China, the world's largest country in terms of population, is becoming an increasingly attractive destination for foreign migrants. If previously the Chinese went in search of a better life to the USA and Russia, to the countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America, now people from other countries are going to China. And this is quite understandable: the Chinese economy is one of the strongest in the world, and China has great potential in the fields of education, science and culture. Despite the uneven distribution of the population in China itself, large Chinese cities located in the east of the country are faced not only with an influx of immigrants from the backward interior regions of the country, but also with an increase in the number of foreigners.

Becoming a citizen of China is very difficult - to do this you need to make a big contribution to the development of the economy, science or culture of China. And there is no point in getting a Chinese passport for those who want to maintain maximum freedom of movement. It is much more difficult for a Chinese citizen to leave China than for a foreigner to enter China. At the same time, China has created fairly good conditions to attract foreigners, be they students and scientists or businessmen and skilled workers. However, now on the streets of Chinese cities there are plenty of marginal migrants familiar to the European gaze, who are employed in unskilled labor or do not work at all, but survive on some dubious earnings.

In the first half of the twentieth century, one of the largest groups of foreign migrants who moved to China were our compatriots. There is a large amount of literature about Russian emigration in China - scientific, artistic, and journalistic. The centers of Russian emigration were Harbin and Shanghai. All kinds of Russian cultural and educational societies, political organizations, and even Cossack organizations with a military hierarchy operated in China. By 1930, there were 125 thousand Russians in China, 110 thousand of whom lived in Manchuria. But by 1953, the Russian population in China had dropped to 23 thousand people. Most Russian emigrants left for the USA, Australia, Canada, and Latin American countries. In 1954-1961. A centralized repatriation of the Russian population of Manchuria to the Soviet Union was organized. About 20 thousand Russians returned to their homeland from Harbin and nearby areas alone. The census conducted in 1982 showed that at that time there were 2,933 Russians left in the PRC.

In recent years, there has been a new surge of Russian emigration to China. First of all, students, businessmen and qualified specialists go to China. Despite the fact that it is almost impossible to obtain Chinese citizenship in China, the country has very cheap housing by Russian standards. The same can be said about food products and many household services to the population. This attracts Russians, especially residents of the Far East. Among them are many pensioners, for whom living in China, oddly enough, is cheaper than at home. Pensioners are also attracted by the opportunity to receive qualified medical care in China, which is also cheaper than in commercial clinics in Russia. Her one category is Russian spouses of Chinese citizens. As a rule, these are women married to Chinese citizens.

In addition, the developing Chinese economy is in need of qualified specialists of various profiles, and they are willing to pay them well - often significantly more than they could receive at home. Of course, we are talking about real specialists - programmers, engineers, teachers. The main thing that is required is knowledge of English and, preferably, the basics of Chinese for everyday communication. It is no coincidence that Chinese language courses are being opened in many Russian cities, and specialists with knowledge of it are widely in demand in many companies.
It is interesting that, while absorbing qualified personnel, China does not stop supplying its own migrants to Russia - as a rule, these are people without education or qualifications who work in trade, agriculture or heavy physical labor. It is interesting that in China they are unclaimed due to lack of qualifications, but in Russia they can quite get a decent job, and if we talk about traders, they can even get rich.

Another large group of migrants from the former Soviet Union are immigrants from the Central Asian republics. Let's start with the fact that China has its own Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Tajiks, so it is to some extent even easier for immigrants from the Central Asian republics to adapt to life in China. Another thing is that we are talking, first of all, about representatives of the educated part of the population of the Central Asian republics, “children of the elite” and businessmen. There are enough unskilled workers in China, so there is no need for visiting janitors and construction laborers. But this does not mean that Central Asians of all genders and ages do not go to China. Many of them have long been accustomed to working as shuttle traders, transporting cheap goods from China to the markets of the Central Asian republics. China also receives large numbers of visitors from neighboring Mongolia, as well as North Korea.

