous areas.

The head of the organization ensures that fire safety signs “Smoking tobacco and using open fire is prohibited” are placed in the specified areas.

Places specially designated for smoking tobacco are indicated by “Smoking Area” signs.

• 15. Owners of individual residential buildings ensure the availability of a container (barrel) with water or a fire extinguisher on their property.
• Advertisement regulations on fire safety requirements."
• 17. During periods of persistent dry, hot and windy weather, as well as when a special fire regime is introduced in the territories of settlements and urban districts, horticultural, gardening and dacha non-profit associations of citizens, the following activities are carried out at enterprises:
  • a) the introduction of a ban on lighting fires, carrying out fire hazardous work in certain areas, and on heating stoves, kitchen fires and boiler systems;
  • b) organizing patrols by volunteer firefighters and (or) citizens of the Russian Federation;
  • c) preparation for possible use of existing water-carrying and earth-moving equipment in extinguishing fires;
  • d) conducting appropriate explanatory work with citizens about fire safety measures and actions in case of fire.
• 18. It is prohibited to leave containers with flammable and combustible liquids and flammable gases in areas adjacent to objects, including residential buildings, as well as to objects of gardening, gardening and dacha non-profit associations of citizens.
• 19. It is prohibited to arrange flammable waste dumps in the territories of settlements and urban districts, at the sites of horticultural, gardening and dacha non-profit associations of citizens.
• 20. The head of the organization ensures that the doors of production and warehouse premises and external installations are marked with their explosion and fire hazard categories, as well as the zone class in accordance with Chapters 5, 7 and 8 of the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements”.
• 21. The head of the organization ensures the elimination of violations of fire-retardant coatings (plaster, special paints, varnishes, coatings) of building structures, flammable finishing and heat-insulating materials, air ducts, metal supports of equipment and overpasses, and also checks the quality of fire-retardant treatment (impregnation) in accordance with the instructions manufacturer with the preparation of a quality control report for fire retardant treatment (impregnation). Checking the quality of fire retardant treatment (impregnation) in the absence of frequency periods in the instructions is carried out at least 2 times a year.
• 22. The head of the organization organizes work to seal with non-combustible materials that provide the required fire resistance and smoke and gas tightness, the resulting holes and gaps at the intersection of fire barriers with various engineering (including electrical wires, cables) and technological communications.
• 23. At the facilities it is prohibited:
  • a) store and use in attics, basements and ground floors flammable and combustible liquids, gunpowder, explosives, pyrotechnic products, flammable gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other fire-explosive substances and materials, except as provided for by other regulations fire safety documents;
  • b) use attics, technical floors, ventilation chambers and other technical premises for organizing production areas, workshops, as well as for storing products, equipment, furniture and other items;
  • c) place storage rooms, kiosks, stalls and other similar structures in elevator halls;
  • d) set up workshops in basements and ground floors, as well as place other utility rooms, if there is no independent exit or the exit from them is not isolated from the common staircases by fire barriers;
  • e) remove the doors of evacuation exits from floor corridors, halls, foyers, vestibules and staircases provided for in the design documentation, and other doors that prevent the spread of fire hazards along evacuation routes;
  • f) make changes to space-planning solutions and placement of utilities and equipment, as a result of which access to fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire safety systems is limited or the coverage area of ​​automatic fire protection systems (automatic fire alarm, stationary automatic fire extinguishing installation, smoke removal, warning and evacuation control systems);
  • g) clutter doors, hatches on balconies and loggias, transitions to adjacent sections and exits to external evacuation stairs with furniture, equipment and other items, dismantle inter-balcony stairs, weld and block hatches on balconies and loggias of apartments;
  • h) clean premises and wash clothes using gasoline, kerosene and other flammable and combustible liquids, as well as warm frozen pipes with blowtorches and other methods using open fire;
  • i) glaze balconies, loggias and galleries leading to smoke-free staircases;
  • j) arrange storage rooms and other utility rooms in staircases and floor corridors, as well as store things, furniture and other flammable materials under flights of stairs and on landings;
  • k) to arrange mezzanines, desks and other built-in premises made of flammable materials and sheet metal in production and warehouse premises of buildings (except for buildings of the V degree of fire resistance);
  • m) install external air conditioning units in staircases.
• 24. The head of the organization ensures that external fire escapes and railings on the roofs (coverings) of buildings and structures are maintained in good condition, organizes operational tests of fire escapes and railings on roofs at least once every 5 years with the preparation of a corresponding test report.
• 25. More than 50 people are not allowed to stay in rooms with one emergency exit at the same time. At the same time, in buildings of IV and V degrees of fire resistance, simultaneous stay of more than 50 people is allowed only in the premises of the 1st floor.
• 26. Pits near window openings in the basement and ground floors of buildings (structures) must be cleared of debris and foreign objects.
• 27. The head of the organization ensures that used cleaning materials are collected in containers made of non-flammable material with a closing lid and that the contents of these containers are removed at the end of the work shift.
• 28. Special clothing for persons working with oils, varnishes, paints and other flammable and combustible liquids is stored hanging in metal cabinets installed in places specially designated for this purpose.
• 29. In buildings with stained glass windows more than one floor high, it is not allowed to violate the structures of smoke-tight, non-combustible diaphragms installed in the stained glass windows at the level of each floor.
• 30. The head of the organization, when holding events with large numbers of people (discos, celebrations, performances, etc.) ensures:
  • a) inspection of premises before the start of events in order to determine their readiness in terms of compliance with fire safety measures;
  • b) duty of responsible persons on stage and in the halls.
• 31. When carrying out events with large numbers of people in buildings with combustible floors, it is allowed to use only premises located on the 1st and 2nd floors.

