Who exercises state power in the Russian Federation? The system of government bodies of the Russian Federation - the structure and functions of legislative, executive, judicial bodies of government. Which bodies exercise state power in the Russian Federation.

Power is characterized by the presence of certain characteristics that are generated by the nature and functions of the state. The state carries out its administration with the help of public authorities. Each of these bodies, using specific methods, each in its own sphere expresses the organizational role of the state in society. No government body has the right to carry out its tasks and powers that do not coincide with the functions of the state. But in order for all government bodies to work as a single coordinated system, the state must ensure the organization and functioning of each body in a strict manner, while endowing them with certain powers.

State authorities differ from each other, but together they are the personification of the state power of the Russian Federation.

The very concept of a public authority includes three main features:

Each government body is created in the manner prescribed by the Constitution, laws and other legal acts. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the Russian Federation at the federal level, state power is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation and the courts of Russia.

It is impossible to transform or liquidate these government bodies without changing the Constitution of the Russian Federation. But in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the procedure for the formation of a state body must be determined by federal law. For example, only federal law or federal constitutional law is competent to establish judicial authorities. Through charters, constitutions and laws, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established. The creation, transformation and liquidation of government bodies can occur not only on the basis of laws, but also decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. This applies to executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The public authority has the power to those. it makes decisions that are binding and backed by the coercive power of the state. Authorities are authorized to issue legal acts that establish the procedure for citizens to use their rights and regulate, to some extent, at a certain level and in a specific area, the relations that arise between a citizen and the state. In order to prevent a state body from exceeding its power, it is endowed with certain competence and specific powers. The competence of public authorities is determined by laws, decrees, regulations and other normative legal acts. Over time, the competence of public authorities may change and be supplemented by the same acts.

State authorities carry out their activities in forms and methods that are established by legal acts. A public authority does not have the right to resort to actions that go beyond acceptable forms and methods, especially the use of coercive measures.

Note 1

Having examined the main features of public authorities, we can conclude that not every government agency or organization can be a public authority. For example, this is not a state enterprise, a state educational institution, etc. These government institutions are part of a ministry, state committee, etc., which themselves act as a government body.

Government bodies are composed of elected deputies or appointed civil servants vested with certain powers. A public authority can be represented by one person. These are the President of the Russian Federation, presidents of republics and heads of administrations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, justices of the peace, the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Commissioner for Human Rights. These officials carry out their activities in accordance with constitutions and laws and are responsible to those who elected or appointed them.

Local government bodies also carry out their activities together with state authorities in the Russian Federation. These bodies have a special nature and, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, are not included in the system of government bodies. But the three main features of public authorities discussed above can also be applied to local governments.

Types of government bodies

Government departments classified into several groups and on a number of grounds.

The system of government bodies is a set of bodies exercising power, united on the principles of subordination and hierarchy.

State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by:

1) President of the Russian Federation;

2) Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma);

3) Government of the Russian Federation;

4) courts of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the principle of separation

state power to:

1) legislative;

2) executive;

3) judicial.

The legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent.

Principles The organizations and activities of government bodies in the Russian Federation are: d democracy, legality, unity, humanism, scientificity,

election, transparency, sovereignty of state power, participation of citizens in the exercise of state power.

Types of government bodies in the Russian Federation.

1. In accordance with the principle of separation of powers: legislative, executive and judicial.

2. In accordance with term of office: permanent and temporary.

3. In accordance with the nature of competence: general competence and special competence.

4. In accordance with the current hierarchy of government bodies: federal, republican, local.

5.According with the way of exercising powers: individual and collegial.

Chapter 4. President of the Russian Federation

Article 80. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state.

Article 81. 1. The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

2. A citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years can be elected President of the Russian Federation.

3. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

4. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law.

Functions of the President of the Russian Federation- these are the main directions of his activities in the established field.

The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, respect for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Representative function in international relations.

Determination of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy.

Protection of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation and its independence.

Ensuring the coordinated functioning of government bodies.

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation:

Related to the activities of the Federal Assembly: (Article 84)

Calls elections of the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law;

Has the right to dissolve the State Duma.

Signs and promulgates federal laws;

Introduces bills to the State Duma;

Addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy.

Calls a referendum.

Related to the activities of the executive branch: (Article 83)

Appoints the Chairman of the Government with the consent of the State Duma.

