Economic initiative. Entrepreneurial policy and initiative
Economic initiative is the independent actions of enterprise personnel aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of a target determined by the enterprise itself or imposed on it from the outside, including by order of a higher economic body or the demands of shareholders. To achieve this goal, the enterprise personnel analyze the internal potential of the enterprise and the state of the external environment in which it operates.
Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and development strategy for the enterprise are determined. Corporate priorities, short-term objectives and long-term goals of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions are established. Tactics of behavior of specialists and managers are built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the enterprise and forming its priorities.
A goal is a specific end state or desired result that an enterprise (a group of people or an individual) seeks to achieve. Priorities are the basic values adopted by an enterprise in its activities during the period of movement towards a goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or behavioral tactics with the aim of conquering sales markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: quality characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, the main priorities might be:
1) maximum return on invested capital;
2) minimum costs for the production of specific products;
3) eliminating dependence on certain external factors (supplies of raw materials, materials, services provided, etc.);
4) high quality products as a guarantor of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.
The choice of priority is largely determined by the goal set, as well as the state of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The selected priorities necessarily take the specific form of cost or technical indicators of the operation of the enterprise and its divisions or instructions for personnel in the form of instructions, orders. After this, monitoring of compliance with these indicators and orders is established.
Entrepreneurial policy is the forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities to achieve the main goals of the enterprise. Based on the established goals, priorities and developed policies of the enterprise, the main directions of activity of its structural divisions and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results and their specific tasks are determined (Appendix B, Fig. 2).
The dominant goal of manufacturing enterprises is to obtain and increase income, since only if there are financial and material resources extracted from income, the enterprise is able to function normally and solve the problems of maintaining production, increasing production output, its systematic updating and improving quality, and reducing costs. Solving social issues, such as increasing the level of remuneration of personnel and creating favorable working conditions at the enterprise, are also associated with additional costs, which can only be incurred by having additional income that exceeds current expenses. Of course, the choice and specification of the goals of an enterprise are largely determined by the interests and needs of its owner (including the state), the size of its capital, as well as the action of various internal and external factors. The interests of private individuals and government agencies may not only be different. The state, unlike a private owner, can cover losses through taxes from other efficiently operating enterprises. However, the motives of behavior of the largest associations may partially or completely coincide with the interests of the state when they interact closely.
5. Risks of business activity
Risk in entrepreneurship is the likelihood that the enterprise will suffer damages or losses if the planned event (managerial decision) does not materialize, as well as if miscalculations or errors were made when making management decisions. Business risk can be divided into production, financial and investment.
Production risk is directly related to the economic activities of the enterprise. Production risk is usually understood as the probability (possibility) of a company’s failure to fulfill its obligations under a contract or agreement with a customer, risks in the sale of goods and services, errors in pricing policy, and the risk of bankruptcy.
The following risks can be identified in the production activities of an industrial enterprise:
the risk of a complete shutdown of the enterprise due to the impossibility of concluding contracts for the supply of materials, components and other initial products necessary for this technology;
the risk of shortfall in receipt of raw materials due to the failure of concluded supply contracts, as well as the risk of non-return of funds transferred to the supplier in the form of prepayments;
the risk of non-conclusion of contracts for the sale of manufactured products, works or services, i.e. the risk of complete or partial non-sale;
the risk of non-receipt or untimely receipt of funds for products shipped for sale;
the risk of buyer refusal of received and paid for products or the risk of return;
the risk of failure of concluded agreements on the provision of loans, investments or credits;
price risk associated with determining the price of products and services sold by an enterprise, as well as the risk in determining the price of necessary means of production, raw materials used, materials, fuel, energy, labor and capital (in the form of interest rates on loans). According to some calculations, a 1% error in the price of sold products leads to losses amounting to at least 1% of sales revenue. If the demand for a given product is elastic, then losses may amount to 2-3%. With product profitability of 10-12%, a 1% error in price could mean a 5-10% loss in profit. Price risk increases significantly in conditions of inflation;
the risk of bankruptcy of both business partners (counterparties, distributors, suppliers, etc.) and the enterprise itself.
Credit risk is associated with the borrower's failure to pay the principal and interest accrued on the loan. Interest rate risk is the danger of losses by commercial banks, credit institutions, and investment funds as a result of an increase in the interest rates they pay on borrowed funds above the rates on loans provided. Currency risks reflect the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate of one foreign currency in relation to another, including the national currency during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions. The risk of lost financial profit is determined by the likelihood of financial damage that may arise as a result of failure to implement any activity or stop business activities. In the investment activity of an enterprise, one can distinguish the risk of investing in securities, or “portfolio risk,” which characterizes the degree of risk of a decrease in the profitability of specific securities and the formed portfolio of securities, as well as the risk of innovation.
New projects contain three types of risks:
Risk associated with technical innovations;
Risk associated with the economic or organizational side of production;
Risk determined by the “youth of the enterprise.” Risks can be classified according to other criteria. For example, risks are distinguished as pure and speculative, dynamic and static, absolute and relative. Pure risks mean the possibility of losses or zero results. Typically these include production and investment risks. Speculative risks are expressed in the probability of obtaining both positive and negative results. Financial risks, for example, are considered speculative risks.
Dynamic risk is the risk of unforeseen changes due to management decisions or changes that have occurred in economic, political and other spheres of public life. Such changes can lead to both losses and additional income. Static risk is the risk of losses due to damage to property, as well as loss of income due to the incapacity of the organization. This risk can only lead to losses.
Absolute risk is assessed in monetary units (rubles, dollars, etc.); relative risk - in fractions of a unit or as a percentage. For example, risk in business can be measured by an absolute value - the sum of damages and losses and a relative value - the degree of risk, i.e. a measure of the probability of failure to implement the planned activity or failure to achieve the planned level of profit, income, price. Both indicators are necessary and carry relevant information - absolute and relative risk.
It is possible to classify economic risks based on many characteristics. Similar attempts have already been made by representatives of fundamental science. J. Keynes, in his classification, considered risk through the prism of the “borrower-lender” relationship.
Keynes believed that it is advisable to distinguish three main types of risk:
Entrepreneur's risk;
Lender risk;
Monetary risk.
The entrepreneur's risk arises due to doubt as to whether he will actually be able to acquire the promising benefit that he predicts. This type of risk arises when an entrepreneur uses only his own money.
The creditor's risk is associated with doubt regarding the validity of the trust provided, i.e. with the danger of intentional bankruptcy or other attempts by the debtor to evade fulfillment of obligations; as well as the possible danger of involuntary bankruptcy due to the fact that the borrower's income expectations were not met. This type of risk arises where credit operations are practiced, by which J. Keynes understood the provision of loans.
