Forensic photography techniques are forensic. Forensic photography
The invention of photography began with heliography. Heliography is an early photographic process invented by Nicéphore Niepce in 1822, which served as the theoretical basis for the development of daguerreotype. Images can be obtained either by contact method or using a pinhole camera - the simplest type of device that allows you to obtain an optical image of objects. It is a light-proof box with a hole in one of the walls and a screen (frosted glass or thin white paper) on the opposite wall. Rays of light passing through a hole with a diameter of approximately 0.5-5 mm create an inverted image on the screen. Some cameras were made based on the camera obscura.
The metal plate was covered with asphalt dissolved in lavender oil. Exposure to light for 6-8 hours. Next it is processed in a mixture of lavender oil and kerosene. Areas not exposed to light were etched with nitric acid to a certain depth and impressions were created from the resulting material.
Daguerreotype created by the French inventor Niepce ca. 1822 and made public by the artist Daguerre in 1839. Some silver compounds darken when exposed to light. The stronger the light, the stronger the darkening. A polished silver plate is treated in the dark with iodine vapor and placed in a camera obscura. The plate is exposed for 15-30 minutes, then treated with mercury vapor until the image appears. The plate is cooled and transferred to the fixing solution.
Calotype-Founder William Talbot. Photosensitive paper is made, coated with silver chloride or silver iodide. The exposed paper is developed in a solution of gallic acid, the image is fixed in a solution of sodium hyposulfite, and after drying, the paper with the negative image is placed in a container with heated wax. The negative is placed on pure iodine-silver paper and, with the help of sunlight, contact prints are made - positive copies.
French lawyer Alphonse Bertillon proposed a special system for photographing criminals - signal (identification) photography.
Three chest photographs are taken of living faces: right profile, full face (front) and half-turn of the head to the right, as well as full-length from the front. If there are special features, they are captured in separate frames, and if there are features on the left half of the face, the left profile is also taken. When photographing from the front, the head of a sitting criminal is given a position in which a horizontal line, mentally drawn along the outer corners of the eyes, passes through the upper third of the ears. In chest photographs, the arrested person is photographed without a headdress or glasses, and the hair should not cover the forehead and ears. In the full-length mugshot, he is photographed wearing the clothes in which he was detained. Full-length portraits are traditionally performed in life-size, choosing lighting that best conveys the contours and features of the face. The background should be a uniform light gray color.
Identification photography of corpses is carried out in compliance with the given recommendations, however, chest-to-chest photographs are taken from the front, in the right and left profile and half-profile. The corpse is photographed at full height, and to record special features - naked. If necessary, before filming, the forensic physician gives the corpse a life-like appearance: he washes, combs his hair, opens his eyes, and powders the bruises.
In 1880, the Russian scientist Burinsky created the world's first forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court. Soviet lawyer, developed the foundations of the theory of domestic criminology and forensic identification, and created a course on the fate of photography.
2. Subject of forensic photography. Problems solved in investigative and expert practice.
Forensic photography is an independent branch of forensic technology, which is a system of scientific principles and means, methods, special techniques and types of photography developed on their basis, used in collecting and studying evidence for the purpose of solving, investigating and preventing crimes, as well as for searching for criminals. The subject of crime photography is photographic methods and techniques used to detect, record and follow forensic evidence.
Tasks of crime photography:
· Development and improvement of methods and means of recording and researching evidence;
· Development and improvement of methods and tools to ensure the effective use of evidence.
Forensic photography as one of the sections of forensic science, it is a set of scientific principles and photographic means, methods and techniques developed on their basis, used to capture and study forensic objects.
Objects of photography are any material bodies and their aggregates, the need to record which arises during operational search activities, investigative actions or expert research.
This can be: the situation and individual details of the scene of the incident, objects - material evidence, traces of crimes, faces, etc.
Photographic means - these are sets of equipment used for photography, photo printing, and photographic materials (films, paper, plates, chemicals).
Forensic Photography Method - this is a set of rules and recommendations for the selection of photographic means, shooting conditions and processing of exposed photographic materials.
According to the field of activity and subjects of application of photography, it is accepted distinguish a photograph:
- operational-search;
- forensic investigation;
- expert (research).
Taking into account the goals and objectives of the use of photography, two types of photography are distinguished: capturing and research.
a) With the help capturing photography fixation of obvious, visually perceived objects is carried out.
For this purpose, both ordinary (household equipment) and specially designed or adapted equipment are used, for example, for secret photography during operational-search activities. The results of such photography are documented in the form of photo tables, which are attached to the protocols of investigative actions or to materials reflecting the results of operational-search activities. In this case, photographs are considered as photographic documents and may have evidentiary value.
b) Research photography is widely used in conducting examinations and special studies of material evidence, when it is necessary to identify and record invisible or poorly visible signs of relevant objects, for example, by photographing in infrared and ultraviolet rays or in combination with microscopic examinations. At the same time, research photographs are also used as a means of illustrating expert opinions.
Photographs taken during examinations are drawn up in the form of a photo table, which is attached to the expert’s conclusion. They illustrate the process and results of the research, and clearly demonstrate the characteristics of the objects under study, which serve as the basis for the conclusions.
Taking into account goals and objectives capturing photography methods are used in forensic practice panoramic, measuring, reproduction, signal photography, stereo photography, macro photography.
A) Panoramic photography- this is a sequential shooting of an object using a conventional camera on several interconnected frames. The photographs taken are then combined into a common picture - a panorama.
This method is used to shoot objects at a given scale that do not fit in a regular frame.
Panoramic photography can be horizontal or vertical. Panoramic photography is carried out in two ways:
Circular. A circular panorama involves shooting an object from one place. The camera rotates sequentially around a vertical (horizontal panorama) or horizontal (vertical panorama) axis. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture a significant space in the image and this is not hampered by structures, buildings and other objects located on the ground;
Linear. A linear panorama involves moving the camera parallel to the object being photographed and at a short distance from it. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture the situation in a photograph over a significant area but limited in width, or when it is important to highlight small details in the photograph.
b) Measuring (scale) photography provides information about the dimensional values of objects or their parts captured in the image.
Measurement shooting can be carried out using special stereometric cameras. As a rule, the measurement survey method is implemented using scales, that is, special rulers, tapes, squares with dimensional values clearly marked on them.
The scale is placed next to the subject or on its surface. The type of scale (ruler, tape, square) is selected taking into account the characteristics of the object and the purpose of shooting:
V) Stereo photography- a method that allows you to obtain the effect of volume, three-dimensional space in a photograph.
From a stereo image, you can determine the shape, size and relative position of objects recorded on it.
It is used to record the situation at such incident sites as explosions, fires, crashes, and disasters.
Stereo photography is done using a stereo camera or a regular camera with a stereo attachment.
G) Reproduction photography used to make photocopies of flat objects.
Produced using conventional SLR cameras or special reproduction installations, or by copying onto reflective or contrast paper using a contact press.
d) Macro photography- a method of obtaining photographic images of small objects in natural size or with slight magnification without the use of a microscope.
For such shooting, SLR cameras with extension rings or macro attachments are used.
e) Signaletic (identification) photography of living persons or corpses is carried out for the purpose of their subsequent identification, forensic registration or search.