The development of economic and political ties between China and African countries, which began in the 1960s and 1970s, led to the emergence of diasporas of people from African countries in the PRC. Today, Africans on the streets of Shanghai or Guangzhou will surprise no one, just like Chinese engineers or workers at industrial sites in the countries of the African continent. China gained access to the most valuable natural resources in many African countries, and in return provided significant loans to African governments and companies and wrote off the debts of the poorest African countries. Today, Chinese builders and specialists in various industries are going to Africa to work, and citizens of African states are moving to China en masse.

Initially, immigrants from African countries were represented in China, primarily by students receiving education in Chinese universities. Then entrepreneurs arrived, and then people without specific occupations. Most Africans are in China temporarily - among them there are many “shuttle traders” who come to buy goods and go back to Africa. For African entrepreneurs, China is an incredible storehouse of cheap goods that can be taken home and sold there at exorbitant prices.

The most “African” city in China is Guangzhou, fortunately it is located in the south of the country, where the climate is much milder than in the north. The African diaspora in Guangzhou numbers at least 300 thousand people, and every year the number of the diaspora increases by another 30% - due to newly arriving migrants. Areas densely populated by Africans in Guangzhou are called “Chocolate City,” and Africans themselves feel very at ease in this southern Chinese trading city. Sometimes they even lose their sense of reality and begin to behave in China in a completely different way than when visiting. Thus, in June 2012, Africans organized mass riots in Guangzhou. The reason for them was the death in the police station of a detained native of Nigeria. Naturally, such impudent behavior of migrant youth did not at all contribute to strengthening the trust of the Chinese in visitors from Africa. Many indigenous people view African migrants with some caution, and this attitude is reinforced by numerous rumors about the increased criminalization of African diasporas.

Although among the visiting Africans there are many students and entrepreneurs engaged in honest business, the impression of the morals of the diaspora is formed by looking at its most visible part - and these, as a rule, are street vendors and loafers, conspicuous by their noisy behavior. Among Africans in Guangzhou there are many illegal migrants whose documents have long expired, but out of fear of the police they prefer not to change them. Illegal migrants join the ranks of the marginal and semi-criminal layers, among them there are many prostitutes and drug dealers, which also cannot be welcomed by the local population. At the same time, many guests from Africa emphasize that they have never encountered a negative attitude from the Chinese. Residents of China are generally very friendly towards foreigners - but until the foreigners cross certain boundaries and begin to annoy the Chinese with their behavior.

Africans are perceived by the Chinese by analogy with their own Chinese migrants from villages - as unmodern and poorly educated people, who also do not want to learn Chinese. Let's be fair - most “Chinese Africans” are to blame for their situation. Only no more than 10-15% of the African diaspora have achieved relative success, primarily as entrepreneurs. The rest of the Africans are engaged in unskilled labor, working, as a rule, for their own fellow countrymen. They live in isolation, forming African enclaves. Visitors do not like to communicate with the Chinese outside of business contacts, although there are also African-Chinese marriages. Reluctance to integrate into the host society leads to numerous conflict situations between visitors and local residents, and to accidents while fleeing from the police.

There are quite numerous groups of migrants from the countries of South and Southeast Asia in China - Indians, Bangladeshis, Vietnamese, Thais, Cambodians. But if people from Southeast Asian countries are similar in mentality and are not very conspicuous, then Indians and Bangladeshis attract attention, as do African migrants. People from India and Bangladesh come to China to work in factories and agriculture. If earlier the Chinese themselves - workers and peasants - were considered cheap labor, it turned out that Indians and Bangladeshis are generally ready to work practically for free - as long as they feed them. Now even low-income Chinese peasant families in the southern provinces hire Indian and Bangladeshi migrant workers, not to mention businesses that are also very happy with free labor from South Asia.