Monetary risk is associated with a decrease in the value of a monetary unit. Based on this, J. Keynes believed that a monetary loan is, to a certain extent, less reliable than material assets.
It should be noted that factors of uncertainty and risk in the modern economy are all stages of reproduction - from the purchase of raw materials to the delivery of finished products to consumers. At the same time, the relationship between risk and profit should be highlighted. One example of a direct relationship between risk and the volume of potential profit and the rate of capital growth is short-term bonds: the risk of this type of securities is the lowest, and capital growth is the slowest; on the contrary, an ordinary share with a minimum degree of security has the fastest capital growth.
The economic literature reflects several areas of risk into which an enterprise may fall in the process of economic activity. As a basis for establishing the risk area, it is advisable to take the share of the company’s assets that it loses as a result of its activities. Depending on its condition, the company may be in one of the zones listed below, while simultaneously falling into bankruptcy of varying degrees. This depth of decline affects the ways of exiting a bankrupt state within the framework of the insolvency institution.
1. Risk-free area - characterized by the absence of losses, the transactions performed guarantee a minimum of standard profit, the company's potential profit is not limited, and it is obtained, as a rule, from its own capital when the borrowed capital is zero.
2. The area of acceptable risk is characterized by a level of losses that do not exceed the expected profit, and business activity retains its financial and market feasibility.
3. The area of crisis is characterized by the possibility of losses. The area of crisis is characterized by the danger of losses, which obviously exceed the expected profit and, at maximum, can lead to the irretrievable loss of all funds invested by the entrepreneur in the business.
In reality, this type of risk manifests itself in difficulties with the necessary cash flow, which may increase if creditors come to the conclusion that it is dangerous to renew the contract even with an increased interest rate (since as the value of the firm’s equity capital decreases, the risk of repayment increases) and the company will have to pay not only interest , but also the amount of the principal debt.
Being in this area of business risk, the company, experiencing a liquidity crisis, will enter a state of “absolute” insolvency, which can be considered as bankruptcy, and the latter is the basis for initiating a liquidation procedure. This degree of falling into bankruptcy is called business bankruptcy - as a result of ineffective enterprise management, marketing policies or irrational use of labor, natural and monetary resources.
To create conditions for stable reproduction, the market requires certain expenditures of real resources, which are called transaction costs (from the English transaction - transaction).
Transaction costs are the value of resources used in solving the problem of coordination and distribution conflicts within the institutional environment and institutional relations.
These costs consist of:
Costs of searching for information about prices and necessary resources;
Costs of concluding contracts;
Monitoring their implementation and legal support.
If some enterprises fail to pay transaction costs, the possibility of bankruptcy arises. In other words, enterprise bankruptcy is the price that the population and the state pay for the presence of transaction costs.
This conclusion is based on an analysis of the works of Ronald Coase, who revealed the fundamental role that transaction costs play and should play in the process of forming institutions - elements of the macroeconomic system. The most important form of adaptation to the problem of the presence of transaction costs is the emergence of the firm." If there were no transaction costs, then there would be no need for a firm, enterprise, or corporation.
In a planned economy, the place of transaction costs was taken by planning and coordination costs, which were not considered by Ronald Coase or other researchers, although they also exist in a market economy in the form of government costs to compensate for externalities. The low efficiency of state-owned enterprises, rather their constant pre-bankruptcy state during the period of a planned economy, was due to the need for constant administrative coordination of all stages of their production activities (i.e., high planning and coordination costs), while the market mechanism implies much lower transaction costs, however, deeper fall.
4. The disaster area represents the area of losses, which in scale exceed the crisis level and can reach a size equal to the real value of the enterprise. In this case, a decrease in the profitability of the company implies a decrease in its price. The price of a firm as a business unit is determined as the product of the number of common shares (N) and their market price (P). Market value of the firm = NP. In this risk area, the firm's price may fall below the amount of liabilities to creditors, which is equivalent to minimizing shareholders' equity. This is the bankruptcy of shareholders or the bankruptcy of the owner. This option is possible as a result of the owner’s lack of resources for expanded or even simple reproduction, despite the fact that there is a need in the market for this type of product. True, some nuances are possible here. Due to the fall in the price of the company, the latter may fall below the liquidation value of the assets. Then the liquidation of the company becomes more profitable than its operation, and if the liquidation value of the company is lower than the price of liabilities, then the shareholders lose all their capital. This phenomenon is called bankruptcy of production. Also included in the category of disaster risk is the risk associated with a direct danger to human life or the occurrence of man-made disasters, which is especially likely when operating outdated means of production.
The traditional one was replaced by a market economic system (capitalism).
The market economic system is based on:
- private property rights;
- private economic initiative;
- market organization of distribution of limited resources of society.
Private property rights is the right of an individual, recognized and protected by law, to own, use and dispose of a certain type and volume of limited resources (for example, a plot of land, a coal deposit or a factory), and therefore to receive income from it. It was the opportunity to own this type of productive resources, such as capital, and to receive income on this basis that determined the second, often used name for this economic system - capitalism.
Private property- the right of individual citizens and their associations recognized by society to own, use and dispose of a certain volume (part) of any type of economic resources.
At first, the right of private property was protected only by force of arms, and only kings and feudal lords were the owners. But then, having gone through a long path of wars and revolutions, humanity created a civilization in which every citizen could become a private owner if his income allowed him to purchase property.
The right of private property allows owners of economic resources to independently make decisions about how to use them (as long as this does not harm the interests of society). At the same time, this almost unlimited freedom of disposal of economic resources has a downside: owners of private property bear full economic responsibility for the options they choose for its use. In other words, if they make a successful decision, they get all the benefits, but if they make a wrong decision, they risk losing part or even all of their property.
Private economic initiative Each owner of productive resources has the right to independently decide how and to what extent to use them to generate income. At the same time, everyone’s well-being is determined by how successfully he can sell on the market the resource he owns: his labor force, skills, products of his own hands, his own plot of land, the products of his factory, or the ability to organize commercial operations. The one who offers customers the best product and on more favorable terms turns out to be the winner in the struggle for customers’ money and opens the way to increased prosperity.
And finally, actually markets- a certain organized activity for the exchange of goods.
It is the markets:
- determine the degree of success of a particular economic initiative;
- form the amount of income that property brings to its owners;
- dictate the proportions of distribution of limited resources between alternative areas of their use.