The subject of the photo must be without a hat or glasses. The head should be in an upright position, eyes open, hair combed back so as not to cover the ears. Two chest photographs of the face are taken: full face and right profile. Sometimes additional left profile and full-length photographs are taken.
Identification photography of a corpse can be carried out both at the place of its discovery and in the morgue, but in any case after a thorough toilet. The photographs are taken from full face, left and right profiles and half-profiles in compliance with the rules for shooting living faces.
To obtain a complete and clear picture of the features of the objects being photographed and their relative positions, we use different types of shooting: orienting, overview, nodal, detailed. They allow you to systematize the material captured in photographs and reveal its content in a certain logical sequence from the general to the specific.
A) Orientation photography- this is the recording of the location of the investigative action in the surrounding environment, the details of which act as landmarks for the subsequent precise determination of the location of the event or its fragments.
Shooting is done using the circular or linear panorama method. The location of the investigative action or the scene of the incident must be in the center of the photograph (montage photograph).
b) Survey shooting- this is a fixation of the general appearance of the actual situation at the place of the investigative action being carried out. Its boundaries are preliminarily determined, and the most important details are marked with indicators in the form of arrows with numbers.
Survey photography is carried out using a depth or square scale, sometimes using the panoramic method and from different sides.
V) Nodal photography- this is the recording of individual large objects and the most important parts of the place where the investigative action is being carried out or the situation at the scene of the incident: the place of a break-in, the discovery of a corpse, a hiding place, etc.
The objects being photographed are depicted in close-up so that their shape, size, nature of damage, and the relative position of traces can be determined from the image.
Key photographs display maximum information about the characteristics of the objects being photographed, which is difficult to describe in the investigative report.
G) Detailed photography is carried out with the aim of capturing individual details of the location of the investigative action and its results, that is, discovered things, objects, traces and other objects, as well as signs that individualize such objects.
Detailed shooting is carried out:
At the site where the object was found;
After moving it to another convenient place.
Forensic photography is widely used in conducting examinations and preliminary research. With its help they decide the following tasks:
recording objects of study or their fragments with significant magnification, which makes it possible to more expressively and clearly show their particular characteristics;
identification and recording of weakly visible or invisible to the naked eye signs of the objects under study.
The resulting images are also used to illustrate the process and results of examinations and research.
Forensic photographic studies are carried out using special methods: micro- and macrophotography, contrast and color separation photography, photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum (in infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays), using the luminescence effect. When conducting examinations and research, capturing photography methods are also used.
A) Microphotography carried out using a microscope. Microphotography records features and details of the object under study with a magnification of more than 10 times, that is, practically indistinguishable to the naked eye.
The method is used in the study of microtraces, microparticles, fibers and other microobjects. With its help, identification and diagnostic problems are solved.
b) Contrast and color separation photography used to identify and record low-visibility, etched, faded, filled-in, erased texts, hard-to-see traces of hands, shoes, burglary tools, gunshot marks, etc.
This method uses conventional photographic equipment, but with the use of specially developed lighting methods and shooting techniques, as well as processing photographic materials.
Contrast photography allows you to change the contrast between the subject and its photographic image. When contrasting photography, lighting is important: lateral, vertical, diffused, transmitted light, etc.
Color separation photography allows you to enhance the brightness (optical density) of color differences in the details of the subject in a photographic image.
V) Infrared photography used in forensics to study traces of close shots, documents and other objects. In this case, photographic materials are used that are sensitized to the infrared zone of the spectrum.
There are two methods of photography in infrared rays: reflected rays and infrared luminescence.
G) Ultraviolet photography carried out to identify etched, faded and faded texts made with iron-gallon or sympathetic ink, to differentiate glass, glass products, as well as jewelry made from transparent minerals, traces of fuels and lubricants, blood, saliva and other secretions of the human body.
Photography is carried out both in reflected ultraviolet rays and in the luminescence excited by them.
d) X-ray, gamma and beta ray photography is carried out without a camera, using special installations that generate the named rays, which have great penetrating power.
When the object being photographed is irradiated, X-ray film is exposed, which produces a negative, shadow image of all, including hidden, internal parts of the photographed object.
Video recording used in forensic science to solve and investigate crimes.
Video recording has a clear advantage over filming and photography. It is much simpler, more technologically advanced, and cheaper. The resulting materials do not require laboratory processing, and their quality is controlled as the video recording progresses. Video recording allows you to simultaneously capture image and sound.
Video recording is used as an additional means of recording the process and results of investigative actions. It is carried out when it is necessary to record such actions in dynamics, with the characteristics of the behavior of their participants, or it is necessary to clearly show a large, complex and diverse environment. The tactical features of investigative actions and the tasks being solved predetermine the types of video recording and methods, which basically remain the same as when photographing.
At the beginning of the video recording, the investigator introduces himself (states his title, position, last name), and then explains what investigative action, in what criminal case, is being carried out using video recording. Then he introduces all the participants in the investigative action (recorded in close-up), names the date, time, place of the video recording and who made it. After this, the process and results of the investigative action itself are recorded.
Most effective use of video recording when carrying out:
a) inspection of the scene of the incident, especially in case of fires, transport accidents, when prompt recording of all possible information about the situation is required;
b) search - to record locations of hiding places, methods of concealing valuables and weapons of crime;
c) investigative experiment - to capture experimental actions and their results;
d) interrogation, confrontation, especially with the participation of interpreters, etc.
Introduction. 3
1. General characteristics of forensic photography. 5
1.1. The history of forensic photography. 5
1.2. Concept and basic methods of forensic photography. 8
2. Forensic photography techniques. eleven
2.1. Methods and types of capturing photography. eleven
2.2. Forensic research photography. 18
2.3. Features of photography during individual investigative actions, registration of its results. 23
Conclusion. 29
Bibliographic list of references.. 31
The relevance of the topic of the course work. Forensic photography in forensic science is a system of methods and technical means of photography used to capture material evidence during investigative actions and operational search actions, to study this evidence in the process of forensic examination.
The development of forensic science as a science took place in parallel with the formation of forensic photography as an independent branch of forensic technology. “Photography,” wrote the famous Russian forensic scientist A.A. in 1947. Eisman, was one of the first methods widely and organically adopted by criminology and creatively adapted to the unique conditions of the study of physical evidence. The first serious successes in the development of general photography, which marked the transition from a period of experiments, successes and failures to a period in which the basic principles and technical techniques of photography were finally formed, coincided in time with the first attempts to use it in forensic science.”
Assessing the scientific research of the last three decades in the field of forensic photography, it can be noted that the efforts of scientists and practitioners were aimed primarily at developing individual methods of research photography, at finding ways to improve forensic tools and methods based on the traditional negative-positive photographic process.
Currently, photography accompanies the investigation process throughout its entire duration: from the moment signs of a crime are detected until the case is transferred to court. The circle of people who use photographic means and methods in their work is equally wide: investigator, operational worker, specialist, forensic expert. Therefore, it is quite natural to be interested in any changes in photography techniques that would significantly speed up and simplify the acquisition of photographs while maintaining their status as derivative material evidence.
Compared to other recording methods (protocols, diagrams, plans, drawings, drawings, etc.), forensic photography provides a higher degree of clarity, objectivity, accuracy and completeness of recording.
The relevance of introducing advanced technical and forensic forms and methods of work is to a large extent connected with the introduction of new offenses into criminal legislation and the emergence of new objects of forensic research.