People from the countries of the Arab East are not welcome in China - with the beginning of the destabilization of the political situation in the countries of North Africa and Mesopotamia, Egyptian, Libyan, Syrian and Iraqi migrants who prefer to call themselves “refugees” even reached the Celestial Empire. Unlike immigrants from South Asian countries, Arab migrants do not intend to work for pennies in factories or agriculture, but prefer to engage in trade. Some of them, especially young people, are looking for work in the semi-criminal sphere, which is approximately the same as in Europe - drug trafficking, organizing dens for prostitution. Although, of course, among the visitors from the Middle Eastern countries there are also specialists who were simply forced to leave their countries, fleeing wars and riots.

China takes migrants from Arab countries especially seriously. The fact is that the problem of Uighur separatism is very acute in China. The Uyghurs, a large Turkic-speaking people professing Sunni Islam, inhabit East Turkestan, which is now called the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Supporters of the national independence of East Turkestan appeal to the centuries-old traditions of Uyghur statehood, the cultural and religious differences of the Uyghurs and other Muslims of the XUAR from the rest of the Chinese population. In turn, religious fundamentalist foundations and organizations from Turkey and Arab countries view the Uighur population of China as fertile ground for promoting their ideas. Therefore, the Chinese authorities are concerned that emissaries of radical organizations from Middle Eastern countries may enter the country under the guise of students or traders.

As in European countries, in China the police periodically carry out raids on the places of work and residence of illegal migrants. Only the Chinese police act much more harshly than their European colleagues. On average, Chinese law enforcement agencies deport up to 200 thousand people from the country every year. There is a practice of financial rewards for Chinese who inform the police about the whereabouts of illegal migrants. In addition, the Chinese authorities are strengthening border controls on the borders with North Korea and Vietnam, from where a large number of illegal migrants also enter. But tough measures do not become a significant obstacle on the path of illegal immigrants - their number is also increasing every year.

At the same time, we should not forget that, while fighting illegal immigration, the Chinese authorities welcome foreigners - investors and qualified specialists who make a significant contribution to the development of the Chinese economy. The birth control policy implemented in China over the past decades, combined with rising living standards and life expectancy, has led to the aging of the country's population. This problem especially affects the educated segments of the population, who are the main supplier of labor resources for knowledge-intensive industries. Therefore, attracting highly qualified foreign specialists becomes completely justified for China.

From 2020-2050 forecast

Figure 10. China's population by age group, 1953-2000 and forecast

Sources: W. Canping, Aging China (1991), China Population Today: Special Issue
Aging 15 (1998): 18-23, and tables with the 2000 China Census.

For many centuries until the middle of the 19th century. External migrations did not play a significant role in the change in China's population; the resettlement of Chinese people was insignificant. Currently, it is difficult to determine the volume of emigration from China in the past due to the lack of necessary statistics and the large number of illegal migrants.

There are also disagreements regarding the total number of Chinese now living abroad - estimates vary from 17 to 60 million people. According to S.I. Brook in 1978 the number of Chinese abroad was 23.8 million. Human.

Currently, the Chinese live in more than 70 countries around the world, but their distribution across countries is uneven. Traditionally, Chinese emigration was directed to the countries of Southeast Asia, where 76% of the Chinese diaspora is now concentrated. In Singapore, the Chinese make up more than 70% of the population, in Malaysia - 34%, in the rest of the countries of Southeast Asia they are the leading national minorities.

Despite China's migration policy aimed at reducing the flow of migrants from China, this country still remains the main source of migrants in the world. China ranks 4th in terms of emigration in the world, about 8,300 million. people of Chinese origin live outside of China (as of 2010). This figure includes about 3 million people born in China but living in Hong Kong and Macau.
Until the 1960s, China was characterized by a high birth rate, which gave rise to the so-called “surplus” population. This population left the country in search of work in Southeast Asian countries. Since the mid-1960s - and especially after the economic reforms of 1979 - skilled workers and educated Chinese began to migrate to Western countries in North America, Europe and Australia.