Makes a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Approves the structure of federal government bodies.

Appoints and dismisses federal ministers.

Related to the activities of government bodies:

Forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

Article 91. The President of the Russian Federation enjoys immunity.

Article 92. The President of the Russian Federation begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath and ceases to exercise them with the expiration of his term in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath.

Article 93. 1. The President of the Russian Federation shall terminate the exercise of powers early in the event of his resignation, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers, or removal from office. In this case, elections of the President of the Russian Federation must take place no later than three months from the date of early termination of the exercise of powers.

2. The President of the Russian Federation may be removed from office by the Federation Council only on the basis of charges brought by the State Duma of high treason or the commission of another serious crime.

1. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.

2. State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the state power bodies formed by them.

3. The delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out by this Constitution, the Federal and other agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers.

Commentary on Article 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

1. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the federal government bodies listed in this article. These are: The President is the head of state (chapter 4); The Federal Assembly is a representative and legislative body of power, consisting of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma (Chapter 5); The government is the executive body of power (chapter 6); as well as the courts of the Russian Federation (Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Arbitration Court and other federal courts) - judicial authorities (Chapter 7).

The article under comment specifies the provisions of the Constitution (Articles 10, 12) on the separation of powers in Russia. Part 1 lists federal government bodies, parts 2 and 3 formulate the idea of ​​separation of powers and delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between their two levels - the federal and the level of the subjects of the Federation. Establishing a list of federal government bodies in Chapter. 1 “Fundamentals of the Constitutional System”, change of which is possible only in a complicated manner provided for in Art. 135, the legislator thereby provided constitutional guarantees for the stability of the organization of state power in the Russian Federation. Provisions of Ch. 4-7 of the Constitution specify the status, composition and powers of federal government bodies and cannot contradict the provisions of the commented article, as well as the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation as a whole. Part 1 of the commented article reflected a fundamentally different constitutional system of state power than it was before the adoption of the 1993 Constitution.

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and is not directly included in any of the branches of state power in accordance with the principle of separation of powers (see commentary to Article 80). The peculiarities of the position of the President in the system of separation of powers are associated primarily with his status as head of state and guarantor of the Constitution, designed to ensure coordinated interaction between government bodies, as well as with his activities, defined by Art. 80 of the Constitution.

The Federal Assembly is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation, consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma. The names of the chambers of the Russian parliament reflect their certain independence and differences in functions. This is reflected both in the differences in the procedures for forming the Federation Council and the State Duma, and in the constitutional delimitation of their competence (see comments to Articles 102 and 103).

The government is a federal executive body. The basis of its status, the procedure for formation, composition and most important powers are determined by Art. 110-117 of the Constitution.

Part 1 art. 11 does not specify the concept of courts of the Russian Federation. The most important principles of the structure of the judicial system are indicated in Chapter. 7 of the Constitution, which establishes that judicial power in Russia is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings (Part 2 of Article 18), guarantees independence (Article 120), irremovability (Article 121) and immunity of judges (Article 122), and also determines the status, procedure for formation, composition and powers of the Constitutional Court (Article 125), the Supreme Court (Article 126), and the Supreme Arbitration Court (Article 127). For a more detailed definition of the principles of the structure and functioning of the judicial system, the Constitution provides for the adoption of a federal constitutional law (Part 3 of Article 118). In parts 2 and 3 of Art. 4 of the Law on the Judicial System of the Russian Federation establishes the general structure of the judicial system in Russia.

2. Part 2 of the commented article establishes the independence of the subjects of the Federation in the formation of the system of their government bodies, structure, powers, order of their formation and name. The establishment of our own system of government bodies and the independent exercise of government power corresponds to the constitutional principle of the federal structure of Russia, the requirement of unity of the system of government power (see comments to Articles 5 and 77).

State building in the subjects of the Federation demonstrates the diversity of systems of state power. The unity of this system is based on compliance with the fundamentals of the constitutional system: the republican form of government, the social and secular character of the Russian state. Subjects of the Federation, independently establishing a system of government bodies, are obliged to act in accordance with the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the general principles of the organization of representative and executive bodies of government, enshrined in federal law (Part 1, Article 77). This power cannot be exercised by subjects of the Federation to the detriment of the unity of the system of state power in the Russian Federation (Part 3 of Article 5; Part 2 of Article 77; Part 2 of Article 78) and must be exercised within the legal boundaries defined by the Constitution and federal laws adopted on its basis.