The object of the study is the modern practice of photographic support of the process of investigating criminal cases and related problems.
The subject of the study was the system of photographic means and methods of recording, research of evidence during examinations and conducting investigative actions.
The main goal of the course work is to study photographic support for the process of investigating criminal cases through the use of photography, applied image processing software, technology for preparing illustrations, and methods for storing and transmitting images in expert and investigative practice.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Show the historiography of the issue.
2. Define the concept and consider the main methods of forensic photography.
3. Describe the main methods of forensic photography.
The methodological basis of the study was the provisions of the general theory of criminology and forensic technology, research by domestic and foreign specialists in photographic technology.
1. General characteristics of forensic photography
1.1. The history of forensic photography
Photography appeared more than a century and a half ago. The credit for its discovery (1839) belongs to the French J. Niepce and L.-J. Daguerre, who obtained an image on a silver plate, fixing it in a solution of table salt, and the Englishman G. Talbot, who proposed a method of negative-positive taking photographs, which made it possible to replicate them.
Russian inventors and scientists made a great contribution to the development of photography: Yu. F. Fritzsche improved the developing solution, which made it possible to improve the quality of photographs.
The self-taught inventor I.V. Boldyrev developed a method for producing transparent flexible film, several years before the American company Kodak began producing such film.
S. A. Yurkovsky invented the curtain-slot shutter.
S.L. Levitsky designed a camera with soft fur and proposed using an electric arc when taking photographs under lighting conditions.
Soon after the discovery of photography in France (1841), and then in Belgium and Switzerland, the first attempts were made to use it for the purpose of registering criminals and investigating crimes. For this purpose, special methods, photography techniques and photographic equipment began to be developed. The first known photographs of criminals were taken in 1843–1844. in the Belgian prison Forest.
The French criminologist A. Bertillon has achieved noticeable success in this regard. He designed several cameras and developed rules (recommendations) for identification and crime scene photography.
In addition to special techniques for photographing faces for their subsequent identification, Bertillon developed rules for the use of metric photography at the scene of an incident and the corresponding photographic equipment. The recommendations outlined by Bertillon in the book “Forensic Photography” served as an impetus for the development of a system of techniques and methods that went beyond general photography. Forensic scientists began to study the advanced scientific developments of photography and use them when conducting research on physical evidence.
Reliable information about the use of photography by the Russian police dates back to the 60s of the last century. With the help of a photograph, it was possible to identify and detain a major criminal, Sipka, in those years. The use of photography as a means of research, in particular documents, began in Russia. Much credit for this rightfully belongs to the pioneer of Russian criminology E.F. Burinsky.
E.F. Burinsky studied photographic methods for studying material evidence, argued for the need to develop scientifically based recommendations that are binding and therefore enshrined in law. His convictions in the exceptional possibilities of photography as a means of research were based on personal experience. For more than a century, the Russian and French Academies of Sciences unsuccessfully tried to identify the extinct texts of 14th-century letters written on rawhide and discovered during excavations on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. E.F. Burinsky, using the method he developed to gradually increase the contrast of photographic images, solved this problem. For this he was awarded a prize from the Russian Academy of Sciences, and his method was assessed as “equal to the value of a microscope.”
Discoveries and improvements in the field of photography made by E.F. Burinsky, in particular, the color separation method he developed, made it possible to brilliantly carry out a number of complex forensic examinations. His merit is not only the development of an independent section of forensic photography, but also the creation of the first forensic photographic laboratory on the premises of the St. Petersburg District Court (1889). Reporting at the First Congress of Russian Photographic Workers on his discoveries, E.F. Burinsky, with pride in science, declared that there are no longer “means of removing traces of writing from paper without damaging its surface in such a way that photography is powerless to detect them.”
For the first time, forensic photography as a system of “scientifically developed photographic methods used to solve crimes and present visual evidence to the court” was presented in the monographic work of the prominent Russian criminologist S.M. Potapova (1926).
In the last edition of this work (1948), S.M. Potapov divided the system of forensic photography into: forensic operational photography and forensic photographic examination. The first, in his opinion, contains methods of capturing photography - signaletic, metric, scale, reproduction and deductive. The second covers three types of examination: to establish identity, to identify details inaccessible to ordinary vision, and to detect the invisible. This division of photography is relative in nature, since the same methods and techniques of photographic shooting can, in principle, be used by both an investigator and a forensic expert.
In subsequent works E.Yu. Braichevskaya, N.M. Zyuskina, B.R. Kirichinsky, A.A. Levy, D.Ya. Mirsky, N.S. Polevoy, N.A. Selivanova, P.F. Silkina, N.V. Terzieva, A.A. Eisman, N.P. Yablokov and some other forensic scientists carried out notable theoretical studies that made it possible to clarify the subject of forensic photography, the range of objects of its photography and research, and the list of tasks to be solved. The terminological and conceptual apparatus was improved. In particular, reasonable proposals were made to replace the concept of “forensic photography” with “forensic photography”, which more fully reflects its content and is in full compliance with the term “forensic technology”.
Forensic photography– a set of methods, techniques and methods used in carrying out investigative, operational-search actions and expert research. Photographs are attached to the protocols of investigative actions or the expert’s conclusion. Methods and techniques of forensic photography: 1) Impressive - recording features visible to the naked eye: panoramic, measuring, large-scale, reproductive, stereoscopic, identification; 2) Research - serve to record hidden signs, require various types of examinations: photography with direct magnification, photography with changes in contrasts, photography in invisible rays.
Types of forensic photography: 1) Forensic investigative (used when inspecting the scene of an incident, during a search, when examining living persons) and 2) Forensic expert (all types of forensic examinations) Investigative photography techniques: 1) Orienting photograph – capturing a site or object with its surroundings. 2) Overview photograph - capturing an object or area without its surroundings 3) Nodal - the most important area or object is photographed 4) Detailed - the external sign of material evidence is photographed.
Forensic photography techniques.
Panoramic photography used in cases where it is impossible to capture the object in full, or it is not possible to move away from it at a sufficient distance. The object is photographed in parts, with each new frame touching the edge of the previous one. There are 2 types: 1) linear (the camera moves parallel to the foreground of the object) 2) circular (the object is photographed from one point by moving the camera lens) Stereoscopic photography– three-dimensional perception of an object, its shape and volume. It is made from 2 points, the distance between which is called the basis of stereoscopic photography and is equal to 65-70 mm. Measurement photography- performed in order to determine the size of objects and the distance between them. Happens three types: large-scale photography(allows you to determine the length, width, height of an object); metric photography– allows you to determine not only the sizes of objects, but also the distance between them; depth-scale photography used to calculate the dimensions of a photographed object. Large scale photography– used for photographing small traces, objects, details. Reproduction photography– carried out when photographing flat objects: drawings, drawings, tables, documents. Reproduction is carried out: 1) Using a camera 2) Contact method. Contact method – reflex photography. Use specially reflective or regular paper with increased contrast. Work is performed in orange or red lighting. 1) Original 2) Photo paper 3) Pressure glass Identification photography– used for photographing living persons or corpses. Photographing living faces - from the front and right profile. If there are any identifying features, then in front and both profiles. The photograph is cropped in such a way as to create a half-length portrait. The background of the photo is light gray. The face image is 1/7 life size. Photographing a corpse- begins with toileting the corpse (powdering, suturing wounds). Photographed from the front, both profiles, and ¾ turn of the head on both sides. Macro photography- a method of obtaining an image in full size or with a magnification from 1:2 to 20:1. For shooting, use SLR cameras with extension rings or macro attachments. Microphotography designed for examining images of very small forensic objects at high magnification. Photography with a magnification of 4-5 times can be easily done with a regular small-format SLR camera using extension rings or a micro-attachment. Contrasting. There are two types of contrasts: brightness and color.