In rooms without electric lighting, events with mass participation of people are held only during daylight hours.

Electric garlands and illumination that have the appropriate certificate of conformity may be used at events.

If a malfunction is detected in the illumination or garlands (heating of wires, blinking lights, sparking, etc.), they must be immediately de-energized.

The Christmas tree should be installed on a stable base and not block the exit from the room. The branches of the Christmas tree must be at least 1 meter away from the walls and ceilings.

• 32. When holding events with large numbers of people in the premises, it is prohibited:
  • a) use pyrotechnic products, arc spotlights and candles;
  • b) decorate the Christmas tree with gauze and cotton wool, not impregnated with fire retardants;
  • c) carry out fire, painting and other fire and fire and explosion hazardous work before or during performances;
  • d) reduce the width of the aisles between the rows and install additional chairs, chairs, etc. in the aisles;
  • e) completely turn off the lights in the room during performances or performances;
  • f) allow violations of the established standards for filling premises with people.
• 33. When operating evacuation routes and exits, the head of the organization ensures compliance with design decisions and the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety (including the lighting, number, size and space-planning solutions of evacuation routes and exits, as well as the presence of fire signs on evacuation routes security).
• 34. Doors on escape routes open outward in the direction of exit from the building, with the exception of doors whose opening direction is not standardized by the requirements of fire safety regulations or to which special requirements are imposed.
• 35. Locks on emergency exit doors must allow them to be opened freely from the inside without a key.

The head of the organization at whose facility a fire occurs provides fire departments with access to enclosed spaces for the purpose of localizing and extinguishing the fire.