The market economic system has a number of advantages, which lie in the fact that it forces each seller to think about the interests of buyers in order to achieve benefits for himself. If he does not do this, then his product may turn out to be unnecessary or too expensive and instead of benefits he will receive only losses. But the buyer is also forced to take into account the interests of the seller - he can receive the goods only by paying the prevailing market price for it.
Market economic system ( capitalism) is a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by individuals and scarce resources are distributed through markets.
Markets based on competition have become the most successful way known to mankind for distributing limited productive resources and the benefits created with their help.
Competition today plays a huge role in the organization of economic activity, leaving a significant imprint on the structure of the economy. People trying to get the same job with a high level of pay compete with each other, putting forward experience or qualifications as their competitive advantages. Firms producing similar products compete for customers' money, putting forward the advantages of their products as arguments. Buyers who want to purchase a new fashion item, which is still supplied to the market in limited quantities, compete for the right to become its owner, offering sellers higher fees, etc.
Competition- economic competition for the right to obtain a larger share of a certain type of limited resource.
The advantage of competition is that it makes the distribution of limited resources dependent on the weight of the economic arguments of the competitors. For example, a company can win the competition for the limited funds of buyers only by producing either goods with better properties, or goods with the same properties as those of competitors, but at lower costs, which will allow them to be sold cheaper. In the competition of buyers for a scarce product, those whose own activities are especially highly valued by the market and are better paid win: that is why they can offer the highest price for the product. It was thanks to competition with foreign manufacturing companies that Russian companies in the 90s of the 20th century. were forced to learn how to make not just tasty, but also beautifully packaged food products, master new brands of beer, new car models and new furniture options. Naturally, it was primarily the buyers who benefited from this.
Of course, the market economic system also has its drawbacks (they will be discussed in more detail later). In particular, it creates huge differences in levels of income and wealth, with some basking in luxury while others wallow in poverty. We can observe this today in Russia.
Such differences in income have long encouraged people to interpret capitalism as an “unfair” economic system and to dream of a better arrangement for their lives. These dreams led to the appearance in the 19th century. a social movement named Marxism in honor of its main ideologist - the German journalist and economist Karl Marx. He and his followers argued that the market system had exhausted the possibilities of its development and became a brake on the further growth of human well-being. Therefore, it was proposed to replace it with a new economic system - a command system, or socialism (from the Latin societas - “society”).
INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER 1. CONCEPT, CRITERIA AND TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP 5
1.1.
Entrepreneurship concept 5
1.2.
Criteria for small and medium-sized businesses 8
1.3.
Types of business activities 11
CHAPTER 2. MOTIVES, FUNCTIONS, PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP 18
2.1.
Motives and functions of entrepreneurship 18
2.2.
Principles of Entrepreneurship 21
2.3.
Entrepreneurial policy, initiative and strategy 23
CONCLUSION 30
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES USED 32
Entrepreneurship is a special type of activity, a special field, in which not everyone can succeed. It requires not only solid economic knowledge, determination, business acumen, and willingness to take risks, but also the ability to be creative and think outside the box. The enormous potential inherent in entrepreneurship allows us to consider it as a factor of production along with material, financial and human resources.
The huge role of entrepreneurship in the economy lies in the fact that it becomes the basis for the development of a market economy, without which any full and effective development of the market is almost impossible. This determines the high degree of relevance of the topic of the course work.
The main goal of the work is to consider the essence of entrepreneurship and its role in market relations.
The main tasks of the work necessary to achieve the goal are:
consider the concept of entrepreneurship;
evaluate the criteria for small and medium-sized businesses;
identify the motives and functions of entrepreneurship;
characterize the types of entrepreneurship;
explore the principles and goals of entrepreneurship.
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
When writing the work, the legislation of the Russian Federation, educational and scientific journalistic literature was used.
CHAPTER 1. CONCEPT, CRITERIA AND TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.1. Entrepreneurship concept
The concept of “entrepreneurship” was first used by the English banker and economist Richard Cantillon (1680-1734) in the 18th century. According to Cantillon, entrepreneurship is an economic activity in the process of which product supply and demand are brought into conformity under conditions of constant risk 1 . By entrepreneur, Cantillon understood a person who, purchasing means of production on the market, turns them into capital. The result of the functioning of capital is products that are sold on the market at a market price higher than the entrepreneur’s costs of production. Since the market price of a production product is unknown in advance, entrepreneurship is always accompanied by commercial risk. R. Cantillon considered the source of wealth to be land and labor, which determine the actual value of economic goods.
English professor Alan Hosking states: “An individual entrepreneur is a person who runs a business at his own expense, is personally involved in managing the business and is personally responsible for providing the necessary funds, and makes decisions independently. His reward is the profit received as a result of entrepreneurial activity and the feeling of satisfaction that he experiences from engaging in free enterprise. But at the same time, he must assume all the risk of losses in the event of bankruptcy of his enterprise.”
Later, the famous French economist Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) subjected entrepreneurship to a more in-depth analysis, who saw in it the creative combination and coordination of two factors of production - labor and capital - under conditions of risk. In the book “Treatise of Political Economy” (1803), he formulated a definition of entrepreneurial activity as a connection, a combination of three classical factors of production - land, capital, labor. He also pointed out that the “talent of English entrepreneurs” was one of the success factors in the development of industry in England. Say's main thesis is the recognition of the active role of entrepreneurs in creating a product. The income of an entrepreneur, according to Say, is a reward for his work, the ability to organize production and sales of products, and ensure a “spirit of order.” An entrepreneur, he pointed out, is a person who undertakes to produce some product at his own expense and risk and for his own benefit. Say differentiated the functions of an entrepreneur (businessman) and a manager (manager). Say considered the work of an entrepreneur to be creative, the work of a manager to be monotonous and routine 1 .
The famous American economist of Austrian origin Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) in his book “The Theory of Economic Development,” which was first published in 1911, interprets the concept of “entrepreneur” as an innovator. The function of the entrepreneur, he argues, is to implement innovations that play a major role in the development of a capitalist economy and in ensuring economic growth.
We call entrepreneurs economic entities whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and who act as its active element.
The French economist Andre Marshall (1907-1968) was the first to add a fourth factor to the above-mentioned three classical factors of production (land, capital, labor) - organization. Since then, the concept of entrepreneurship has expanded.
Behind the words “entrepreneurship” stands an enterprise - a complex organism, which is a production and economic system whose task is to produce products, work and services 2. The activity of an enterprise as a subject of market relations takes place in conditions of fierce competition between commodity producers. It is the competitive market environment that creates the most favorable conditions for the economic development of both an individual enterprise and society as a whole and is the driving force of social and economic progress. The market environment forces the enterprise to operate in profitability mode if it does not want to leave the business. The profitability regime assumes that the purpose of operation and the main result of the enterprise’s activities in market conditions is profit. It is necessary to produce only those goods and services that satisfy immediate needs.
