Ivan the Terrible, no matter how terrible he was, was still an outstanding ruler. In particular, he waged successful wars - for example, with Kazan and Astrakhan. But he also had an unsuccessful campaign. It cannot be said that the Livonian War ended in a real defeat for the Muscovite kingdom, but many years of battles, expenses and losses ended in the actual restoration of the original position.

Window to Europe

Peter the Great was not the first to understand well the importance of the Baltic Sea for Russian, and not only Russian, trade. There is no clear indication in written sources that, when starting the war, his goal was precisely to provide his country with access to the Baltic. But the first tsar was an educated man, was interested in foreign experience, hired specialists from abroad, and even wooed the Queen of England. Consequently, his actions had so much in common with Peter’s policies (Peter, by the way, was very formidable), that one can reasonably assume that the war that began in 1558 had a “naval” purpose. The king did not need a layer between his state and foreign merchants and craftsmen.

In addition, the support of a number of states for the weak and unauthoritative Livonian Confederation proves the same point: they fought not for Livonia, but against the strengthening of Russia’s trade position.

We conclude: the reasons for the Livonian War boil down to the struggle for the possibilities of Baltic trade and dominance in this matter.

With varied success

It is quite difficult to name the sides of the war. Russia had no allies in it, and its opponents were the Livonian Confederation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland (after the Union of Lublin in 15696), Sweden, and Denmark. At different stages, Russia fought with different opponents in different numbers.

The first stage of the war (1558-1561) against the weak Livonian Confederation was successful for the Moscow army. The Russians took Narva, Neuhausen, Dorpat and many other fortresses and marched through Courland. But the Livonians, taking advantage of the proposed truce, recognized themselves as vassals of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1561, and this large state entered the war.

The course of the war with Lithuania (until 1570) showed its “maritime” essence - Germany and Sweden declared a blockade of Narva, preventing the Russians from gaining a foothold in the Baltic trade. Lithuania fought not only for the Baltic, but also for the lands on its border with Russia, where Polotsk was captured by the Russians in 1564. But further success was on the side of Lithuania, and there were two reasons for this: greed and treason. Many boyars preferred to fight with the Crimea, hoping to profit from the southern black soil. There were many direct traitors, the most famous of whom was Andrei Kurbsky.

At the third stage, Russia fought on two sides: with Sweden (1570-1583) and Denmark (1575-1578) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1577-1582). For this period, the fact that military operations were most often carried out on previously devastated lands, where the population had a negative attitude towards the Russians due to the duration of the war, was important. Russia itself was also weakened, both by prolonged hostilities and by the oprichnina. Polish-Lithuanian detachments successfully reached quite far into the Russian rear (as far as Yaroslavl). As a result, Lithuania received Polotsk back, and the Swedes captured not only Narva, but also Ivangorod and Koporye.

During this period, funny episodes also occurred. So, the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Stefan Batory did not find anything better than to send Ivan... a challenge to a personal duel! The Tsar ignored this stupidity, worthy of a petty quarrelsome nobleman, and did the right thing.

Modest results

The war ended with the signing of the Yam-Zapolsky truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1582, and in 1583 - the Plyussky truce with Sweden. Russia's territorial losses were insignificant: Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, a small part of the western lands. Basically, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth divided the former Livonia (the current Baltic states and Finland).

For Rus', the main result of the Livonian War was something else. It turned out that for 20 years, with interruptions, Russia fought in vain. Its northwestern regions are depopulated and resources are depleted. Crimean raids on its territory became more devastating. Failures in the Livonian War actually turned Ivan 4 into the Terrible - numerous real betrayals became one of the reasons that, however, the right punished more than the guilty. Military ruin was the first step towards the future Time of Troubles.

For him, war truly became part of his reign and, one might even say, his life’s work.

It cannot be said that Livonia was a strong state. The formation of the Livonian state dates back to the 13th century; by the 14th century it was considered weak and fragmented. The state was headed by the Order of the Knights of the Sword, although it did not have absolute power.

Throughout its existence, the Order prevented Russia from establishing diplomatic relations with other European countries.

Reasons for the start of the Livonian War

The reason for the start of the Livonian War was the non-payment of the Yuryev tribute, which, by the way, happened throughout the entire period after the conclusion of the treaty in 1503.