• 36. When operating evacuation routes, evacuation and emergency exits, it is prohibited:
  • a) install thresholds on evacuation routes (except for thresholds in doorways), sliding and up-and-down doors and gates, revolving doors and turnstiles, as well as other devices that prevent the free evacuation of people;
  • b) obstruct escape routes and exits (including passages, corridors, vestibules, galleries, elevator halls, landings, flights of stairs, doors, escape hatches) with various materials, products, equipment, industrial waste, garbage and other items, and also block emergency exit doors;
  • c) arrange dryers and hangers for clothes, wardrobes in exit vestibules (except for apartments and individual residential buildings), as well as store (including temporarily) equipment and materials;
  • d) fix self-closing doors of staircases, corridors, halls and vestibules in the open position (unless devices that automatically trigger in case of fire are used for these purposes), and also remove them;
  • e) close blinds or glaze transitions of air zones in smoke-free staircases;
  • f) replace reinforced glass with regular glass in the glazing of doors and transoms.
• 37. The head of the organization, when placing technological, exhibition and other equipment in the premises, ensures the availability of passages to evacuation routes and emergency exits.
• 38. At sites with large numbers of people, the head of the organization ensures the availability of serviceable electric lights at the rate of 1 light per 50 people.
• 39. Carpets, carpet runners and other floor coverings in facilities with large numbers of people and on evacuation routes must be securely attached to the floor.
• 40. It is prohibited to leave electrical installations and household electrical appliances un-energized at the end of working hours in premises where there is no staff on duty, with the exception of emergency lighting, fire protection systems, as well as other electrical installations and electrical devices, if this is due to their functional purpose and (or) provided for in the operating instructions.
• 41. It is prohibited to lay and operate overhead power lines (including temporary and cable-laid ones) over flammable roofs, canopies, as well as open warehouses (stacks, stacks, etc.) of flammable substances, materials and products.
• 42. It is prohibited:
  • a) operate electrical wires and cables with visible insulation defects;
  • b) use sockets, switches, and other electrical installations that are damaged;
  • c) wrap electric lamps and lamps with paper, cloth and other flammable materials, as well as operate lamps with removed caps (diffusers) provided for by the design of the lamp;
  • d) use electric irons, electric stoves, electric kettles and other electric heating devices that do not have thermal protection devices, as well as in the absence or malfunction of thermostats provided for by the design;
  • e) use non-standard (homemade) electric heating devices;
  • f) leave electric heating devices, as well as other household electrical appliances, unattended, connected to the electrical network, including those in standby mode, with the exception of electrical appliances that can and (or) must be in 24-hour operating mode in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
  • g) place (store) flammable (including flammable) substances and materials in electrical panels (at electrical panels), near electric motors and starting equipment;
  • h) use temporary electrical wiring, as well as extension cords to power electrical appliances not intended for emergency and other temporary work.
• 43. The head of the organization ensures that fire safety signs are in good condition, including those indicating evacuation routes and emergency exits.

Evacuation lighting should turn on automatically when the power supply to the working lighting is interrupted.

In auditoriums, demonstration and exhibition halls, self-powered and mains-powered fire safety signs can be turned on only during events with people present.

• 44. Lens spotlights, spotlights and spotlights are placed at a distance safe from flammable structures and materials, specified in the technical operating conditions of the product. Light filters for spotlights and spotlights must be made of non-flammable materials.
• 45. Boiler rooms built into the buildings of trade organizations are not allowed to be converted from solid fuel to liquid.
• 46. ​​It is prohibited to use faulty gas appliances, as well as to install (place) furniture and other flammable objects and materials at a distance of less than 0.2 meters from household gas appliances horizontally and less than 0.7 meters vertically (when these objects and materials hang over above household gas appliances).
• 47. It is prohibited to use kerosene lanterns and kerosene table lamps for indoor lighting in conditions where they may tip over.

The distance from the lamp cap or lantern cover to flammable and low-combustible floor (ceiling) structures must be at least 70 centimeters, and to walls made of flammable and low-combustible materials - at least 20 centimeters.

Wall-mounted kerosene lamps (lanterns) must have reflectors provided by the design and be securely fastened to the wall.

• 48. When operating ventilation and air conditioning systems, it is prohibited:
  • a) leave the doors of ventilation chambers open;
  • b) close exhaust ducts, openings and grilles;
  • c) connect gas heating appliances to the air ducts;
  • d) burn off fat deposits, dust and other flammable substances accumulated in the air ducts.
• 49. In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, the head of the organization ensures inspection of fire-retarding devices (dampers, dampers, valves, etc.) in air ducts, blocking devices for ventilation systems with automatic fire alarm or fire extinguishing installations, and automatic ventilation shutdown devices in case of fire.
• 50. The head of the organization determines the procedure and timing of work to clean ventilation chambers, cyclones, filters and air ducts from combustible waste with the drawing up of a corresponding act, and such work is carried out at least once a year.

Cleaning of ventilation systems in fire-hazardous and fire-hazardous premises must be carried out using fire-explosion-proof methods.

• 51. It is prohibited to operate technological equipment in fire and explosion hazardous rooms (installations) with faulty and disconnected hydraulic filters, dry filters, dust collection and other devices of ventilation (aspiration) systems.
• 52. The head of the organization ensures the serviceability of hydraulic valves (siphons) that prevent the spread of flame through pipelines of storm or industrial sewerage systems of buildings and structures that use flammable and combustible liquids.

Discharging flammable and combustible liquids into sewer networks (including during accidents) is prohibited.