3. The division of competence between federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation is the key and most difficult problem of federalism. The legal basis for the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the Russian Federation and its subjects is laid down by the Constitution. Already in ch. 1 “Fundamentals of the Constitutional System” establishes that the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects is one of the foundations of the federal structure of the country (Part 3 of Article 5). In Part 3 of Art. 11 establishes various legal mechanisms for delimiting the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities: it is established that such differentiation is carried out by the Constitution, Federal and other treaties.

The constitutional delimitation of the competence of the federal center and the subjects of the Federation plays a decisive role: in Art. 71 and 72 respectively establish lists of subjects of exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects, and Art. 73 determines that in all other areas of jurisdiction, the subjects of the Federation have full state power.

The Federative Agreement mentioned in Part 3 of the commented article was signed on March 31, 1992 and, with some changes, was included in the 1993 Constitution - in those sections that relate to the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. As a result, most of the provisions of the Federal Treaty lost their independent meaning. The provisions of the Federal Treaty not included in the Constitution continue to be in force, but only to the extent that this does not contradict the Constitution (Part 1 of Section Two “Final and Transitional Provisions”).

The uniformity of the constitutional approach to the distribution of jurisdiction and powers between the Federation and its subjects requires the federal legislator to establish uniform rules for the relationship of federal government bodies with all subjects of the Russian Federation. However, legal equality of subjects does not mean equality of their potentials and level of socio-economic development, which largely depend on the territory, geographical location, population, and the historical structure of the national economy. Taking into account regional characteristics is a necessary condition for maintaining a balance of interests of the Federation and its subjects, and here agreements on the delimitation of areas of competence and powers and agreements on the mutual delegation of the exercise of part of the powers played an important role. Since the Constitution provides only a list of subjects of joint jurisdiction, government bodies - federal and regional - are engaged in the process of delimiting their powers on specific subjects of joint jurisdiction (they secure in a legally significant document the specific scope of powers and responsibilities of authorities at various levels on various issues of subjects of joint jurisdiction).

The delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is a dynamic process, which is also based on parts 4 and 5 of Art. 66, art. 76, parts 2 and 3 art. 78, part 1 art. 85, part 3 art. 125 of the Constitution. These constitutional norms, in particular, determine: the procedure for legal regulation of constitutionally established subjects of jurisdiction; features of relations between “complex” subjects of the Federation; principles of mutual delegation of the exercise of part of the powers of federal and regional executive authorities; the procedure for resolving disputes about competence, as well as disagreements between federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation.

The provision on the possibility of delimiting the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects by the Constitution, Federal and other treaties does not change the existing nature of the Federation. Modern Russia has a constitutional nature, and only within the framework of the federal Constitution can issues of the scope of powers of subjects be discussed.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has repeatedly emphasized that the priority of the provisions of the Constitution takes place both in determining the status of the subjects of the Federation and in determining the jurisdiction and powers of public authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects (see, for example, Resolution No. 10-P of 06/07/2000) . It follows from this that agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers are of a subordinate nature in relation to the Constitution, must comply with it and cannot be interpreted as any change in the legal status of the Russian Federation and its subjects established by the Constitution. The treaties exclude any restriction or division of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation (see, for example, Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 27, 2000 N 92-O).

The conclusion of an agreement always presupposes agreement and coordination of actions. By concluding agreements, a whole range of issues are resolved aimed at harmonizing the relationship between the Federation and its subjects. The mutual transfer of the exercise of part of their powers by the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is carried out by agreements concluded by the executive authorities, therefore the subjects of these agreements cannot be areas classified in accordance with the principle of separation of powers under the jurisdiction of the legislative branch.

The practice of concluding agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers actively developed in Russia in 1992-1999. Currently, most of the agreements have ceased to be valid due to various reasons (the adoption of federal laws regulating relations between federal and regional government bodies on issues that were previously regulated within the framework of the agreements; the implementation of tasks for the implementation of which the agreements were concluded; expiration of the term validity of contracts, etc.).