In 1557, the Livonian Order entered into a military agreement with the Polish king. In January of the following year, Ivan the Terrible moved his troops to Livonian territory. During 1558 and by the beginning of 1559, the Russian army had already passed through all of Livonia and was at the borders of East Prussia. Yuryev and Narva were also captured.

The Livonian Order needed to make peace to avoid complete defeat. A truce was concluded in 1559, but it lasted only six months. Military operations continued again, and the end of this company was the complete destruction of the Livonian Order. The main fortresses of the Order were captured: Fellin and Marienburg, and the master himself was captured.

However, after the defeat of the order, its lands began to belong to Poland, Sweden and Denmark, which, accordingly, sharply complicated the situation on the war map for Russia.

Sweden and Denmark were at war with each other, and therefore for Russia this meant a war in one direction - with the king of Poland, Sigismund II. At first, success in military operations accompanied the Russian army: in 1563, Ivan IV took Polotsk. But the victories stopped there, and the Russian troops began to suffer defeats.

Ivan IV saw the solution to this problem in the restoration of the Livonian Order under the auspices of Russia. It was also decided to conclude peace with Poland. However, this decision was not supported by the Zemsky Sobor, and the tsar had to continue the war.

The war dragged on, and in 1569 a new state was created called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which included Lithuania and Poland. They still managed to make peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 3 years. At the same time, Ivan IV creates a state on the territory of the Livonian Order and puts Magnus, the brother of the Danish king, at the head.

In the speech of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at this time, a new king was elected - Stefan Batory. After this, the war continued. Sweden entered the war, and Batory besieged Russian fortresses. He took Velikiye Luki and Polotsk, and in August 1581 approached Pskov. Residents of Pskov took an oath that they would fight for Pskov until their death. After the 31st unsuccessful assault, the siege was lifted. And although Batory failed to capture Pskov, the Swedes occupied Narva at that time.

Results of the Livonian War

In 1582, peace was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 10 years. According to the agreement, Russia lost Livonia along with the Belarusian lands, although it received some border territories. A peace agreement was concluded with Sweden for a period of three years (the Truce of Plus). According to him, Russia lost Koporye, Ivangorod, Yam and adjacent territories. The main and saddest fact was that Russia remained cut off from the sea.

Since then he has owned most of the modern Baltic states - Estland, Livonia and Courland. In the 16th century, Livonia lost some of its former power. From within, it was engulfed in strife, which was intensified by the church Reformation that was penetrating here. The Archbishop of Riga quarreled with the Master of the Order, and the cities were at enmity with both of them. Internal turmoil weakened Livonia, and all its neighbors were not averse to taking advantage of this. Before the start of the conquests of the Livonian knights, the Baltic lands depended on the Russian princes. With this in mind, the Moscow sovereigns believed that they had completely legal rights to Livonia. Due to its coastal position, Livonia was of great commercial importance. Afterwards, Moscow inherited the commerce of Novgorod, which it had conquered, with the Baltic lands. However, the Livonian rulers in every possible way limited the relations that Muscovite Rus' conducted with Western Europe through their region. Fearing Moscow and trying to interfere with its rapid strengthening, the Livonian government did not allow European craftsmen and many goods into Rus'. The obvious hostility of Livonia gave rise to hostility towards it among the Russians. Seeing the weakening of the Livonian Order, the Russian rulers feared that its territory would be taken over by some other, stronger enemy, who would treat Moscow even worse.

Already Ivan III, after the conquest of Novgorod, built the Russian fortress Ivangorod on the Livonian border, opposite the city of Narva. After the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, the Chosen Rada advised Ivan the Terrible to turn to the predatory Crimea, whose hordes constantly raided the southern Russian regions, driving thousands of captives into slavery every year. But Ivan IV chose to attack Livonia. The successful outcome of the war with the Swedes of 1554–1557 gave the king confidence in easy success in the west.

Beginning of the Livonian War (briefly)

Grozny remembered the old treaties that obligated Livonia to pay tribute to the Russians. It had not been paid for a long time, but now the tsar demanded not only to renew the payment, but also to compensate for what the Livonians had not given to Russia in previous years. The Livonian government began to drag out negotiations. Having lost patience, Ivan the Terrible broke off all relations and in the first months of 1558 began the Livonian War, which was destined to drag on for 25 years.