Today the situation has changed somewhat. China is still the source of the world's largest number of migrants, but new immigration trends are emerging due to the country's economic and demographic changes. China is currently experiencing one of the most robust periods of economic development in its history, driven by population growth rates and low birth rates.
The use of cheap labor from neighboring countries is constantly increasing. Illegal workers from Vietnam will work for half the price of a Chinese worker, but their wages will be higher than if they worked in Vietnam. This immigration occurs only along China's southern border. Migrants come from the Korean Peninsula: legally, at the request of entrepreneurs and industrial enterprises in northern cities, and illegally - irregular flows of refugees from North Korea. In terms of legal migration, China is South Korea's largest trading partner, so "Koreatowns" have appeared in Beijing, Shenyang, Qingdao, Shanghai and Weihai. The largest of them is the Wanjing district in Beijing, where about 1/3 of the population (100 thousand people) come from Korea. According to official data, most immigrants came to China for employment purposes. More than half a million people are employees of joint ventures or entirely foreign firms. Most likely, most of them were migrants from developed countries in Europe, North America, and Australia. In 2007 About 20 thousand migrants from Africa were registered in southern China. The largest share of African migrants comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and Mali.

In addition to the immigration of foreign workers, China is also experiencing an increase in the number of migrants entering the country for study purposes. China is attractive for international students. So in 2009, 238,184 foreign students arrived to study. China is ahead of Australia and Canada in this indicator. More than ¼ of the students are from South Korea (7.8%) and the USA (6.5%). Recently, the flow of migrants to Western Europe has increased. According to official data, the number of Chinese in Europe varies greatly due to the phenomenon of illegal migration. In 2010 According to various sources, migration to Europe ranged from 200 thousand to 1 million. Human. In just 10 years (from 2000 to 2010), the number of Chinese residents in Italy doubled and in Spain 6 times. Moreover, unskilled workers are sent to Europe. A huge number of Chinese travel to Japan and the Russian Far East.

Another, more significant place for the migration of the Chinese population has always been and remains Africa. China is the leading trading partner on the African continent, and the recent increase in migration reflects China's growing influence in Africa's economic sector. An estimate of the number of Chinese migrants on the African continent ranges from 270 thousand to 750 thousand (with 1/3 in South Africa).

The movement of unskilled workers on short-term labor contracts still exists. In 2010 about 460 thousand workers from China arrived abroad under employment contracts. Over the past 30 years, the Chinese have worked in more than 180 countries around the world on contracts worth approximately $1,420 billion. Most of these contracts are in East Asia and the Middle East.

I would also like to say something about migration flows to Russia. Currently, Chinese immigration to Russia is dominated by labor, commercial and educational migrants. However, Chinese migration is “hidden” from statistical observation and occurs under the guise of migration for business, private and tourist purposes. Border statistics show that when entering Russia, Chinese citizens mainly declare three purposes - private, business and tourism. Every third migrant calls himself a tourist or indicates a business purpose for his visit. Although in fact, a significant part of Chinese migrants go to Russia for commercial, labor and educational purposes. Many "tourists" are actually engaged in commercial activities or work in various sectors of the economy. The share of Chinese who indicate entry to permanent residence is tiny - no more than 0.1%. According to statistics, the number of migrants arriving for permanent residence from China not only did not increase during the 2000s, but even decreased significantly to 400-500 people per year. In 2005, there was a complete migration decline in the population in the exchange between Russia and China, i.e. More migrants went to China than came to Russia.