Entrepreneurship is an initiative independent activity of citizens aimed at generating profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf, under their own property responsibility or on behalf and under the legal responsibility of a legal entity. An entrepreneur can carry out any type of business activity not prohibited by law, including commercial intermediation, trade and purchasing, consulting and other activities, as well as transactions with securities 1 .
An entrepreneur in his activities is called upon to provide the necessary combination or the necessary combination of personal benefit with public benefit in order to make a profit.
Entrepreneurship is an activity that involves investing funds in order to make a profit based on a combination of personal gain and public benefit. Entrepreneurship is an activity itself, and not just the ability to engage in certain activities.
So, entrepreneurship is a specific type of economic activity that requires attracting one’s own funds and taking on a certain responsibility and economic risk. The success of this activity is based on a certain legal and organizational design. Dominant in the formation of the typological type of entrepreneurship are such features of an economic and legal nature as the method of forming the property of business entities, the content of the property rights exercised by them, the status of the subject of property rights, etc.
Working in a market economy puts before entrepreneurs and managers the requirement of high competence when running a business.
1.2. Criteria for small and medium-sized businesses
As world and domestic practice shows, the main criterion indicator on the basis of which enterprises (organizations) of various organizational and legal forms are classified as small businesses is, first of all, the average number of employees employed at the enterprise (organization) during the reporting period. In a number of scientific works, small business is understood as an activity carried out by a relatively small group of individuals, or an enterprise managed by one owner.
As a rule, the most general criterion indicators on the basis of which business entities are classified as small businesses are the number of personnel (employed workers), the size of the authorized capital, the value of assets, the volume of turnover (profit, income). According to the World Bank, the total number of indicators by which enterprises are classified as small businesses (businesses) exceeds 50 1 . However, the most commonly used criteria are the following: the average number of employees employed by the enterprise, the annual turnover received by the enterprise, usually in a year, and the value of assets.
The state also faces the need to determine criteria for classifying business entities as small and medium-sized businesses. Small and medium-sized enterprises are of great socio-economic importance; however, this sector, due to objectively less favorable business conditions compared to large firms, is characterized by instability, and therefore requires government support.
The criteria for classifying enterprises as small and medium-sized enterprises (including the average number of employees) are established by the Federal Law of July 24, 2007. No. 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation" 1.
Small and medium-sized businesses include consumer cooperatives and commercial organizations included in the unified state register of legal entities (with the exception of state and municipal unitary enterprises), as well as individuals included in the unified state register of individual entrepreneurs and carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, peasant (farm) holdings that meet the following conditions:
1) for legal entities - the total share of participation of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, foreign legal entities, foreign citizens, public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other funds in the authorized (share) capital (share fund) of these legal entities persons should not exceed twenty-five percent (with the exception of assets of joint-stock investment funds and closed-end mutual investment funds), the share of participation owned by one or more legal entities that are not small and medium-sized businesses should not exceed twenty-five percent;
2) the average number of employees for the previous calendar year should not exceed the following maximum values of the average number of employees for each category of small and medium-sized businesses:
From one hundred one to two hundred and fifty people inclusive for medium-sized enterprises;
Up to one hundred people inclusive for small businesses; Among small enterprises, microenterprises stand out - up to fifteen people 1;
3) revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) excluding value added tax or the book value of assets (residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) for the previous calendar year should not exceed the limit values established by the Government of the Russian Federation for each category of small and medium entrepreneurship.
By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 No. 556 “On the maximum values of revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) for each category of small and medium-sized businesses” the specified maximum values are defined as follows:
For microenterprises – 60 million rubles;
For small enterprises – 400 million rubles 2.
The maximum values of revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) and the book value of assets are established by the Government of the Russian Federation once every five years, taking into account data from continuous statistical observations of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses. This comprehensive statistical study is currently being carried out by the Federal State Statistics Service.
For example, in the European Union, the criterion for belonging to a small business is a number of 250 people and a turnover of 40 million euros. In Russia, for a small enterprise there are 100 people, and there are no restrictions on turnover at all. So, in terms of numbers, Russia is most likely closer to the European version. But, on the other hand, their turnover criterion for Russian small enterprises is clearly high 1 .
Newly created organizations or newly registered individual entrepreneurs and peasant (farm) enterprises during the year in which they are registered can be classified as small and medium-sized businesses if their indicators of the average number of employees, revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) or book value of assets (residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) for the period elapsed from the date of their state registration do not exceed the limit values.
The average number of employees of a micro-enterprise, small enterprise or medium-sized enterprise for a calendar year is determined taking into account all its employees, including employees working under civil contracts or part-time, taking into account the actual time worked, employees of representative offices, branches and other separate divisions of the specified micro-enterprises , small enterprise or medium enterprise.
The book value of assets (the residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) is determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting.
1.3. Types of business activities
The entire variety of entrepreneurial activities can be classified according to various criteria: type or purpose, forms of ownership, number of owners, organizational-legal and organizational-economic forms, degree of use of hired labor, etc. 2
By type or purpose, entrepreneurial activity is divided into production, commercial, financial, advisory, etc. All these types can function separately or together. All these types of entrepreneurial activities are typical for a small enterprise.
According to the form of ownership, enterprises can be private, state, municipal, and also be owned by public associations (organizations). At the same time, the state cannot establish any kind of restrictions or advantages depending on the form of ownership.
Depending on the number of owners, entrepreneurial activity can be individual or collective. In individual entrepreneurship, property belongs to one individual. Collective entrepreneurship corresponds to property that belongs simultaneously to several entities with the definition of the shares of each of them (shared ownership) or without the definition of shares (joint ownership). Possession, use and disposal of collectively owned property is carried out by agreement of all owners.
Among the organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship there are partnerships, societies, cooperatives; The main organizational and economic forms include: concerns, associations, consortia, syndicates, cartels, financial and industrial groups (FIGs) holdings.
Manufacturing entrepreneurship can be called the leading type of entrepreneurship. Here the production of products, goods, works is carried out, services are provided, and certain spiritual values are created. In the context of the transition to a market economy, this area of activity was subjected to the greatest negative impact, as a result of which economic ties fell apart, material and technical support was disrupted, product sales fell, and the financial situation of enterprises sharply deteriorated. As a result, the development of manufacturing entrepreneurship will receive the greatest attention in the coming years. 1
The composition of manufacturing entrepreneurship is presented in (Fig. 1.1, Appendix 1).