• 53. The head of the organization ensures the serviceability of the valves of garbage chutes and laundry chutes, which must be in the closed position and have a seal in the vestibule.
• 54. The procedure for organizations to use elevators that have the operating mode “transportation of fire departments” is regulated by instructions approved by the head of the organization. These instructions must be posted directly next to the elevator car controls.
• 55. The head of the organization ensures the serviceability of the external and internal fire-fighting water supply networks and organizes inspections of their performance at least 2 times a year (spring and autumn) with the preparation of relevant reports.

The head of the organization, when sections of the water supply network and (or) fire hydrants are disconnected, as well as when the pressure in the water supply network decreases below the required level, notifies the fire department about this.

The head of the organization ensures that fire hydrants are in good condition, that they are insulated and cleared of snow and ice in winter, and that fire equipment is accessible to fire hydrants at any time of the year.

• 56. Parking of vehicles on the covers of fire hydrant wells is prohibited.
• 57. The head of the organization ensures that the fire hydrants of the internal fire water supply are equipped with fire hoses, manual fire nozzles and valves, and organizes the re-rolling of fire hoses (at least once a year).

The fire hose must be connected to the fire hydrant and fire nozzle.

Fire cabinets are attached to the wall, which ensures that the cabinet doors can be fully opened to at least 90 degrees.

• 58. The head of the organization provides the premises of pumping stations with fire-fighting water supply diagrams and pump piping diagrams. Each valve and fire booster pump must have a sign with information about the premises being protected, the type and number of fire sprinklers.
• Advertisement .
• 60. It is prohibited to use for economic and (or) production purposes the supply of water intended for fire extinguishing needs.
• 61. The head of the organization ensures the good condition of the fire protection systems and means of the facility (automatic fire extinguishing and alarm systems, installations of smoke protection systems, fire warning systems, fire alarm systems, fire water supply systems, fire doors, fire and smoke dampers, protective devices in fire barriers) and organizes at least once a quarter an inspection of the operability of the specified systems and fire protection means of the facility with the execution of the corresponding inspection report.

When installing, repairing and maintaining fire safety equipment for buildings and structures, design decisions, requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety and (or) special technical conditions must be observed.

As-built documentation for installations and fire protection systems of the facility must be stored at the facility.

62. Converting installations from automatic to manual start is prohibited, except in cases provided for by regulatory documents on fire safety.

Self-closing devices for doors must be in good condition. It is not allowed to install any devices that prevent the normal closing of fire or smoke doors (devices).

63. The head of the organization ensures, in accordance with the annual schedule drawn up taking into account the technical documentation of the manufacturing plants, and the timing of repair work, routine maintenance and preventive maintenance of fire protection systems of buildings and structures (automatic fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing systems, smoke protection systems, fire warning systems and evacuation control systems).

During the period of maintenance or repair work related to the shutdown of fire protection systems or their elements, the head of the organization takes the necessary measures to protect facilities from fires.

• 64. The head of the organization ensures that in the premises of the control center (fire station) there are instructions on the procedure for the actions of the personnel on duty when receiving signals about a fire and a malfunction of the fire protection installations (systems) of the facility.
• 65. The control center (fire station) is provided with telephone communications and working hand-held electric torches.
• 66. To transmit warning texts and control the evacuation of people, it is allowed to use internal radio broadcast networks and other broadcast networks available at the facility.
• 67. The head of the organization ensures the maintenance of fire trucks in fire stations or boxes specially designed for these purposes that have heating, electricity, telephone communications, hard flooring, insulated gates, and other devices and equipment necessary to ensure normal and safe working conditions for fire department personnel security

It is prohibited to use fire fighting equipment and fire-technical weapons installed on fire trucks for purposes other than their intended purpose.

• 68. The head of the organization ensures the good technical condition of fire trucks and motor pumps, as well as equipment adapted (converted) for extinguishing fires.
• 69. The head of the organization for each fire motor pump and equipment adapted (converted) for extinguishing fires, organizes the assignment of a mechanic (driver) who has undergone special training to work on the specified equipment.
• 70. The head of the organization provides the facility with fire extinguishers according to the standards in accordance with Appendices No. 1 and 2.

Primary fire extinguishing agents must have appropriate certificates.