In the first two years of the war, Moscow troops acted very successfully. They destroyed almost all of Livonia, except for the most powerful cities and castles. Livonia could not resist powerful Moscow alone. The order's state disintegrated, surrendering piecemeal to the supreme power of its stronger neighbors. Estland came under the suzerainty of Sweden, Livonia submitted to Lithuania. The island of Ezel became the possession of the Danish Duke Magnus, and Courland was subjected to secularization, that is, it turned from a church property into a secular one. The former master of the spiritual order, Ketler, became the secular Duke of Courland and recognized himself as a vassal of the Polish king.

Entry of Poland and Sweden into the war (briefly)

The Livonian Order thus ceased to exist (1560-1561). His lands were divided by neighboring powerful states, which demanded that Ivan the Terrible renounce all the seizures made at the beginning of the Livonian War. Grozny rejected this demand and opened a fight with Lithuania and Sweden. Thus, new participants were involved in the Livonian War. The struggle between the Russians and the Swedes proceeded intermittently and sluggishly. Ivan IV moved his main forces to Lithuania, acting against it not only in Livonia, but also in the regions south of the latter. In 1563, Grozny took the ancient Russian city of Polotsk from the Lithuanians. The royal army ravaged Lithuania all the way to Vilna (Vilnius). The war-weary Lithuanians offered Grozny peace with the concession of Polotsk. In 1566, Ivan IV convened a Zemsky Council in Moscow on the question of whether to end the Livonian War or continue it. The Council spoke in favor of continuing the war, and it went on for another ten years with the Russians outnumbered, until the talented commander Stefan Batory (1576) was elected to the Polish-Lithuanian throne.

The turning point of the Livonian War (briefly)

By that time, the Livonian War had significantly weakened Russia. The oprichnina, which ruined the country, undermined its strength even more. Many prominent Russian military leaders fell victims to the oprichnina terror of Ivan the Terrible. From the south, the Crimean Tatars began to attack Russia with even greater energy, whom Grozny had frivolously allowed to conquer or at least completely weaken after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan. The Crimeans and the Turkish Sultan demanded that Russia, now bound by the Livonian War, renounce its possession of the Volga region and restore the independence of the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates, which had previously brought it so much grief with brutal attacks and robberies. In 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, taking advantage of the diversion of Russian forces to Livonia, staged an unexpected invasion, marched with a large army all the way to Moscow and burned the entire city outside the Kremlin. In 1572 Devlet-Girey tried to repeat this success. He again reached the Moscow outskirts with his horde, but the Russian army of Mikhail Vorotynsky at the last moment distracted the Tatars with an attack from the rear and inflicted a strong defeat on them in the Battle of Molodi.

Ivan groznyj. Painting by V. Vasnetsov, 1897

The energetic Stefan Batory began decisive action against Grozny just when the oprichnina brought the central regions of the Moscow state to desolation. The people fled en masse from the tyranny of Grozny to the southern outskirts and to the newly conquered Volga region. The Russian government center is depleted of people and resources. Grozny could no longer easily send large armies to the front of the Livonian War. Batory's decisive onslaught did not meet with adequate resistance. In 1577, the Russians achieved their last successes in the Baltic states, but already in 1578 they were defeated there near Wenden. The Poles achieved a turning point in the Livonian War. In 1579 Batory recaptured Polotsk, and in 1580 he took the strong Moscow fortresses of Velizh and Velikiye Luki. Having previously shown arrogance towards the Poles, Grozny now sought the mediation of Catholic Europe in peace negotiations with Batory and sent an embassy (Shevrigin) to the pope and the Austrian emperor. In 1581

Livonian War (briefly)

Livonian War - brief description

After the conquest of the rebellious Kazan, Russia sent forces to take Livonia. Researchers identify two main reasons for the Livonian War: the need for trade by the Russian state in the Baltic, as well as the expansion of its possessions. The struggle for dominance over the Baltic waters was between Russia and Denmark, Sweden, as well as Poland and Lithuania.