As shown in Fig. 1.1, industrial entrepreneurship includes innovative, scientific and technical activities, the direct production of goods and services, their industrial consumption, as well as information activities in these areas. Any entrepreneur who intends to engage in production activities must first of all determine what specific goods he will produce and what types of services he will provide. Then the entrepreneur begins marketing activities. To identify the need for a product, he comes into contact with potential consumers, buyers of goods, with wholesale or wholesale-retail trade organizations. The formal conclusion of negotiations can be a contract concluded between the entrepreneur and future buyers of the goods. Such a contract allows you to minimize business risk. Otherwise, the entrepreneur begins production activities to produce goods, having only a verbal agreement. In the conditions of existing market relations in the West, an oral agreement, as a rule, serves as a reliable guarantee, and subsequently, if necessary, can be formalized in the form of a contract or transaction. The situation in our country is much more complicated. In conditions of just emerging market relations, the reliability of an oral agreement is very low, and the risk is significantly high.
Commercial entrepreneurship
Commodity exchanges. The field of activity for commercial entrepreneurship is commodity exchanges and trade organizations. A commodity exchange is a type of wholesale commodity market without preliminary inspection by the buyer of samples and pre-established minimum quantities of goods. On a commodity exchange, commercial intermediaries and their employees voluntarily unite to conduct trading operations according to jointly developed and observed rules. The purpose of such an exchange is to create a mechanism for managing free competition and, with its help, taking into account changes in supply and demand, to identify real market prices.
A commodity exchange is the most developed form of a regularly functioning wholesale market for mass substitutes for goods (grain, coal, metal, oil, timber, etc.) sold according to standards. Similar exchanges have been operating for many years in all economically developed countries. Classic examples are such specialized commodity exchanges as the London (non-ferrous metals), Liverpool (cotton), Singapore (rubber), etc.
In addition to conducting regular trading with actual suppliers of goods on commodity exchanges, the conclusion of agreements in so-called futures transactions is widespread. Such transactions involve the payment of a sum of money for the goods at the price established in the contract within a certain period after the conclusion of the transaction.
Commodity exchanges perform the following main functions:
Providing intermediary services for concluding trade transactions;
Streamlining commodity trade, regulating trade operations and resolving trade disputes;
Collection and publication of information on prices, production status and other factors influencing prices.
Currently, there are about 150 commodity exchanges operating in Russia. In addition to Moscow and St. Petersburg, such exchanges operate in many large cities of the country 1 .
Operations for the purchase and sale of goods and services. The main content of commercial entrepreneurship consists of operations and transactions for the purchase and sale, in other words, for the resale of goods and services. The general scheme of commercial entrepreneurship is to a certain extent similar to the scheme of production and entrepreneurial activity. However, unlike it, here, instead of material resources, finished goods are purchased, which are then sold to the consumer. Thus, instead of producing a product, a finished product is obtained.
The model-program of marketing work in a trading company can be presented in (Fig. 1.2, Appendix 2).
All the most important activities of a commercial transaction are linked to each other in terms of timing and, where possible, a parallel-sequential methodology for conducting operations is provided. Finally, a business plan and an enlarged coordination action plan are developed. For large and long-term transactions, it is recommended to develop a work schedule indicating deadlines and performers.
Intermediary business . In a developed market economy, an important activity is intermediary business activity. In the process of its organization, economic entities themselves do not produce or sell goods directly, but act as intermediaries between producers and consumers. An intermediary is a person (legal or natural) who represents the interests of the manufacturer or consumer, but is not himself such. Intermediaries can conduct business independently or act on the market on behalf (on behalf of) producers or consumers. Wholesale supply and sales organizations, brokers, dealers, distributors, exchanges, and to some extent commercial banks and other credit organizations act as intermediary business organizations in the market. Intermediary business activity is, to a large extent, very risky, therefore the intermediary entrepreneur sets the price level in the contract, taking into account the degree of risk when carrying out intermediary operations.
Financial entrepreneurship. This is a specialized area of entrepreneurial activity, a characteristic feature of which is that the subject of purchase and sale are securities (shares, bonds, etc.), currency values and national money (Russian ruble). To organize financial and credit entrepreneurship, a specialized system of organizations is formed: commercial banks, financial and credit companies (firms), stock, currency exchanges and other specialized organizations. The business activities of banks and other financial and credit organizations are regulated by both general legislative acts and special laws and regulations of the Central Bank of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. In accordance with legislative acts, entrepreneurial activities in the securities market must be carried out by professional participants. The state, represented by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, also acts as an entrepreneur in the securities market. Subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities act in this capacity, issuing corresponding securities into circulation. Participants in the securities market are commercial organizations that issue securities.
The Federal Law “On the Protection of Competition in the Financial Services Market” (1999) formulates such concepts as financial services, financial services market, financial organization. Financial services are understood as activities related to the attraction and use of funds from legal entities and individuals, including the implementation of banking operations and transactions, the provision of insurance services and services in the securities market, the conclusion of financial lease agreements (leasing) and trust agreements. management of funds or securities, as well as other financial services. 1
In accordance with the Law, a financial organization is understood as a legal entity that carries out banking operations and transactions on the basis of an appropriate license or provides services on the securities market, insurance services and other financial services, as well as a non-state pension fund and its management company , management company of a mutual investment fund, leasing company, consumer credit union and other organization carrying out operations and transactions in the financial services market. The provisions of this Federal Law in relation to a financial organization apply to individual entrepreneurs carrying out activities in the financial services market on the basis of an appropriate license.
The financial services market is the sphere of activity of financial organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation or its part, determined based on the place of provision of financial services to consumers.
Entrepreneurial activity in the financial services market is carried out for each type of financial services market independently, separately, in accordance with the general principles of entrepreneurial activity, in particular, in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as taking into account the requirements, principles, certain stipulated in federal laws regulating the activities of entrepreneurs in each type of financial services market
Entrepreneurial activity in the financial services market represents the totality of this activity (taking into account the specifics and features) in the following markets: in the securities market; in the insurance market; in the banking services market; in the market of other financial services.
CHAPTER 2. MOTIVES, FUNCTIONS, PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
2.1. Motives and functions of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial profit is a special type of income, a reward for entrepreneurship, specific creative activity in the field of private business, which manifests itself in the implementation of new ideas, technical and organizational innovations that bring commercial success 1.