• 71. If a fire or signs of combustion are detected in a building or room (smoke, burning smell, increase in air temperature, etc.), it is necessary:
  • a) immediately report this by phone to the fire department (in this case, you must provide the address of the facility, the location of the fire, and also provide your last name);
  • b) take all possible measures to evacuate people and extinguish the fire.
• 72. When placing facilities for processing wood and other forest resources (charring, tar smoking, tar smoking, oleoresin storage, etc.) in forest areas (forest parks), the head of the organization is obliged to:
  • a) provide for fire safety distances from the specified objects to forest plantations, the construction of mineralized strips, as well as the placement of main and intermediate warehouses for storing resin in accordance with the Fire Safety Rules in Forests, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2007 N 417;
  • b) ensure during the fire season (during persistent dry, hot and windy weather, upon receipt of a storm warning and upon the introduction of a special fire regime) during non-working hours, the protection of facilities for processing wood and other forest resources;
  • c) keep the fire-fighting distances from facilities for processing wood and other forest resources to forest plantations cleared of debris and other flammable materials.
• 73. Head of an organization at military facilities, facilities for the production, processing, storage of radioactive and explosive substances and materials, pyrotechnic products, facilities for the destruction and storage of chemical weapons and explosives, space facilities and launch complexes, mining facilities, nuclear energy facilities, facilities institutions executing punishment in the form of imprisonment, psychiatric and other specialized medical institutions, cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation may establish additional fire safety requirements that take into account the specifics of such objects.

Settlement territories.

• 74. It is prohibited to use fire distances between buildings, structures and structures for storing materials, equipment and containers, for parking vehicles and construction (installation) of buildings and structures, for making fires and burning waste and containers.
• 75. The head of the organization ensures the proper maintenance (at any time of the year) of roads, driveways and entrances to buildings, structures and structures, open warehouses, external fire escapes and fire hydrants.

It is prohibited to use turning areas and special areas intended for the installation of fire-rescue equipment for parking vehicles (private vehicles and corporate vehicles).

• 76. When carrying out repair work on roads or passages associated with their closure, the head of the organization carrying out repairs (construction) provides the fire department with relevant information about the timing of these works and ensures the installation of signs indicating the direction of the detour, or arranges crossings through those being repaired sections of roads and driveways.
• 77. The head of the organization ensures timely cleaning of facilities from flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves and dry grass.

It is not allowed to burn waste and containers in places located at a distance of less than 50 meters from objects.

• 78. At protection sites bordering forest areas (forest parks), as well as located in areas with peat soils, it is necessary to provide for the creation of protective fire-fighting mineralized strips, removal (collection) of dry vegetation in the summer or other measures to prevent the spread of fire during natural fires.
• 79. It is prohibited to use the territories of fire-prevention distances from objects and structures for various purposes to forest areas (forest parks), places of development or open peat for the construction of various structures and ancillary buildings, as well as for storing flammable materials, garbage, waste wood, construction and other combustible materials .
• 80. Local authorities of settlements and urban districts, for firefighting purposes, create conditions for the intake of water at any time of the year from external water supply sources located in rural settlements and adjacent territories in accordance with Article 19 of the Federal Law “On Fire Safety”.

The instructions apply to all departments of the enterprise and establish general fire safety requirements.

Every employee must know and strictly follow these instructions. He must be instructed, with an appropriate entry made in the fire safety briefing log. Periodically, but at least once every 6 months, this Instruction is re-examined under the guidance of those responsible for fire safety appointed by order. Violation (non-fulfillment, improper fulfillment or evasion) of fire safety requirements entails criminal, administrative, disciplinary or other liability in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine.

All employees are allowed to work only after undergoing fire safety briefings and training on preventing and extinguishing possible fires by the head of the structural unit during initial and repeated briefings on labor protection. Those workers who are tasked with holding events with mass participation of people are required to thoroughly inspect the premises before starting and make sure that they are fully prepared in terms of fire safety. Each employee is obliged:

Comply with fire safety requirements and maintain fire safety conditions in the building;

Take precautions when using household chemicals, flammable (flammable) and combustible (GC) liquids, and other fire-hazardous substances and materials; - know the evacuation scheme, the location of fire extinguishers and fire hydrants; - know how to handle fire extinguishers and other fire extinguishing equipment; - do not block passages with foreign objects;

During long breaks of more than 1 hour or when leaving work, turn off the personal computer and other electrical appliances (except fax and refrigerator) by unplugging the plug from the socket;