During 1994-2006. The FMS has issued 4.8 million permits for the right to attract labor migrants to Russia from various countries. 580 thousand permits were issued to Chinese citizens, which is 12% of all work permits in the Russian Federation. If we consider the share of the Chinese against the backdrop of non-CIS countries, their share increases to 25%. Thus, every fourth labor migrant in Russia from non-CIS countries arrived from China. In 2006, more than 210 thousand Chinese citizens received official permission to work in Russia, which is about 21% of the total labor force from abroad. According to data on the dynamics and movement of labor resources, in 2006, about 110 thousand Chinese labor migrants arrived to work in Russia, and approximately 114 thousand people left.

on the number of educational migrants (students, graduate students and doctoral students) from China. In Russia, this information is collected by the Ministry of Education and Science based on the reporting of the country's universities. According to these data, Chinese students are the largest group of foreign educational migrants in Russia. In 2006-2007 About 14 thousand Chinese students studied in the country, which is about 15% of the total number of foreign educational migrants. Compared to the 2003/2004 academic year, the number of Chinese students increased by 5.7 thousand people. Educational migration is of great importance for China. Over the past 25 years since the opening of Chinese borders, the number of Chinese who went to study abroad has amounted to more than 580 thousand people. About ¼ of the students returned to China after studying, becoming managers of international corporations, residents of the Chinese “silicon valley” of Zhongguancun near Beijing and owners of their own businesses. The productivity of the 5 thousand enterprises they founded is more than 10 billion yuan (1.21 billion dollars) per year. The number of study migrants returning to China from abroad is growing rapidly. In 2002 there were almost 18 thousand of them - twice as many as in 2000. According to Chinese sources, the number of students in foreign universities in 2004 was 343.1 thousand people (this is about 0.3% of the total number of students in China. One of the main aspects of Chinese migration remains the number of people entering and leaving the country illegally, so-called “illegal migrants.” In 1993, 10 Chinese died trying to reach the shores of New York on their own; in 2000, 58 Chinese died in a cargo container on the way to England.
Most illegal immigrants are men, although some women are also found. Most of the migrants are residents of Fujian Province. Paradoxically, Fujian is one of the richest provinces in China. Its openness to the outside world, as well as the ability of residents to pay significant fees to smugglers, contributed to the development of illegal migration.
Now the routes of illegal immigrants are shifting from North America to Europe and Japan. This may be due to increased surveillance at US borders (especially after the September 11 tragedy), as well as an agreement between the Chinese and American governments. Europe and Japan also need to tighten their immigration policies to cope with the number of immigrants they are currently receiving.

Chinese migration to Russia has become a subject of growing public interest since the mid-1990s. From the very beginning, this issue turned out to be extremely “charged” both politically and emotionally. Through stories and discussions about the “Chinese coming to Russia,” the most acute and controversial views of domestic and foreign authors were expressed on the historical prospects of our country in connection with the future development of its relations with China, on the reality of the “yellow danger” and “demographic expansion” from the eastern neighbor, on the need for Russia to finally make the “inevitable choice” between Westernism and Eurasianism.

The official position of the Russian leadership in relation to the phenomenon of Chinese migration currently appears as follows. Based on the interests of strengthening Russian-Chinese relations, the Kremlin prefers not to highlight the problem of Chinese migrants and not to support the passions around it that periodically flare up in the Russian media. At the same time, during contacts with the top Chinese leadership, the Russian side regularly brought to the attention of Beijing its concerns on this issue in a correct manner and expressed its readiness to find mutually acceptable solutions here.

V.G. Gelbras (Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University) believes that Chinese migrants must be offered “humane conditions of existence” and at the same time prevent the formation of territorial enclaves with a Chinese ethnic majority in Russia.

A.G. Larin (Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) assesses the problem of Chinese migrants in modern Russia as a phenomenon whose significance will “increase every year”

According to V.L. Larin, who regularly criticizes Moscow, i.e. The federal center, for the lack of a clear policy in relation to both the Far East and China, the problem of Chinese migration has been turned by some politicians into “a way to distract the population from searching for the true culprits of the critical state of the economy in the Far East.”