11. Photo tables. Requirements for their design.
Photo prints are pasted onto special tables or sheets of white thick paper. At the top of the table (or sheet) it is indicated which protocol of investigative action or which expert opinion they are attached to. Under each photograph there is a number and an explanatory note. If any markings are made on the photographs (arrows mark matching features, show the location of the object), then exactly the same photographs without markings (control photographic prints) should be placed in the table. The photographs attached to the protocol are sealed by the investigator. In this case, part of the seal impression must be on the photograph, and part - on paper. Photographs attached to the protocols are signed by the investigator, the specialist (if the photographs were taken by him) and, as far as possible, by attesting witnesses. Photographs attached to the expert's report are signed by the expert. They are kept in file. Pictures are placed according to the principle from general to specific (orienting, overview, focal, detailed). Under each photo there is a serial number and an explanation - what exactly is shown in the photo, what is marked with arrows or numbers. Information about shooting conditions is reported: date, location of shooting, weather conditions; type of camera, lens, film; film sensitivity; shooting point and distance to the object; availability of additional devices; exposure (shutter speed, aperture). The photographs are sealed with the seal of the investigative agency, and an envelope with negatives is glued to the last page. The table must contain information about who took the photo and prepared the table, as well as the signatures of these persons.
12. The concept of habitoscopy. Classification of signs of a person’s external appearance. WITHobjective portraits.
Habitoscopy- This is a forensic doctrine about the external appearance of a person. This is a branch of forensic technology that studies the patterns of capturing a person’s external appearance in various displays and develops technical and forensic tools and methods for collecting, researching and using data on external appearance for the purpose of solving and preventing crimes. Verbal portrait called a description of a person’s appearance, compiled according to certain rules and intended for his search and identification. Signs: anatomical, functional, related and special. Anatomical characterize the external structure of the human body, its parts and covers, determine gender, age, height, physique. Functional characterize a person’s habitual actions (posture, gait, facial expressions, everyday habits, skills and abilities). Related- these are signs of clothing and other items associated with a given person (glasses, ring, cane). IN special group special and striking signs stand out. Special features are characteristics that are rarely seen (physical defects, such as tattoos). Conspicuous signs - are relatively rare and are easily observed under normal conditions (traces of smallpox on the face). Quadruple type of subjective portraits Painted portraits performed using accessories used for drawing. A portrait is created by a specialist artist or forensic artist who has special training in making portraits from words. Compositionally_drawn portraits are compiled from pre-prepared standard drawings of variants of “facial elements” (in accordance with eyewitness testimony). Photocompositeportraits- the so-called “photo identikit” (or compiled synthetic photo portraits) are a composition of a person’s image from fragments of photo images of various persons. Facial reconstruction from the skull is intended to identify the external appearance of a person when his remains are discovered. Rules for describing a person’s external appearance using the verbal portrait method:Verbal portrait called a description of a person’s appearance, drawn up according to certain rules and intended for his search and identification Rules for description using the verbal portrait method: 1) All signs must be described as completely as possible; 2) The description of signs of appearance is carried out according to the scheme “from general to specific” and “top to bottom”: a) general physical signs are indicated (gender, age), then anatomical signs are described (figure, neck, shoulders, limbs, head); b) anatomical features are described in relation to two angles: front view and side view (full face and right profile); c) when describing the shape, use the name of geometric shapes (round, oval, rectangular, triangular) or geometric lines (straight, convex, winding); d) the description continues with a statement of functional characteristics; e) after this, the accompanying elements are described: clothing, compensating elements (glasses, crutches, hearing aids)
13 . The concept of traceology. Classification of traces in forensic science.
Traceology– a branch of forensic technology in which methods, techniques and means of detection, recording, use and removal of traces are studied. All traces are divided into 2 types:ideal (information is displayed in the human mind); material (the material situation changes as a result of the criminal’s influence on it) There are material traces: traces-objects; trace substances; display traces. Traces-items– these are any objects that are causally connected with the crime (a firearm at the scene of a murder, a burglary weapon at the scene of a theft). Trace substances– these are any substances that are causally related to the crime (blood stains at the scene of a murder, traces of fuel at the scene of arson). Imaging traces arise during the contact interaction of 2 objects, as a result of which the external structure of one object is displayed on the other. Display traces are divided into: 1) Static and dynamic. Dynamic - formed when an object undergoes contact displacement. Static - are formed when the contacting objects at the moment of trace formation are in a state of relative rest. 2) Superficial and volumetric. Superficial - occur when objects are approximately equal in density (footprints on the field). Volumetric - occur when a trace-forming object is pressed into a softer trace-receiving surface, as a result of which the latter is deformed (shoe print on snow) 3) Local and peripheral. Local - occur directly under the contacting surface (footprint). Peripheral - occur beyond the boundaries of the contacting surface (wetting of the asphalt around the car) They are also distinguished: visible marks, invisible marks, barely visible marks. Homeoscopic – traces of bare feet, lips. Mechanical – tools, mechanisms, vehicles. Mechanonomic - traces of objects belonging to a person. Animal tracks.
14 . Basic stages of working with traces at the scene. Packing traces.
1) Construction of versions about the possible location of the object. To do this, you need to: become familiar with the situation at the scene of the incident; try to determine the possible routes of arrival and departure of the criminal; determine which objects are out of place. 2) Trace detection. There are 3 detection methods: visual(inspection with the naked eye, oblique rays); physical(by adhesion, causing the mark to become visible); chemical(the ability of a substance used to detect a trace to react chemically with a substance on the trace, causing the trace to become visible). When a trace is discovered, it is necessary: to inspect the scene of the incident comprehensively, not to leave your own traces and not to destroy existing ones, to inspect first of all those traces that are subject to rapid destruction. 3) Fixation and removal of traces. Requirements for packaging of traces: must be durable and ensure the safety of the object; traces should not come into contact with packaging materials; the packaging must contain accompanying inscriptions indicating where, when, what was seized, for what reason, signatures of the investigator, investigator, witnesses, specialist and a seal imprint.
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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Baikal State University of Economics and Law" (FSBEI HPE "BGUEP")
Course work
Forensic photography, its subject and types
Irkutsk, 2016
Introduction
Chapter 1. Subject of forensic photography
Chapter 2. Types of forensic photography
2.2. Features of photography taking into account the purpose and objectives of forensic photography
Chapter 3. Design of forensic photographs
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
forensic photograph investigative search
The modern law of our state widely uses in its legislative acts and judicial practice such a term as forensic or forensic photography. When studying the above topic and analyzing specialized literature, I drew attention to the fact that most often in specialized literature they use the term “forensic photography” instead of the term “forensic photography.”