Before leaving the office premises, close the windows, transoms and vents and inspect it. In this case, you must make sure that there are no ignition sources in the room (smoldering paper, cigarette butts, candles, etc.), all electrical receivers are turned off, and the lights are turned off. The employee is not allowed:

Store flammable, combustible and explosive substances in rooms;

Cover table lamps and heaters with an open spiral with flammable materials (fabrics, paper, etc.);

Hang clothes on switches or sockets; - smoking in the rooms;

Use open fire in the building;

Leave electrical equipment (PC, heater, table lamp, etc.) unattended;

Dry clothes and shoes on heating devices;

Use homemade or faulty electrical appliances and power tools.

On the floors and in the premises of the facility, instructions on fire safety measures, signs indicating the telephone number of the fire department, the name and initials of the employee responsible for fire safety are posted in a visible place.

2. The procedure for maintaining the territory, building, premises and evacuation routes.

The area adjacent to the enterprise must be promptly cleared of flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc. Combustible waste, garbage, etc. should be collected at specially designated areas in containers or boxes and then removed. Fire breaks between buildings and structures are not permitted to be used for parking vehicles.

The area adjacent to the enterprise must be promptly cleared of flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc. Combustible waste, garbage, etc. should be collected at specially designated areas in containers or boxes and then removed. Fire breaks between buildings and structures are not permitted to be used for parking vehicles.

Roads, driveways and entrances to the building, external fire escapes and water sources used for fire extinguishing purposes must always be free for the passage of fire equipment, kept in good condition, and in winter cleared of snow and ice.

Temporary buildings must be located at a distance of at least 15 m from the building. Smoking is not permitted indoors or in undesignated areas. Making fires, burning waste and containers is not permitted within 50 m of the building. Burning of waste and containers in places specially designated for these purposes must be carried out under the supervision of operating personnel. The placement (location) of fire safety equipment and smoking areas must be marked with fire safety signs. It is not permitted to arrange flammable waste dumps on the territory of the enterprise. Fire extinguishing means and fire hydrants of the internal fire water supply must be kept in good working order at all times. It is not permitted to carry out work on equipment with defects that could lead to a fire. The following is not allowed on the premises:

Store and use flammable and combustible liquids, explosives, gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other explosive and fire hazardous substances and materials;

Use the attic and other technical premises to organize workshops or warehouses;

Remove the doors of emergency exits from floor corridors and staircases provided for by the project,

Block the doors of transitions to adjacent sections and exits to emergency staircases with furniture, equipment and other objects;

Clean premises and wash clothes using gasoline, kerosene and other flammable liquids and liquids, as well as warm frozen pipes with blowtorches and other methods using open fire;

Arrange storage rooms in stairwells and floor corridors, as well as store things, furniture and other flammable materials under flights of stairs and on landings; - allow 50 or more people to stay on a floor with one open emergency exit at the same time.

The premises should be cleaned daily on weekdays. Place used flammable materials in metal containers located outside the building. At emergency exits there must be signs “Evacuation (emergency) exit”, “Emergency (emergency) exit door”. Doors on escape routes must open freely and in the direction of exit from the building. Locks on the doors of emergency exits must ensure that people inside the building can freely open them from the inside without a key.

When closing emergency emergency exits to internal mechanical locks on each floor of the building, a responsible person on duty is appointed from among the service personnel, who always has with him a set of keys for all locks on the doors of emergency exits. Another set of keys must be kept in the building duty officer's room. Each key on both sets must have an inscription indicating that it belongs to the corresponding lock.

When operating evacuation routes and exits, it is prohibited:

Block emergency routes and exits (including passages, corridors, vestibules, landings, flights of stairs, doors) with various materials, garbage and other objects, as well as block the doors of emergency exits;

Arrange clothes hangers, wardrobes in exit vestibules, as well as store equipment and materials;

Arrange thresholds and other devices on evacuation routes; preventing the free evacuation of people;

Use flammable materials for finishing, cladding and painting walls and ceilings, as well as steps and landings along escape routes;

Fix self-closing doors of staircases, corridors, halls and vestibules in the open position, as well as remove them.

In the event of a power outage, the person on duty at the (PREMISES) must have an electric torch.

Carpets, carpet runners and other floor coverings in rooms with large numbers of people must be securely attached to the floor.