Zh.A. Zayonchkovskaya (Institute of National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences) considers Chinese immigration to Russia one of the most natural ways to at least partially compensate for the growing depopulation in the country (the UN predicts a reduction in the population of Russia from the current 145 million people to 138 million by 2025. , and this is the most optimistic forecast of all available). According to Zh.A. Zayonchkovskaya, by the middle of the 21st century, the number of Chinese in Russia could reach 7-10 million people, and in this case they will become the second largest nation in our country after the Russians.

Some Russian political scientists view Chinese migration, especially in the future, as a direct threat to national interests and territorial integrity itself. The Russian factor leading to a change in the global balance of power in favor of China.

Assessing the trends and prospects of migration processes in the Far East, President V.V. Putin, during his stay in Blagoveshchensk, made a significant statement: “If we do not make real efforts to develop the Far East in the near future, then in a few decades the Russian population will mainly speak Japanese, Chinese and Korean.”

Chinese migration to Russia

Russian researcher P.Ya. Baklanov believes that “in general, the line of safe migration is in the range of up to 5 million people. If the total volume of migrants exceeds the size of the permanent population of the border region, then perhaps a change in the status of this indigenous population and a sharp increase in the ethnic community of the population on both sides of the border ".

The famous businessman B. Berezovsky in his “Manifesto of Russian Liberalism” uses the ideas of Professor Rakitsky: “Of course, sooner or later Siberia will be filled with Chinese! The question is not this, but whether they will be Russians or not. It depends on us. If The Chinese will live better in Russia than in China - that’s okay. It’s just that Russian citizens of Chinese nationality will serve in our army.”

Concept of Professor L.L. Rybakovsky (Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences) provides for the maximum mobilization of such migration potential, which, while reviving economic life in the Far East, would at the same time have a loyal attitude towards the Russian state.

Alexander Khramchikhin believes that the scale of Chinese migration to Russia is greatly exaggerated by the current eschatological Russian consciousness. Which, however, is not surprising - the attitude towards the Chinese as a threat is typical throughout the entire Christian world, and in Russia it is reinforced by numerous subjective factors. However, you should still face the truth - at the moment there are not millions of them in our country, but several hundred thousand. Moreover, most of them live not in the Far East, but in Moscow - whoever doesn’t believe it, let them go to the Cherkizovsky market (this is the “new AST”). And who hasn’t been there, take my word for it - next to us, within Moscow, there is a huge separate city, the official languages ​​of communication of which are Chinese and Azerbaijani, whose population exceeds the population of the average Russian city several times and which supplies both Russia and the CIS countries almost all consumer goods (in the literal sense of the word)

The President of the Academy of Social Sciences of Heilongjiang Province, Qu Wei, at one of the joint bilateral conferences, expressing his readiness to send an almost unlimited number of Chinese workers to the Far East, argued: “Russia needs not tens or hundreds of thousands, but millions of Chinese workers in the interests of developing its economy "It is proposed that the Russian government put on the agenda the issue of adopting policies that encourage the arrival of Chinese labor in Russia, creating a favorable attitude among the public towards the appearance of Chinese labor in the Russian market."

“Izmailovo boss” Wen Jinhua, for example, very calmly and soberly analyzes the reasons for the spread of fears in Russia about “Chinese demographic expansion” and the “yellow peril.” Wen, first of all, quite reasonably refutes the panicky information about “millions of Chinese” who have allegedly already flooded the Russian Far East. He emphasizes that Russia has historically never been a country of emigrants, and many areas bordering China in recent decades have been generally closed to foreigners. The appearance of at least a certain number of Chinese there could not but cause concern among local residents who were psychologically unprepared for this. The matter is aggravated by the fact that behind the Chinese there is a rapidly developing neighboring state, and Russia itself is now going through far from the best times. Wen Jinhua calls on his compatriots to take all these circumstances into account and to convince Russians by personal example of the possibility and usefulness of establishing friendly ties with the Chinese living in Russia. In general, many “writing” representatives of the Chinese diaspora emphasize that, to a large extent, Russian Chinese should blame themselves for the not very favorable impression that local residents sometimes get from communicating with them.