In the legal literature, forensic photography is defined as a section of forensic technology that systematizes special photography methods and techniques used in investigative actions, operational search activities and forensic examination. Forensic photography is divided into forensic operational (capturing) and forensic research. The purpose of the first is to obtain an accurate photographic image of the object. For this purpose, methods such as panoramic, measuring, reproduction, identification and large-scale photography are used. Along with this, orientation, survey, nodal and detailed types of surveys are used for photographing during investigative actions. Forensic research photography is used mainly in the work of an expert to identify invisible, low-visibility records, color and brightness differences, to study the mechanism of trace formation, etc. Methods of forensic research photography include contrast photography, color separation, photography in invisible rays (infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, etc.), microphotography.
A significant contribution to the development of forensic photography in Russia was made by E.F. Vurinsky, who at his own expense created the first forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court in 1889, as well as such researchers as V.L. Rusetsky, V.I. Favorsky, Popovitsky A.A., Potapov S.M.
Forensic photography is one of the sections of forensic technology, representing a set of scientific principles and photographic methods and tools developed on its basis, used to capture and study forensic objects.
Photography should precede any other method of recording forensic objects and be carried out in accordance with scientific recommendations. In my opinion, the most optimal type of photography at the present stage of development of society and science is one in which the color scheme of the forensic object is also captured.
The forensic photography system consists of two parts: operational and research, differentiated by areas of application. The means and methods of the first are used in forensic practice to display the situation in which the investigative action was carried out, as well as the evidence obtained, the organization of criminal registration, the search for criminals, stolen things and in other areas.
Research photography is used in expert activities to capture forensic objects presented to the expert and their examination. Examination through photographic means and methods allows us to identify subtle and also invisible signs of forensic objects, their color and brightness differences, and the mechanism of ice formation. Photographic analytical methods are also used to study photographs and photographic equipment, photographic materials and chemical reagents during phototechnical examination.
In forensic science, the following types of forensic photography are called: orientation, overview, nodal and detailed.
The relevance of this topic, in my opinion, is due to the fact that photography is often used in the process of preliminary investigation and serves as an important source of evidence.
The purpose of the work is to comprehensively study the section of forensic technology - forensic photography.
Purpose of the study:
1. Give the concept of forensic photography and its subject.
2. Determine the main methods and types of forensic photography, the rules for processing the results of forensic photography.
The object of the course work is the social relations that develop in the process of conducting a preliminary investigation. The subject of the work is social relations that develop in the process of carrying out individual investigative actions, using photography. The research methodology consists of: cognitive, systemic and historical methods.
The structure of the study is determined by its goals and objectives. The work consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion, list of regulatory sources and scientific literature. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research, defines the goals and objectives, the theoretical and normative basis of the research, etc. The main part consistently solves the tasks, thereby fulfilling the purpose of the course work. The conclusion is devoted to the conclusions based on the results of the study.
1. Subject of forensic photography
1.1 Concept of forensic photography
Photography in legal proceedings is one of the most universal, objective, prompt and accurate ways of recording, storing, receiving and transmitting information. Photography in forensic science differs from general photography and scientific photography in its objects, purposes, conditions of use and design, methods and techniques. Forensic photography is a system of scientific principles and photographic methods, techniques and means developed on its basis, used for recording and studying forensic objects for the purpose of solving and investigating a crime.
In my opinion, Professor A.G. reveals this topic very clearly and thoroughly in his textbook “Forensic Science”. Filippov in his textbook “Forensic Science” in chapter 4 “Forensic photography, filming and video recording”. According to his research, forensic photography, filming and video recording is a branch of forensic technology, which is a set of scientific principles developed on the basis of photographic means, methods and techniques of shooting used in collecting, researching and demonstrating evidence. Forensics: Textbook / Ed. A.G. Filippova. - M.: Higher Education, 2007. P. 49.
The objectives of forensic photography are: providing technical means and practical techniques for detecting, recording and researching material sources of evidentiary information; implementation of objective recording of investigative actions and their results; improving existing and developing new technical means of collecting, recording and researching evidence.
Subjects of the use of forensic photography:
Investigator in the process of solving and investigating crimes;
An operational worker when performing operational investigative work;
An expert when carrying out examinations and participating in investigative actions as a specialist.
1.2 History of the development of forensic photography
The legal literature notes that photography as a means of visually figurative recording of material objects first appeared in France in the 19th century. Later, the development of photography was picked up in England, Belgium, and Switzerland. Criminologists have proposed using photography to record criminals and photograph crime scenes. The use of photography as a means of research, in particular documents, began in Russia. Much credit for this belongs to criminologist E.F. Burinsky. In 1892, he created a forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court. Unlike contemporaries and colleagues who recommended using photography in forensic practice “just in case,” E.F. Burinsky argued for the need to develop scientifically based recommendations that are binding and therefore enshrined in law. At the end of the 19th century in Russia, one of the first cases of successful use of photographs was recorded in the search for fugitive criminals who were identified from photographs and detained.
Currently, methods based on photographic processes occupy an important place in criminology and forensic science. They are widely used when carrying out investigative actions, operational search activities, when examining objects of traceological, ballistic, handwriting examinations, technical examination of documents, etc.
In the modern understanding, forensic photography is one of the branches of forensic technology, which is a system of scientific principles and methods, tools and photography techniques developed on their basis, used to capture and study forensically significant objects in the detection and investigation of crimes.
Photographic media include:
1. All modern, including digital, filming and projection equipment.
2. Photographic accessories and special devices for photography (light sources, interchangeable lenses, photo exposure meters, filters, hoods, tripods, etc.).
3. Photographic accessories and photographic materials for processing and obtaining images through the “wet” (negative, positive) process.
4. Special printers and paper for printing photographs obtained using digital cameras.
1.3 Subject of forensic photography
The subject of forensic photography is the photographic methods and techniques used to discover, record and examine forensic evidence.
The methods of forensic photography are understood as a set of recommendations and rules for the use of these means to solve problems of visually figurative fixation and study of forensically significant objects. Currently, forensic photography, along with video recording, is one of the main means of such recording, and their results are generally accepted, scientifically grounded and objective sources of evidentiary information. Egorov A.G. Forensic photography. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. pp. 8-21.
The use of forensic photography methods has significantly expanded the possibilities of expert research and identification of various objects that are important for solving and investigating crimes.
The exceptional importance of photographic means and methods in solving the problems under consideration is also determined by the fact that the photography process itself almost completely eliminates any chemical or physical impact on the object of research or recording, ensuring its immutability, safety and the possibility of further study and evaluation in the process evidence in a criminal case.
Taking into account the specifics of the tasks being solved, subjects and areas of application, forensic photography is conventionally divided as follows:
1. Operational investigative (has an unspoken nature, used by operational officers when carrying out operational investigative activities).
2. Investigative (carried out by the investigator, or a person engaged by him as a specialist, to record the progress and results of investigative actions).
3. Research (used by an expert to study forensic objects and record the progress and results of this activity, during forensic examinations).
According to its intended purpose, forensic photography is divided into capturing and investigative photography. Polevoy N.S., Ustinov A.I. Forensic photography and its application in forensic examination. - M.: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, 1990. - P. 14.. At the same time, in operational search and investigative photography, predominant importance is given to capturing photography (the situation at the scene of the incident, persons, individual objects, documents , the process of carrying out individual investigative actions, etc.). In research or expert photography, methods of both capturing (recording objects received for research, the progress and results of the study) and research photography (contrasting photography, photography in invisible rays, microphotography, etc.) are used.