The pursuit of profit forces entrepreneurs to risk their capital, hire workers and purchase everything necessary to produce goods and provide services. Profit is also an incentive to improve the quality of products or services, reduce their costs and sell more than competitors.
Making a profit, however, is not the only reason that motivates people to start a business. The incentive to start your own business can also be the desire for personal independence and the ability to do any work at a time convenient for you, the desire to discover your abilities or continue family traditions.
By the way, people from business families are more likely than others to open their own business, regardless of whether the parent’s business was successful. Apparently, relatives running a business and enjoying the fruits of their labor provide an example of possible career choices.
Regardless of the motives and scope of activity, an entrepreneur realizes his abilities through the performance of the following functions: general economic, creative search (innovation), resource, social, organizational. Some scientists believe that entrepreneurship also has a political function, which is usually carried out by associations (unions) of entrepreneurs.
The determining factor in a developed economy is the general economic function, which is objectively determined by the role of business organizations and individual entrepreneurs as market subjects. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at producing goods (performing work, providing services) and bringing them to specific consumers: households, other entrepreneurs, the state, which, first of all, predetermines the general economic function. Moreover, entrepreneurial activity is carried out by its subjects under the influence of the entire system of economic laws of a market economy (supply and demand, competition, cost, etc.), which is the objective basis for the manifestation of a general economic function. The progressive development of entrepreneurship is one of the determining conditions for economic growth, an increase in the volume of gross domestic product and national income, and this factor also acts as a manifestation of a general economic function in the system of economic relations.
The most important function of entrepreneurship is resource. The development of entrepreneurship involves the effective use of both reproducible and limited resources, and resources should be understood as all material and intangible conditions and factors of production. Of course, first of all, labor resources (in the broad sense of the word), land and natural resources, all means of production and scientific achievements, as well as entrepreneurial talent 1 . An entrepreneur can achieve the highest success if he is able to generate scientific and technical ideas and innovations in the field of activity in which he creates his own business, uses highly qualified labor, and efficiently consumes all types of resources. But the pursuit of maximum income (profit) for entrepreneurs often leads to predatory use of resources. Such entrepreneurs harm the environment and the population through their activities. In this regard, the regulatory role of the state becomes important, establishing the forms of responsibility of entrepreneurs for the incorrect use of the resource function, which is contradictory and has a dual nature. An entrepreneur, as the owner of resources, is interested in their rational use and at the same time can be ruthless with public resources. This is evidenced by the history of the development of entrepreneurship and the history of scientific and technological revolutions, the consequences of which for humans are contradictory.
Entrepreneurship, as a new type of anti-bureaucratic economic management, is characterized by a creative, exploratory, innovative function associated not only with the use of new ideas in the process of entrepreneurial activity, but also with the development of new means and factors to achieve set goals. The creative function of entrepreneurship is closely related to all other functions and is determined by the level of economic freedom of business entities and the conditions for making management decisions.
In the process of establishing a market economy, entrepreneurship acquires a social function, manifested in the ability of every capable individual to be the owner of a business and to demonstrate their individual talents and capabilities with the greatest efficiency. This function is increasingly manifested in the formation of a new layer of people - enterprising people, gravitating toward independent economic activity, capable of creating their own business, overcoming environmental resistance and achieving their goals. At the same time, the number of hired workers increases, who, in turn, economically and socially depend on how sustainable the activities of entrepreneurial firms are.
The more efficiently business organizations function, the more significant the flow of their funds into budgets at various levels and into state extra-budgetary social funds. At the same time, the development of entrepreneurship ensures an increase in the number of jobs, a reduction in the unemployment rate, and an increase in the level of social status of employees.
The most important function of entrepreneurship is organizational, which manifests itself in entrepreneurs making independent decisions about organizing their own business, its diversification, in the introduction of intra-company entrepreneurship, in the formation of entrepreneurial management, in the creation of complex entrepreneurial structures, in changing the strategy of an entrepreneurial company, etc. The organizational function is especially clearly manifested in the rapid development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as in “collective (network) entrepreneurship” and in the creation of national enterprises 1 .
Consequently, the essence of entrepreneurship is most comprehensively manifested in the combination of all its inherent functions, which are objectively characteristic of civilized entrepreneurship, but largely depend on the subjects of entrepreneurial activity themselves, on the system of state support and regulation of entrepreneurship.
2.2. Principles of Entrepreneurship
If the above conditions are met entrepreneurship organized according to certain operating principles, i.e. generally accepted and widespread rules of business operations. The main principles are 2:
1) free choice of activity;
2) involvement on a voluntary basis in the implementation entrepreneurial activity property and funds of legal entities and citizens;
3) independent formation of an activity program and selection of suppliers and consumers of manufactured products, setting prices in accordance with the law;
4) free hiring of workers;
5) attraction and use of material, technical, financial, labor, natural and other types of resources, which is not prohibited or limited by law;
6) free disposal profit, which remains after making payments established by law;
7) independent implementation by an entrepreneur - a legal entity of foreign economic activity, the use by any entrepreneur of the appropriate share of foreign exchange earnings at his own discretion.
In addition to the above principles, which largely reflect the legal foundations of entrepreneurship, each company in a socially oriented market environment economy must operate on the principles of economic (or commercial) calculation.
The basic business principles of entrepreneurship are 1:
a) self-sufficiency;
b) self-financing;
c) self-sufficiency;
The most important features of economic accounting are:
1) receiving arrived based on the creation of goods and services necessary for society and increasing production efficiency;
2) economic responsibility for the results of inept management, inefficient use of resources (labor, material, financial).
The consequence of such management may be bankruptcy. Therefore, Western scientists call their economy a system of profits and losses. The economic responsibility of economic accounting is evidenced by the fact that in the USA, with approximately 600 thousand new, mostly small firms that arise annually, almost 400 thousand go bankrupt. In the UK, every fourth person goes bankrupt during the first year firm, in Japan - seventh from 10 over 5 years 1 .
Enterprises bear economic responsibility to other enterprises for the fulfillment of their contractual obligations, for the fulfillment of state orders, to the consumer, to banks, etc. Contractual obligations, as a rule, are fulfilled with accuracy not only to a specific date, but also to a certain hour. Therefore, in developed countries of the world there is no longer a need to build large warehouses and store significant stocks of products in warehouses. The rule for a business person is to honor verbal promises. Violation of this rule will inevitably lead to the refusal of businessmen to have business relations with such partners.
2.3. Entrepreneurial policy, initiative and strategy
The success of an enterprise is determined by knowledge of the needs of the market and the fruitfulness of the entrepreneurial economic initiative of the managers of the enterprise and its personnel.