Initially, the procedure for delimiting the subjects of authority and powers between federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation and for the mutual transfer of the exercise of part of their powers by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation was determined by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 12, 1996 N 370 * (45), which established a clear legal framework for the contractual process. In particular, the withdrawal or redistribution of the subjects of jurisdiction of the Russian Federation established in Art. 71 and 72 of the Constitution, it was prohibited to change the status of a subject of the Federation and contained other restrictions.

The procedures for preparing and signing agreements between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation were also regulated by the Law on the Government of the Russian Federation, the Regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.18.1998 N 604 * (46), and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02.02.1998 N 129 "On approval of the Regulations on ensuring control over compliance with agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation." Then, the uniform conditions and procedure for the preparation of draft treaties and agreements were enshrined in the Federal Law of June 24, 1999 N 119-FZ “On the principles and procedure for delimiting subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation,” which was repealed by Federal Law No. 95-FZ of July 4, 2003.

Currently, the procedure for the adoption of federal laws on subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, as well as the basic principles and procedure for delimiting subjects of jurisdiction and powers when concluding treaties and agreements are regulated by the Law on the general principles of organization of legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the procedure established by this Law, in particular, a new Agreement was approved on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan * (47).

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in some cases recommended the use of contractual practice also as an effective tool for achieving agreement in conflict situations related to the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies. For example, when deciding on the principles of delimitation of competence between the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation included in the so-called “complex” constituent entities of the Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation indicated that “on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and within the framework of the current legislation, an autonomous district, territory, region can be specified with with the help of an agreement, the conditions and procedure for the formation of government bodies. However, the specified agreement cannot contain provisions limiting the electoral rights of citizens of an autonomous district, territory, region. In the absence of such an agreement, federal legislation and the relevant laws of the territory, region must be applied" (Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated 14.07. .1997 N 12-P “In the case of the interpretation of the provision contained in Part 4 of Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the entry of an autonomous okrug into the territory, region” * (48)).

As the established practice of federal construction shows, legal regulation of the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, along with the Constitution and agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers, can also be carried out by: federal laws, agreements on the delimitation of powers between executive bodies authorities on specific subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects (they were an integral part of agreements on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers in accordance with the regulations of the President and established contractual practice); agreements on mutual delegation of the exercise of part of the powers between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation (Parts 2 and 3 of Article 78), decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Federal laws are not directly indicated in Part 3 of Art. 11 of the Constitution as a legal instrument for delimiting jurisdiction and powers. However, within the meaning of Art. 72 and part 2 of Art. 76, considered systematically, “a federal law as a normative legal act of general effect, regulating certain issues (subjects) of joint jurisdiction, determines the rights and obligations of participants in legal relations, including the powers of public authorities, and thereby differentiates these powers” ​​( see, for example, Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated 01/09/1998 N 1-P).

Started in the early 90s of the twentieth century. the practice of concluding agreements on the mutual delegation of the exercise of part of the powers between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation (based on parts 2 and 3 of Article 78) has become an effective tool of public administration and continues to actively develop at the present time. For example, only the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for the period from 2004 to 2007 concluded about 100 agreements with state executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation on transferring to each other the exercise of part of their powers.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is also one of the important participants in the practical delimitation of powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, since in the process of legal proceedings this body resolves cases on the compliance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with constitutions (statutes), as well as laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Federation, and resolves disputes on the competence between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects, provides an interpretation of the Basic Law and thereby legally establishes the rights and obligations of government bodies of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Federation as participants in legal relations.

In addition, one of the tools for delimiting the subjects of authority and powers are conciliation procedures, which the President uses to resolve disagreements between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects, as well as between government bodies of the subjects of the Federation (Part 1, Article 85). As practice shows, disagreements most often arise in the area of ​​delimitation of the jurisdiction and powers of federal and regional authorities. Representatives of federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation take part in conciliation procedures. Based on the results of the work, an agreed decision is made, which is formalized in a protocol or contract (agreement).

Since the process of delimiting jurisdiction and powers is objectively competitive and potentially conflicting, ideas have repeatedly arisen about the need to resolve it “once and for all” by completely dividing jurisdiction between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. This point of view is not only erroneous, but also dangerous, since the disappearance of the sphere of competing competence leads to a weakening of the ties that hold the Federation together, since it thereby destroys the subject for constant (albeit non-conflict) dialogue and interaction between the Federation and its subjects. A complete delineation of joint jurisdiction and powers provokes the isolation of regions, especially economically strong ones. Thoughtful and sensitive use of various forms and methods of delimiting the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities makes it possible to ensure high efficiency of public administration, taking into account the differences in the levels of socio-economic development of Russian regions, contributes to the coordination of interests of the federal center and regions, helps to create equal standards for protecting the rights of citizens throughout the country.