The reason for the outbreak of hostilities (Livonian War)

The main reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the fact that the Livonian Order did not pay the tribute that it was supposed to pay under the peace treaty of fifty-four. The Russian army invaded Livonia in 1558. At first (1558-1561), several castles and cities were taken (Yuryev, Narva, Dorpat).

However, instead of continuing the successful offensive, the Moscow government grants a truce to the order, while at the same time equipping a military expedition against Crimea. The Livonian knights, taking advantage of the support, gathered forces and defeated the Moscow troops a month before the end of the truce.

Russia did not achieve a positive result from military actions against Crimea. The favorable moment for victory in Livonia was also missed. Master Ketler in 1561 signed an agreement according to which the order came under the protectorate of Poland and Lithuania.

After making peace with the Crimean Khanate, Moscow concentrated its forces on Livonia, but now, instead of a weak order, it had to face several powerful contenders at once. And if at first it was possible to avoid a war with Denmark and Sweden, then a war with the Polish-Lithuanian king was inevitable.

The greatest achievement of the Russian troops in the second stage of the Livonian War was the capture of Polotsk in 1563, after which there were many fruitless negotiations and unsuccessful battles, as a result of which even the Crimean Khan decided to abandon the alliance with the Moscow government.

The final stage of the Livonian War

The final stage of the Livonian War (1679-1683)- the military invasion of the Polish king Batory into Russia, which was simultaneously at war with Sweden. In August, Stefan Batory took Polotsk, and a year later Velikiye Luki and small towns were taken. On September 9, 1581, Sweden took Narva, Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod, after which the struggle for Livonia ceased to be relevant for Grozny. Since it was impossible to wage war with two enemies, the king concluded a truce with Batory.

The result of this war it was a complete conclusion two treaties that were not beneficial for Russia, as well as the loss of many cities.

Main events and chronology of the Livonian War

Livonian War(1558–1583), the war of the Muscovite state with the Livonian Order, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea.

The cause of the war was the desire of the Moscow state to take possession of convenient harbors on the Baltic Sea and establish direct trade relations with Western Europe. In July 1557, by order of Ivan IV (1533–1584), a harbor was built on the right bank of the border Narova; the tsar also prohibited Russian merchants from trading in the Livonian ports of Revel (modern Tallinn) and Narva. The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the Order’s failure to pay the “Yuriev tribute” (the tax that the Dorpat (Yuriev) bishopric undertook to pay to Moscow under the Russian-Livonian treaty of 1554).

First period of the war (1558–1561). In January 1558, Moscow regiments crossed the border of Livonia. In the spring and summer of 1558, the northern group of Russian troops, which invaded Estonia (modern Northern Estonia), captured Narva, defeated the Livonian knights at Wesenberg (modern Rakvere), captured the fortress and reached Revel, and the southern group, which entered Livonia (modern Southern Estonia) and Northern Latvia), took Neuhausen and Dorpat (modern Tartu). At the beginning of 1559, the Russians moved to the south of Livonia, captured Marienhausen and Tiersen, defeated the troops of the Archbishop of Riga and penetrated into Courland and Zemgale. However, in May 1559, Moscow, on the initiative of A.F. Adashev, the leader of the anti-Crimean party at court, concluded a truce with the Order in order to direct forces against the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey (1551–1577). Taking advantage of the respite, the Grand Master of the Order G. Ketler (1559–1561) signed an agreement with the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the Polish King Sigismund II Augustus (1529–1572) recognizing his protectorate over Livonia. In October 1559, hostilities resumed: the knights defeated the Russians near Dorpat, but were unable to take the fortress.

The disgrace of A.F. Adashev led to a change in foreign policy. Ivan IV made peace with Crimea and concentrated his forces against Livonia. In February 1560, Russian troops launched an offensive in Livonia: they captured Marienburg (modern Aluksne), defeated the Order's army near Ermes and captured Fellin Castle (modern Viljandi), the residence of the Grand Master. But after the unsuccessful siege of Weissenstein (modern Paide), the Russian advance slowed down. Nevertheless, the entire eastern part of Estonia and Livonia was in their hands.