Economic initiative is the independent actions of enterprise personnel aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of a target setting determined by the enterprise itself or imposed on it from the outside, including by order of a higher economic body or the demands of shareholders. To achieve the set goal, the enterprise personnel carry out a comprehensive analysis of the internal potential of the enterprise and the state of the external environment in which it operates, and, above all, analysis:
physical and moral wear and tear and the structure of the enterprise’s production capacity;
personnel and their qualifications;
enterprise finances and opportunities to attract borrowed capital;
conditions of market segments of interest to the enterprise.
Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and development strategy for the enterprise are determined. Corporate priorities, short-term objectives and long-term goals of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions are established. Tactics of behavior of specialists and managers are built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the enterprise and forming its priorities.
A goal is a specific final state or desired result that an enterprise (a group of people or an individual) seeks to achieve. Priorities are the basic values adopted by the enterprise in its activities during the period of movement towards the goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or behavioral tactics with the aim of conquering sales markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: quality characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, the main priorities could be 1:
maximum return on invested capital;
minimum costs for the production of specific products;
eliminating dependence on certain external factors (supplies of raw materials, materials, services provided, etc.);
high quality products as a guarantor of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.
The choice of priority is largely determined by the goal set, as well as the state of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The selected priorities necessarily take the specific form of cost or technical indicators of the work of the enterprise and its divisions or instructions for personnel in the form of instructions, orders. After this, control over compliance with these indicators and orders is established.
Policy is the forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities to achieve the main goals of the enterprise. Based on the established goals, priorities and developed policies of the enterprise, the main directions of activity of its structural units and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results and their specific tasks are determined (Fig. 2.1).
Rice. 2.1. Scheme "goals - results" 1.
Let's give a simple example. If, say, city N is chosen as the traveler’s destination, then the desired result of the trip is arrival in the city. In this case, his priorities will be road signs and indicators. Specific tasks in this case will include a technical inspection of the vehicle before departure, refueling along the way, and preparation of documents necessary along the way.
The dominant goal of manufacturing enterprises is to obtain and increase income, since only if there are financial and material resources extracted from income, the enterprise is able to function normally and solve the problems of maintaining production, increasing production output, and systematically updating it and improving quality, reducing costs. Solving social issues, such as increasing the level of remuneration of personnel and creating favorable working conditions at the enterprise, are also associated with additional costs, which can only be carried out by having additional income that exceeds current expenses.
Of course, the choice and specification of the goals of an enterprise are largely determined by the interests and needs of its owner (including the state), the size of its capital, as well as the action of various internal and external factors. The interests of private individuals and government bodies may not only be different, but even incompatible due to the incomparability of responsibility for the results of activities and, as a rule, colossal differences in the amount of resources they have. While the state can produce certain types of unprofitable products to uninterruptedly meet the internal needs of the country or maintain an enterprise that does not generate income in order to preserve jobs for the population, a private person taking such actions will go bankrupt. The state, unlike a private owner, can cover losses through taxes from other, efficiently operating enterprises. However, the motives for the behavior of the largest associations may partially or completely coincide with the interests of the state when they interact closely.
In general, the choice of enterprise goals is influenced mainly by the following factors: 1
availability and volume of demand for products;
availability of own material and financial resources;
the level of profitability, which is defined as the ratio of the price of manufactured products to its cost;
capital intensity of products, which is determined on the basis of two parameters (the minimum amount of initial capital required to organize the production of a given type of product; the ratio of the average annual cost of means of production to the cost of products produced during the year);
availability of suppliers of raw materials, materials, components and equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;
availability of engineering solutions for the production of new or modified products;
availability of qualified personnel.
In private entrepreneurship, the choice of main priorities and goals is significantly influenced by the entrepreneur’s profession, his inclinations and family traditions. In all cases, each entrepreneur takes into account:
the presence of competitors and their intentions;
the degree of international relations in the field of trade in products of interest to him;
availability of land for construction and possible expansion of the enterprise;
type and capacity of transport communications;
availability of utilities and other infrastructure for servicing the operating enterprise.
Accounting and analysis of the main factors of the enterprise’s activity are necessary to avoid future losses of money and time, which can lead to bankruptcy.
To form and determine specific tasks for performers within the enterprise (shops, departments, laboratories) and the organization, and to fulfill a given target, a system (tree) of goals is built, arising from the conditions of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The main goal in this case is achieved as a result of the phased implementation of intermediate goals and the solution of specific intermediate tasks, taking into account the real internal and external situation of the enterprise, including the requirements of local and central authorities.
The hierarchical system of the goal tree provides for a sequence of priorities (for lower-level goals, the priority is the highest level goals). At the same time, a model of stage-by-stage achievement of goals and a full set of resources necessary to obtain the intended results at each stage are developed. In practice, this is carried out in the following way: the intended goal is considered as the final link in the chain (goal - subgoal - tasks - actions), which allows you to link this goal with the necessary or desired actions of personnel (Fig. 2.2).
From the first link - the setting goal, to the intermediate links of the connected system (subgoals, tasks, actions), branching out, tasks and orders are sent to the performers. In the opposite direction, specific work is carried out to complete tasks, leading to the achievement of the main goal of the entrepreneur. The priorities and goals of the enterprise must take into account the interests of not only senior management, but also personnel. Moreover, these priorities should be perceived by staff as their personal priorities.
Rice. 2.2. Goal achievement system (goal tree) 1.
Japanese managers, based on their own and foreign experience in economic management, argue, in particular, that the formulation of a goal that is understandable to everyone “down to the ordinary worker” is one of the main elements of success. The head of the Japanese company Sony, Akio Morita, is confident that only people, and not theory, programs or government policies, can make an enterprise profitable and that “the top management of a company must have the ability to manage people, leading them towards their intended goal.” 2.
The company's personnel should be interested in the company increasing its profits. True, there is an opinion that profit as the difference between the income and expenses of an enterprise “does not act as a production goal” 3, but one cannot agree with this. Profit reflects the increase in material and spiritual benefits available to the enterprise and society as a whole. Additional resources are necessary for the economic well-being of the enterprise and the socio-economic development of the country. But in some cases, profit may not be the only goal of entrepreneurship. Owners of enterprises - government agencies and private individuals - can pursue other strategic and tactical goals: retaining old or conquering new markets for products, changing the profile of activities, supporting state and local programs in the field of cultural and social improvement of certain areas and cities of the country, assistance to low-income citizens, etc.