For the first time, forensic photography as a system of “scientifically developed photographic methods used to solve crimes and present visual evidence to the court” was presented in the works of the Russian criminologist S.M. Potapova. He divided the system of forensic photography into forensic operational photography and forensic photographic examination.
Later, this topic was supported and developed in their works by such domestic scientists as E.Yu. Braichevsky, N.M. Zyuskin, B.R. Kirichinsky, A.A. Levy, D.Ya. Mirskoy, N.S. Polevoy, N.A. Selivanov, P.F. Silkin, N.V. Terziev, A.A. Eisman, N.P. Yablokov, other criminologists. They carried out theoretical studies that made it possible to clarify the subject of forensic photography, the range of objects of its photography and research, and the list of tasks to be solved.
During this period of time, the first substantiated proposals appeared to replace the concept of “forensic photography” with “forensic photography”, which, in my opinion, more fully reflects its content and is in full compliance with the term “forensic technology”.
2. Types of forensic photography
2.1 Basic classification of types of forensic photography
To obtain a complete and clear picture of the features of the objects being photographed and their relative positions, various types of shooting are used: orientation, overview, nodal, detailed. Of course, this distribution is to some extent arbitrary. But when studying various literature on the above issue, I drew attention to the fact that most experts in criminology in their works call this particular classification of types of forensic photography and consider it the main one. The types of photography listed above make it possible to systematize the material captured in the photographs and reveal its content in a certain logical sequence from the general to the specific. Various types of filming are used when carrying out almost all investigative actions: search, investigative experiment, presentation for identification, etc. However, most often and in full they are encountered during an inspection of the scene of an incident.
Orientation photography. Orienting photography is the recording of the location of an investigative action in the surrounding environment, the details of which (trees, buildings, roads, etc.) act as landmarks for the subsequent precise determination of the location of the event or its fragments. Normal photography is done with a wide-angle or regular lens from a considerable distance. In order to cover the scene of the incident and the surrounding area, a circular or linear panorama is used. The location of the investigative action or the scene of the incident should be in the center of the image (montage photograph).
The particular significance of the above type of forensic photography is described in detail in the training manual “Photography of large-scale incident sites,” published by the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1991.
In particular, it describes in detail the photographic recording of certain types of incident sites - fires, explosions, plane crashes, and train accidents.
Panoramic photography is used in cases where it is not possible to capture the entire object of interest, even with a wide-angle lens, or it is not possible to move a sufficient distance from the object being photographed (limited space, undesirability of taking a picture with a significant reduction). Panoramic photography is the sequential shooting of an object using a conventional camera in several interconnected frames. The photographs taken are then combined into a common picture - a panorama. This method is used to photograph objects at a given scale that do not fit in a regular frame, for example, large areas of terrain, tall buildings, vehicle tread marks, etc. Accordingly, panoramic photography can be horizontal or vertical.
Such photography can also be done using a specially designed camera.
Panoramic photography using a conventional camera is carried out in two ways: circular and linear.
A circular panorama involves shooting an object from one place. The camera rotates sequentially around a vertical (horizontal panorama) or horizontal (vertical panorama) axis. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture a significant space in the image and this is not hampered by structures, structures, etc. located on the ground.
Shooting is done from a distance of at least 50 m. A linear panorama involves moving the camera parallel to the object being photographed and at a short distance from it. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture the situation in a photograph over a significant area but limited in width, or when it is important to highlight small details in the photograph (for example, tracks of footprints, vehicle tread marks, etc.).
Circular and linear panoramas are manufactured in compliance with the following general requirements:
Photography is carried out from a tripod or (if there is none) from a stable, rigid support;
When framing, the conventionally designated bottom shooting line is strictly adhered to and a small “overlapping zone” of frames is determined, which then allows editing of the full image;
The photographs are printed at the same magnification scale, at the same shutter speed and are developed simultaneously, which ensures they are of the same density.
As I have already indicated, panoramic photography is carried out using a special device, or the object is photographed in parts, sequentially obtaining a series of images. Each subsequent photograph should cover the edge of the area captured in the previous photograph, covering about 10% of its area. All photographs are taken under the same conditions (distance, lighting, shutter speed, aperture, etc.). The correct installation of the device is determined by looking through the viewfinder. At the same time, they notice any detail located at the edge of the frame. This detail serves as a guide when shooting the next frame, in which it should also be depicted. If necessary, resort to artificial orientations (pegs, etc.). From photographic prints obtained in this way (under the same conditions). The latter are cut along the common lines on them and glued to one another. Panoramic photography can be carried out both vertically and horizontally. In the first case, a space or object is photographed in height (for example, photographing a multi-story building from a relatively close distance). With a horizontal panorama, an area of significant length is photographed. For example, a section of the road where a car collision occurred. The picture can also be obtained using circular or linear shooting. When shooting linearly, the camera is moved parallel to the foreground of the area being recorded. At the same time, the scale is used to control that the distance from the device to the foreground is constant. Particular care is taken to ensure that the device is not skewed. When shooting circularly, the camera is rotated in a horizontal plane around the axis of the tripod (or an imaginary axis of the tripod - when shooting handheld). Circular shooting is used in cases where the foreground of the object is significantly removed from the camera (for example, shooting a large courtyard from its center), otherwise strong perspective distortions are possible.
Sightseeing photography. Survey photography is a recording of a general view of the situation at the scene of an investigative action. Its approximate boundaries are preliminarily determined, and the most important details are marked with indicators in the form of arrows with numbers. Survey photography is carried out using a depth or square scale, sometimes using the panoramic method and from different sides. An important requirement for survey photographs is the completeness of the image of a place or event.
The overview photograph must be taken from a position from which important objects in the environment can be confidently identified. A special feature of survey photography is the ability to capture objects from several angles. If the scene of the incident has a complex structure, they resort to taking several photographs that complement each other - an overview series. Such a series makes it possible to compose images of a certain expanded space from the resulting images in such a way that the image in one image is a continuation of the image in the other. The overview series can also refer to various objects isolated from each other. In tight spaces, shooting is done using the panoramic method or using wide-angle lenses.
Nodal survey. Nodal photography is the recording of individual large objects and the most important parts of the scene of an investigative action or the scene of an incident: the site of a break-in, the discovery of a corpse, a hiding place, etc. The objects being photographed are depicted in close-up so that their shape, size, nature of damage, relative position of traces, etc. can be determined from the image. A node is the part of the crime scene where traces are found. So, for example, in a room where a theft took place, these could be broken doors, damaged windows, storage rooms, etc. At the scene of a murder, the object of the focal survey could be a corpse with traces of damage. The number of nodes at the scene of the incident is determined by the investigator and depends on the characteristics of the crime and the specifics of the objects at the scene of the incident.
Key photographs display maximum information about the characteristics of the objects being photographed, which is sometimes difficult to describe in the investigative report. Such photography, as a rule, is carried out on a scale, sometimes using a panoramic method, for example, to capture the scene of a disaster, accident, or fire.