In the face of military defeats of the Order, Denmark and Sweden intervened in the fight for Livonia. In 1559, Duke Magnus, brother of the Danish king Fredrick II (1559–1561), acquired rights (as bishop) to the island of Ezel (modern Saaremaa) and in April 1560 took possession of it. In June 1561 the Swedes captured Revel and occupied Northern Estland. On October 25 (November 5), 1561, Grand Master G. Ketler signed the Vilna Treaty with Sigismund II Augustus, according to which the Order’s possessions north of the Western Dvina (Zadvina Duchy) became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the territories to the south (Courland and Zemgale) formed a vassal duchy from Sigismund, the throne of which was taken by G. Ketler. In February 1562 Riga was declared a free city. The Livonian Order ceased to exist.

Second period of the war (1562–1578). To prevent the emergence of a broad anti-Russian coalition, Ivan IV concluded an alliance treaty with Denmark and a twenty-year truce with Sweden. This allowed him to gather forces to strike Lithuania. At the beginning of February 1563, the tsar, at the head of an army of thirty thousand, besieged Polotsk, which opened the way to the Lithuanian capital Vilna, and on February 15 (24) he forced its garrison to capitulate. Russian-Lithuanian negotiations began in Moscow, which, however, did not produce results due to the Lithuanians’ refusal to comply with Ivan IV’s demand to clear the areas of Livonia they occupied. In January 1564 hostilities resumed. Russian troops tried to launch an offensive deep into Lithuanian territory (towards Minsk), but were defeated twice - on the Ulla River in the Polotsk region (January 1564) and near Orsha (July 1564). At the same time, the Lithuanian campaign against Polotsk in the fall of 1564 ended unsuccessfully.

After the Crimean Khan violated the peace treaty with Ivan IV in the fall of 1564, the Moscow state had to fight on two fronts; military operations in Lithuania and Livonia became protracted. In the summer of 1566, the tsar convened a Zemsky Sobor to resolve the issue of continuing the Livonian War; its participants spoke in favor of its continuation and rejected the idea of ​​peace with Lithuania by ceding Smolensk and Polotsk to it. Moscow began rapprochement with Sweden; in 1567 Ivan IV signed an agreement with King Eric XIV (1560–1568) to lift the Swedish blockade of Narva. However, the overthrow of Eric XIV in 1568 and the accession of the pro-Polish-minded Johan III (1568–1592) led to the dissolution of the Russian-Swedish alliance. The foreign policy situation of the Moscow state worsened even more as a result of the creation in June 1569 (Union of Lublin) of a single Polish-Lithuanian state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - and the beginning of a large-scale offensive by the Tatars and Turks in southern Russia (the campaign against Astrakhan in the summer of 1569).

Having secured himself from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by concluding a three-year truce with it in 1570, Ivan IV decided to strike at the Swedes, relying on the help of Denmark; for this purpose, he formed the vassal Livonian kingdom from the Baltic lands he captured, led by Magnus of Denmark, who married the royal niece. But Russian-Danish troops were unable to take Revel, an outpost of Swedish possessions in the Baltic states, and Fredrick II signed a peace treaty with Johan III (1570). Then the king tried to get Revel through diplomatic means. However, after the burning of Moscow by the Tatars in May 1571, the Swedish government refused to negotiate; at the end of 1572, Russian troops invaded Swedish Livonia and captured Weissenstein.

In 1572, Sigismund II died, and a period of long “kinglessness” began in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1572–1576). Part of the gentry even nominated Ivan IV as a candidate for the vacant throne, but the tsar preferred to support the Austrian contender Maximilian of Habsburg; An agreement was concluded with the Habsburgs on the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, according to which Moscow was to receive Lithuania, and Austria - Poland. However, these plans did not come true: in the struggle for the throne, Maximilian was defeated by the Transylvanian prince Stefan Batory.

The defeat of the Tatars near the village of Molody (near Serpukhov) in the summer of 1572 and the temporary cessation of their raids on the southern Russian regions made it possible to direct forces against the Swedes in the Baltic states. As a result of the campaigns of 1575–1576, the Russians captured the ports of Pernov (modern Pärnu) and Gapsal (modern Haapsalu) and established control over the western coast between Revel and Riga. But the next siege of Revel (December 1576 - March 1577) again ended in failure.