Defining goals and priorities is just a guideline for choosing the scope of future activity or determining the specific type of future product. Of course, it would be naive to think that an entrepreneur always sets himself socially useful goals. In most cases, he is encouraged to do this by the very conditions of production, the social environment, legislation and the new “rules of the game” in the market.
CONCLUSION
The term “entrepreneurship” has changed over time, the essence of the concept has expanded, as have the functions assigned to it. Currently, it is interpreted as follows: “Entrepreneurship (French enterprtase) is an initiative independent activity of citizens aimed at generating profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf, under their own property responsibility or on behalf and under the legal responsibility of a legal entity.”
The main features of entrepreneurship are:
autonomy and independence of economic entities;
commercial freedom;
personal liability for violations of contractual, credit, settlement and tax obligations, the sale of goods and their quality, which may cause harm to public health;
saving and rational use of resources;
innovation and constant creative search;
economic risk.
The basic business principles of entrepreneurship are:
a) self-sufficiency;
b) self-financing;
c) self-sufficiency;
d) material interest;
ґ) economic responsibility;
e) economic independence within the limits of current legislation in combination with control of state bodies over its compliance.
Of course, the main incentive for entrepreneurship was and is profit - the income that remains after deducting costs and wages of employees from revenue is the property of the entrepreneur and can be spent by him at his own discretion.
Entrepreneurial profit is a special type of income, a reward for entrepreneurship, specific creative activity in the field of private business, which manifests itself in the implementation of new ideas, technical and organizational innovations that bring commercial success.
For the development of entrepreneurship, it is essential to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, first of all, is associated with the effective use of all factors of production for the purpose of economic growth and meeting the needs of individual citizens and society as a whole. The main function of entrepreneurship should be to produce, “deliver” goods (services, works) to specific consumers and receive material and moral rewards for this.
LIST OF SOURCES AND LITERATURE USED
is the most important structural... Entrepreneurship
and the modern stateAbstract >> Marketing Russian entrepreneurship In addition to general principles Russian, methods and specific forms of organization "civilized countries". ...society. In modern V Russian. civilized... Purpose programs is to provide favorable conditions Russian ...
is the most important structural... for development
and the modern stateand its role in the life of modern man Practical significance. A group of specialists who developed principles macroeconomic approaches to security economic security... the life of society into a single whole programs is to provide favorable. Presence in any society For entrepreneurship
is the most important structural..., existence in such a society...
and the modern statein Russia (5) From what purpose Is it advisable for representatives of the “middle class” to unite? Conditions Russian revival . Middle class...exceptions may be entrepreneurial. IN principle entrepreneurship maybe state government
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appearance of stores
Rice. 1.2. Model program of marketing work in a trading company 1.
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, and not just private, ... Ketko Natalia Vladimirovna
, Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management, Marketing and Production Organization, Volgograd State Technical University, Russia Manaenkova Anna Alexandrovna
, postgraduate student, Department of World Economy and Economic Theory, Volgograd State Technical University, Russia
Incentive policy of entrepreneurship: goals, objectives, economic feasibility of development and application
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2. Shakhovskaya L.S., Ketko N.V. Assessment of labor motivation of hired workers in a market economy. – M.: Publishing and trading corporation “Dashkov and Co.,” 2012. – 112 p.
Economic initiative is the independent actions of enterprise personnel aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of a target determined by the enterprise itself or imposed on it from the outside, including by order of a higher economic body or the demands of shareholders. To achieve this goal, the enterprise personnel analyze the internal potential of the enterprise and the state of the external environment in which it operates.
Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and development strategy for the enterprise are determined. Corporate priorities, short-term objectives and long-term goals of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions are established. Tactics of behavior of specialists and managers are built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the enterprise and forming its priorities.
A goal is a specific end state or desired result that an enterprise (a group of people or an individual) seeks to achieve. Priorities are the basic values adopted by the enterprise in its activities during the period of movement towards the goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or behavioral tactics with the aim of conquering sales markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: quality characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, the main priorities might be:
1) maximum return on invested capital;
2) minimum costs for the production of specific products;
3) eliminating dependence on certain external factors (supplies of raw materials, materials, services provided, etc.);
4) high quality products as a guarantor of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.
The choice of priority is largely determined by the goal set, as well as the state of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The selected priorities necessarily take the specific form of cost or technical indicators of the operation of the enterprise and its divisions or instructions for personnel in the form of instructions, orders. After this, monitoring of compliance with these indicators and orders is established.
Entrepreneurial policy is the forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities to achieve the main goals of the enterprise. Based on the established goals, priorities and developed policies of the enterprise, the main directions of activity of its structural divisions and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results and their specific tasks are determined (Appendix B, Fig. 2).
The dominant goal of manufacturing enterprises is to obtain and increase income, since only if there are financial and material resources extracted from income, the enterprise is able to function normally and solve the problems of maintaining production, increasing production output, systematically updating it and improving quality, and reducing costs. Solving social issues, such as increasing the level of remuneration of personnel and creating favorable working conditions at the enterprise, are also associated with additional costs, which can only be incurred by having additional income that exceeds current expenses. Of course, the choice and specification of the goals of an enterprise are largely determined by the interests and needs of its owner (including the state), the size of its capital, as well as the action of various internal and external factors. The interests of private individuals and government agencies may not only be different. The state, unlike a private owner, can cover losses through taxes from other efficiently operating enterprises. However, the motives of behavior of the largest associations may partially or completely coincide with the interests of the state when they interact closely.
In general, the choice of enterprise goals is influenced mainly by the following factors: Volkova O.I., Devyatkina O.V. Economics of an enterprise (firm): textbook. M.: INFRA-M 2007. p.76
1) availability and volume of demand for products;
2) availability of own material and financial resources;
3) the level of profitability, which is defined as the ratio of the price of manufactured products to its cost;
4) capital intensity of products, which is determined on the basis of two parameters (the minimum amount of initial capital; the ratio of the average annual cost of means of production to the cost of products produced during the year);
5) availability of suppliers of raw materials, materials, components and equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;
6) availability of engineering solutions for the production of new or modified products;
7) availability of qualified personnel.
In private entrepreneurship, the choice of main priorities and goals is significantly influenced by the entrepreneur’s profession, his inclinations and family traditions. In all cases, each entrepreneur takes into account:
1) the presence of competitors and their intentions;
2) the degree of international connections in the field of trade in products of interest to him;
3) availability of land for construction and possible expansion of the enterprise;
4) type and capacity of transport communications;
5) the availability of utilities and other infrastructure to service the operating enterprise.
Accounting and analysis of the main factors of the enterprise’s activity are necessary to avoid future losses of money and time, which can lead to bankruptcy.
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