Basic concepts: body of government, government structure of the Russian Federation, levels of government, branches of government, Federal Assembly, functions of the Federal Assembly, chambers of the Federal Assembly, State Duma, Federation Council, Government of the Russian Federation, powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, judicial power in the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation, powers President of the Russian Federation, functions of the President of the Russian Federation

Public authority (state body) - part of the state apparatus, endowed with state powers and exercising its competence under the authority of the state in the manner established by it.

Specifically, the separation of powers is manifested in the distribution, delimitation of competence (powers) between bodies belonging to these three branches of government, their independence, and mutual control.

State structure of the Russian Federation

Head of State - President of the Russian Federation

The highest legislative power in the Russian Federation

Federal Assembly - the bicameral parliament of Russia, its permanent representative and legislative body. Its special position is due to the fact that it is a national representative body formed primarily on the basis of general free elections.

Supreme executive power in the Russian Federation

Executive power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Government of the Russian Federation - the highest executive body that heads the unified system of executive power throughout Russia.

Government:

• ensures the coordinated action of all executive power structures;
• carries out management of all major spheres and sectors of the economy, socio-cultural life, administrative and political activities.

The Constitution stipulates that the basis of the Government of the Russian Federation must remain unchanged. It contains a list of officials included in its composition: the Chairman of the Government, his deputies, federal ministers. However, the composition of the Government can be expanded through the formation of new federal executive bodies.

Not all federal executive bodies are under the authority of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The exception is a number of federal structures, whose activities are managed by the President of the Russian Federation. Thus, the jurisdiction of the head of state includes the ministries of defense, internal affairs, foreign affairs, the Federal Security Service and some other federal executive bodies.

Judicial power in the Russian Federation

Judicial branch - a type of state power determined by the separation of powers, associated with the administration of justice through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Institute of Presidency in the Russian Federation

The need to ensure the sustainability of a complex system of public affairs management

The Political Necessity of the Presidency

The president (from Latin praesidens - sitting in front, at the head) - head of state, occupies the highest place in the hierarchy of state bodies, ensures stability and continuity of the mechanism of state power, exercises the supreme representation of the country in the international arena.

The President of the Russian Federation, as the head of state, occupies a special place in the system of government bodies. According to the Constitution it does not directly relate to any of the branches of government, ensuring their coordinated functioning.

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation - this is a set of rights and responsibilities granted to the President of the Russian Federation that are necessary for him to perform his assigned functions.

The term of office of the President of the Russian Federation is 6 years.

Supreme bodies of state power of the Russian Federation:

President of Russian Federation;

Federation Council of the Federal Assembly;

State Duma of the Federal Assembly;

Government of the Russian Federation.

1. A special procedure for formation (the President is elected popularly, the Government is formed by the President with the participation of the State Duma).

2. Each state body and local government bodies act within the framework of the powers established by law (Federal Assembly - legislative functions, Government - executive, Supreme Court and Supreme Arbitration Court - judicial).

3. Each state body has powers established by law (President - Constitution).

4. Each state body has a certain structure (Federal Assembly - from the Federation Council and the State Duma).

5. State bodies work in a special order (the Federal Assembly operates in session).

6. Every state the body issues its inherent normative legal acts (Federal Assembly - laws and regulations, President - decrees and orders, Government - regulations and orders).

Unity of state power is personified by the President of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It determines the main directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy and how the head of state represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.

The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation is the highest representative and legislative body of the country. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The Federation Council and the State Duma meet separately.

Draft federal laws are first submitted to the State Duma. A federal law adopted by the State Duma is submitted to the Federation Council for consideration. After approval of a federal law by the Federation Council, it is considered finally adopted.

The Federation Council includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation - one each from the representative and executive bodies of state power.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. Deputies of the State Duma are elected from various political parties, social movements or as independent candidates for a period of 4 years and work on a professional permanent basis.

The Government of the Russian Federation, within the limits determined by it, heads the unified system of executive power in the country, formed by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The government consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and federal ministers.