Detailed photography. Detailed photography is carried out in order to capture individual details of the location of the investigative action and its results, i.e. discovered things, objects, traces, etc. objects, as well as features that individualize such objects. Detailed photography is always carried out in a large-scale manner: close-up with a scale bar. When choosing a shooting angle, as a rule, the most important, typical features relating to the shape, size, relative position of parts, structure of an object or trace are revealed.
Complete photographic recording of the situation at the scene of an incident involves the use of all the considered types of photography - orientation, survey, focal and detailed, which complement each other and provide illustrations and provide the most complete picture of the scene of the event.
Orienting and survey photography in conditions of limited natural light is carried out using portable illuminators powered by car batteries or from the mains. Such illuminators are available in a set of mobile forensic laboratories. Nodal and sometimes overview photography can be carried out using a flash lamp.
When photographing traces and individual objects in detail, lighting is selected taking into account their type and the characteristics of the trace-receiving object. In practice, the following is most often used for these purposes:
Diffusing lighting - when photographing surface, painted marks, for reproduction photography of texts, diagrams, etc. objects;
Oblique lighting - when photographing volumetric traces (burglary tools, teeth, etc.);
Lighting “through the light”, i.e. on the back side of the trace-bearing object, if it is transparent (for example, when photographing handprints on glass);
Combined lighting, i.e. oblique and scattering, sometimes multilateral - when photographing volumetric traces and individual objects (weapons, bullets, cartridges, etc.). Objects are located at some distance from the substrate, which creates a background on the stands, which eliminates the formation of shadows on it.
2.2 Features of photography, taking into account the purpose and objectives of forensic photography
2.2.1 Forensic photography
For forensic photography in forensic practice, methods of panoramic, measuring, reproduction, signal photography, stereo photography, and macro photography are used.
In addition to panoramic photography, which I have already described above, measurement photography (sometimes called large-scale) provides information about the dimensional values captured in the photograph of objects or their details. Measurement shooting can be carried out using special stereometric cameras. As a rule, the measurement survey method is implemented using scales, i.e. special rulers, tapes, squares with dimensional values clearly marked on them.
The scale will be placed next to the subject of photography (for example, with a shoe print, a burglary tool, a weapon, etc.) or on its surface (for example, on the floor or wall of a room, a section of the road with traces of a crime, etc.). A scale bar is used to fix the dimensional values of individual objects, usually small in volume and area. In this case, the ruler is located next to the object being fixed, at the level of its most important parts and in the same plane with them. Tape scale (or depth scale) is used when photographing large areas of terrain or enclosed spaces, when from photographs it is necessary to determine the size and relative position of objects located in the depths of a room or other space at different distances from the camera. As a depth scale, a strip of thick paper or fabric with divisions in the form of equal black and white squares with strictly defined side sizes (50 or 100 mm) is used. Using the known sizes of divisions (squares) and taking into account the focal length of the lens, it is possible to determine the linear magnitudes of the objects depicted in the photograph.
Stereo photography is a method that allows you to obtain the effect of volume, three-dimensional space in a photograph. From a stereo image, you can determine the shape, size and relative position of objects recorded on it. This is a relatively complex method in terms of execution technique; therefore, it is used, as a rule, to record the situation at such incident sites as explosions, fires, wrecks, disasters, when there is a accumulation of a large number of various objects and corpses. Stereo photography is done using a stereo camera or a regular camera with a stereo attachment.
Reproductive photography is used to obtain photocopies of flat objects (drawings, diagrams, texts, etc.). Such shooting is carried out using conventional SLR cameras or special reproduction installations, or by copying onto reflective or contrast paper using a contact press.
Shooting using conventional photographic equipment requires compliance with two important conditions: the back wall of the camera must be strictly parallel to the plane of the object being photographed, and the subject must be illuminated evenly.
Macro photography is a method of obtaining photographic images of small objects in natural size or with slight magnification without the use of a microscope.
Signaletic (identification) photography of living persons and corpses is carried out for the purpose of their subsequent identification, forensic registration and search. Essentially it is a type of detailed photography. The subject of the photo must be without a hat or glasses. The head should be in an upright position, eyes open, hair combed back so as not to cover the ears. As a rule, two chest photographs of the face are taken (full face and right profile). Sometimes (for identification purposes) additional left half-profile and full-length photographs are taken. Photos are printed at 1/7 life size. To do this, when taking a full-face photograph, the distance between the pupils of the eyes should be 1 cm. The remaining photographs are taken on the same scale.
2.2.2 Forensic photography
Photography is widely used in almost all investigative actions. Tactics, procedural order and the purpose of the investigative action predetermine the features of photography methods and techniques.
In the process of examining the scene of the incident, taking into account the tasks of each stage of this investigative action, it is necessary to record the general appearance of the situation surrounding the scene of the incident, the scene itself, the traces and objects found on it that are causally related to the crime event.
A.I. paid a lot of attention to forensic photography during the inspection of the crime scene in his research and recommendations. Dvorkin in the practical manual "Inspection of the scene of the incident."
According to his research, photographing the scene of the incident is necessary to capture:
1) a general picture of the situation at the scene of the incident;
2) relative position of objects;
3) individual objects and traces related to the crime and their signs.
Performing these tasks contributes to the objective recording of the scene of the incident, therefore, if necessary, using key and detailed photographs, you can study the elements of the situation at the scene in more detail, and with the help of overview photographs, you can more accurately Inspect the scene of the incident: A practical guide / Ed. A.I. Dvorkin.- M.: Lawyer, 2001. P. 18-26. reconstruct the situation at the scene of the incident that existed at the time of the inspection.
For this purpose, orientation, survey, nodal and detailed surveys are used, respectively. At the same time, detailed photography of individual objects and traces is particularly difficult, since its goal is to capture not only the general appearance of the objects being photographed, but also the characteristics that individualize them. Objects and traces should at least be recognizable from their photographs.
This is achieved:
1. Pre-processing of photographed objects in order to enhance the contrast of their features. For example, invisible or faintly visible handprints are processed with fingerprint powders or chemical reagents; shoe marks in the snow are pollinated with graphite powder; Marking data on a firearm (number, model, year of manufacture, etc.) is highlighted with powders that contrast against the background of the object being photographed, etc.
2. Appropriate shooting methods and techniques are selected. For example, car tread marks and shoe tracks are filmed using the linear panorama method; traces of burglary tools - macro photography method, etc. If the tracks are significant in length, their most informative sections are selected for surveying; break-ins of barriers are photographed from two opposite sides and always with scale, etc.
Filming of the corpse at the place of its discovery is carried out from three points: from the sides and from above. It is important to record, first of all, his appearance and pose. If a dismembered corpse is discovered, each of its parts is photographed at the site of its discovery. Then photographs are taken of all parts of the corpse assembled into a single whole. Detailed photography of wounds on the body of the corpse, damage to clothing, etc. objects are produced to scale, and, if necessary, using color photographic materials.
Photography during the examination of living persons is aimed at recording traces of a crime, special signs, tattoos, etc. on their body.
Photography during a search is carried out in order to capture the situation, process and results of this investigative action. When the desired objects are discovered during a search, they are photographed sequentially: the place of their discovery, the process of removal from a shelter or hiding place, their general appearance and individual characteristics. The image scale is determined taking into account the size of the objects being photographed.
Items that cannot be stored in a criminal case must be photographed: ammunition, explosives, pesticides, etc.