After the election of the anti-Russian Stefan Batory (1576–1586) as the Polish king, Ivan IV unsuccessfully proposed to the German Emperor Rudolf II Habsburg (1572–1612) to conclude a military-political pact against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Moscow embassy to Regensburg 1576); Negotiations with Elizabeth I (1558–1603) about an Anglo-Russian alliance (1574–1576) also proved fruitless. In the summer of 1577, Moscow last tried to resolve the Livonian issue by military means, launching an offensive in Latgale (modern southeast Latvia) and Southern Livonia: Rezhitsa (modern Rezekne), Dinaburg (modern Daugavpils), Kokenhausen (modern Koknese) were taken. , Wenden (modern Cesis), Volmar (modern Valmiera) and many small castles; by the fall of 1577, all of Livonia up to the Western Dvina, except for Revel and Riga, was in the hands of the Russians. However, these successes turned out to be temporary. The very next year, Polish-Lithuanian troops recaptured Dinaburg and Wenden; Russian troops twice tried to retake Wenden, but were ultimately defeated by the combined forces of Batory and the Swedes.

Third period of the war (1579–1583). Stefan Batory managed to overcome the international isolation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; in 1578 he concluded an anti-Russian alliance with Crimea and the Ottoman Empire; Magnus of Denmark came over to his side; he was supported by Brandenburg and Saxony. Planning an invasion of Russian lands, the king carried out military reform and assembled a significant army. At the beginning of August 1579, Batory besieged Polotsk and took it by storm on August 31 (September 9). In September, the Swedes blockaded Narva, but were unable to capture it.

In the spring of 1580, the Tatars resumed raids on Rus', which forced the tsar to transfer part of his military forces to the southern border. In the summer - autumn of 1580, Batory undertook his second campaign against the Russians: he captured Velizh, Usvyat and Velikiye Luki and defeated the army of governor V.D. Khilkov at Toropets; however, the Lithuanian attack on Smolensk was repulsed. The Swedes invaded Karelia and in November captured the Korela fortress on Lake Ladoga. Military failures prompted Ivan IV to turn to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with a proposal for peace, promising to cede to it all of Livonia, with the exception of Narva; but Batory demanded the transfer of Narva and the payment of a huge indemnity. In the summer of 1581, Batory began his third campaign: having occupied Opochka and Ostrov, at the end of August he besieged Pskov; the five-month siege of the city, during which its defenders repulsed thirty-one assaults, ended in complete failure. However, the concentration of all Russian troops to repel the Polish-Lithuanian invasion allowed the Swedish commander-in-chief P. Delagardi to launch a successful offensive on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland: on September 9 (18), 1581 he took Narva; then Ivangorod, Yam and Koporye fell.

Realizing the impossibility of fighting on two fronts, Ivan IV again tried to reach an agreement with Batory in order to direct all his forces against the Swedes; at the same time, the defeat at Pskov and the aggravation of contradictions with Sweden after its capture of Narva softened anti-Russian sentiments at the Polish court. On January 15 (24), 1582, in the village of Kiverova Gora near Zampolsky Yam, through the mediation of the papal representative A. Possevino, a ten-year Russian-Polish truce was signed, according to which the tsar ceded all his possessions to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Livonia and the Velizh district; for its part, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned the Russian cities of Velikiye Luki, Nevel, Sebezh, Opochka, Kholm, Izborsk (Yam-Zampolsk Truce) that it had captured.

In February 1582, Russian troops moved against the Swedes and defeated them near the village of Lyalitsa near Yam, but due to the threat of a new invasion of the Crimean Tatars and pressure from Polish-Lithuanian diplomacy, Moscow had to abandon plans to attack Narva. In the fall of 1582, P. Delagardi launched an attack on Oreshek and Ladoga, intending to cut the routes between Novgorod and Lake Ladoga. On September 8 (17), 1582, he besieged Oreshek, but in November he was forced to lift the siege. The invasion of the Great Nogai Horde in the Volga region and the anti-Russian uprising of local peoples forced Ivan IV to enter into peace negotiations with Sweden. In August 1583, a three-year truce was concluded, according to which the Swedes retained Narva, Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and Korela with their districts; The Moscow state retained only a small section of the coast of the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Neva. Livonian wars, its consequences and their significance for... chronology of military events of those years. Causes Livonian wars Livonian war became, in a way, “the matter of the whole...