Taking photographs when presented for identification is aimed at visually recording the objects of identification (living persons, animals, individual objects, etc.), the process and results of this investigative action. The objects of identification are first photographed together in close-up. The identified object is photographed separately according to the rules of detailed or, if a face was identified, signal photography.
In cases where the identifier drew attention to special features of the identified person (tattoos, scars, birthmarks, etc.), they are indicated on the photograph with arrows, and, if necessary, photographed separately.
Photography during an investigative experiment has the goal of capturing the most important stages and results of experiments carried out as part of this investigative action. The type and objectives of the experiment determine the features of photography.
Photography when checking testimony on the spot is carried out in order to record the route of movement of the participants in this investigative action and the situation indicated by the person whose testimony is being checked. As a rule, survey photography is carried out along the route of movement - from behind or from the side along the path of the participants in the investigative action.
If the verification of evidence is carried out at the scene of the incident, then photography must be carried out from the same points as during the inspection of the scene of the incident. This rule should be observed when checking the testimony of several persons at the same place. This increases the visibility of photographs and enhances their evidentiary value.
2.2.3 Features of photography during individual investigative actions
Forensic photography is widely used in forensic examinations and preliminary research. With its help the following tasks are solved:
Recording objects of research or their fragments with significant magnification, which allows you to more expressively and clearly show their particular characteristics;
Identification and recording of weakly visible or invisible to the naked eye signs of objects under study.
The resulting photographs are also used to illustrate the process and results of examinations and research.
Forensic photographic studies are carried out using special methods: micro- and macrophotography, contrast and color separation photography, photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum (in infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays), including using the luminescence effect, etc.
When conducting examinations and research, methods of capturing photography are also widely used (photographing a general view of the objects under study, making photographic reproductions of the documents under study, etc.).
Microphotography, as its name suggests, is done using a microscope. Microphotography records features and details of the object under study with a magnification of over 10x, i.e. practically indistinguishable to the naked eye. This method is used in the study of microtraces, microparticles, fibers and other microobjects. With its help, identification and diagnostic problems are solved. For microphotography, photographic equipment, a microscope and lighting are used. The camera is connected to the microscope using a special coupling. In expert practice, depending on the objects of study, biological, metallographic, textile and other microscopes are used for this purpose. In this case, special microphoto attachments are often used, which are mounted on the microscope tube.
Contrasting and color-separating photography is used to identify and record low-visibility, etched, faded, filled-in, erased texts, hard-to-see traces of hands, shoes, burglary tools, gunshot marks, images on faded photographs, etc. In this case, mainly conventional photographic equipment is used, but with the use of specially developed lighting methods and shooting techniques, as well as processing photographic materials.
Color separation photography allows you to enhance the brightness (optical density) of color differences in the details of the subject in a photographic image. Such photography is widely used to restore texts filled with dyes, establish the facts of addition or correction of document texts, differentiate dyes, and detect traces of a close shot.
Photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum has a number of varieties. Infrared photography is widely used in forensic science to study traces of a close shot, documents, etc. objects. Ultraviolet photography is carried out to identify etched, faded and faded texts made with iron-gallon or sympathetic ink, to differentiate glass, glass products, as well as jewelry made from transparent minerals, traces of fuels and lubricants, blood, saliva and other human secretions body. Photography in X-rays, gamma rays and beta rays is carried out without a camera, using special installations that generate these rays, which have high penetrating power.
3. Preparation of forensic photographs
Doctor of Law, Professor N.P. Yablokov in his textbook “Forensic Science” devotes an entire chapter to the above issue - “Procedural and forensic design of the use of forensic photography, video and sound recording.” In his opinion, the results of forensic photography, video and sound recordings can be fully used in the investigation process only with proper procedural and forensic design. Forensics: Textbook / Ed. N.P. Yablokova - M: Yurist, 2005. P. 203-228.
The final part of the investigative report or the research part of the expert’s report must indicate:
a) what object was photographed;
b) what method and method of shooting;
c) where (from what place) the filming was made (during the investigative action);
d) who conducted it (investigator, specialist, expert);
e) shooting conditions (for example, camera model, type of negative material and its characteristics, nature of lighting, aperture, exposure, whether a filter was used).
Their purpose is to clearly and consistently show the facts revealed as a result of investigative actions.
Photo tables are prepared by the person who took the photo.
The resulting photo prints are pasted onto special tables or sheets of white thick paper. At the top of the table (or sheet) it is indicated which protocol of investigative action or which expert opinion they are attached to.
The captions under the photographs should reveal their content, specify the subject and location of the shooting.
Under each photograph there is a number (corresponding to their numbering in the protocol, conclusion) and an explanatory inscription is given. If any markings are made on the photographs (arrows mark matching features, show the location of the object), then exactly the same photographs without markings (control photographic prints) should be placed in the table. The photographs attached to the protocol are sealed by the investigator.
The photographs in the photo tables attached to the expert’s conclusion are sealed with the seal of the expert institution. In this case, part of the seal impression must be on the photograph, and part - on paper.
Photographs attached to the protocols are signed by the investigator, the specialist (if the photographs were taken by him) and, as far as possible, by attesting witnesses. Photographs attached to the expert's report are signed by the expert.
On the last sheet of the photo table, an envelope is pasted into which the negatives are placed, and, if necessary, control photographs. The envelope is sealed.
Conclusion
As a result of my research on the above topic, a number of conclusions can be drawn:
Currently, photography occupies a prominent place in the work of law enforcement agencies and is widely used as a means of recording evidentiary information during investigative actions.
The subject of forensic photography is the photographic methods and techniques used to discover, record and examine forensic evidence. Methods in forensic photography are divided into capturing and research. The first are used to fix objects visible to the eye without the use of special devices. The second ones are mainly for identifying and fixing details, color and brightness differences that are invisible to the eye under normal conditions.
Using imprinting methods, it is possible to record the progress and results of investigative actions, the general appearance of forensic objects, reproduce, obtain stereoscopic images, including initial images for subsequent photogrammetry. Research methods used primarily in forensic examinations include color separation and contrast photography, photography in invisible regions of the spectrum, registration of luminescence radiation, and microphotography.
When working with digital images, new image processing capabilities emerge and photographic studies can be completed in a short time. The advent of digital photography is associated with a qualitatively new stage in the development of means of capturing information, including in forensic science. The advent of digital cameras with an electronic light-receiving surface opens up wide opportunities for converting images of captured objects into a form convenient for computer processing and obtaining their copies (prints) on a wide range of media: hard drive, CD, thermal paper, writing paper. Images recorded electronically can be stored for a long time, and with automated retrieval systems, locating them will take little time in the archive.
In forensic science, the following main types of forensic photography are distinguished, used to obtain a complete and visual representation of the features of the objects being photographed and their relative positions: orienting, overview, nodal, detailed. The use of various types of photography allows you to systematize the material captured in the photographs and reveal its content in a logical sequence from the general to the specific.
The practical significance of forensic photography is extremely great. It serves as the main means of capturing the appearance of a wide variety of objects that have evidentiary value in criminal cases, their characteristics, and in some cases, their properties. Photographs can serve not only as illustrative material, but also as a source of evidence, a means for searching and identifying various objects.
Images obtained during investigative actions and forensic examinations have the status of attachments to the relevant procedural documents.
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