The most important conclusion that can be drawn now is this: the emergence of the Chinese community in Russia is a fait accompli, a reality of our lives.

Meanwhile, Chinese migration is a factor too important in the economic and political sense for Russia to be left to private interests, be it the interests of large corporations, or officials of any rank, or mafia-entrepreneurial structures connected by shadow relations with Chinese businessmen . Every year the importance of this factor will only increase. The problem of Chinese migration requires constant close attention from the state, which would be able to kindly and at the same time firmly direct its activities in a direction that meets the goals of Russia's revival. Which, in turn, is a necessary condition for the stable development of our relations with the PRC in the spirit of friendship and good neighborliness.

In the processes of self-development and joint respect, the two great neighboring powers continue the path of creative search, getting to know themselves and each other more deeply. As Eastern wisdom testifies, “He who walks masters the road.”

migration Chinese productive Russian

Chinese migration to Russia has become a subject of growing public interest since the mid-1990s. From the very beginning, this issue turned out to be extremely “charged” both politically and emotionally. Through stories and discussions about the “Chinese coming to Russia,” the most acute and controversial views of domestic and foreign authors were expressed on the historical prospects of our country in connection with the future development of its relations with China, on the reality of the “yellow danger” and “demographic expansion” from the eastern neighbor, on the need for Russia to finally make the “inevitable choice” between Westernism and Eurasianism.

Let us try to highlight the views of some Russians and Chinese on this issue.

The official position of the Russian leadership in relation to the phenomenon of Chinese migration currently appears as follows. Based on the interests of strengthening Russian-Chinese relations, the Kremlin prefers not to highlight the problem of Chinese migrants and not to support the passions around it that periodically flare up in the Russian media. At the same time, during contacts with the top Chinese leadership, the Russian side regularly brought to the attention of Beijing its concerns on this issue in a correct manner and expressed its readiness to find mutually acceptable solutions here.

V.G. Gelbras (Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University) believes that Chinese migrants must be offered “human conditions of existence” and at the same time prevent the formation of territorial enclaves with a Chinese ethnic majority in Russia.

A.G. Larin (Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) assesses the problem of Chinese migrants in modern Russia as a phenomenon whose significance will “increase every year.”

According to V.L. Larin, who regularly criticizes Moscow, i.e. The federal center, for the lack of a clear policy in relation to both the Far East and China, the problem of Chinese migration has been turned by some politicians into “a way to distract the population from searching for the true culprits of the critical state of the economy in the Far East.”

Zh.A. Zayonchkovskaya (Institute of National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences) considers Chinese immigration to Russia one of the most natural ways to at least partially compensate for the growing depopulation in the country (the UN predicts a reduction in the population of Russia from the current 145 million people to 138 million by 2025. , and this is the most optimistic forecast of all available). According to Zh.A. Zayonchkovskaya, by the middle of the 21st century, the number of Chinese in Russia could reach 7-10 million people, and in this case they will become the second largest nation in our country after the Russians.

Some Russian political scientists view Chinese migration, especially in the future, as a direct threat to national interests and territorial integrity itself. The Russian factor leading to a change in the global balance of power in favor of China.

Assessing the trends and prospects of migration processes in the Far East, President V.V. Putin, during his stay in Blagoveshchensk, made a significant statement: “If we do not make real efforts to develop the Far East in the near future, then in a few decades the Russian population will mainly speak Japanese, Chinese and Korean.”

Russian researcher P.Ya. Baklanov believes that “in general, the line of safe migration is in the range of up to 5 million people... If the total volume of migrants exceeds the permanent population of the border region, then perhaps a change in the status of this indigenous population and a sharp increase in the ethnic community of the population on both sides of the border "

The famous entrepreneur B. Berezovsky in his “Manifesto of Russian Liberalism” uses the ideas of Professor Rakitsky: “Of course, sooner or later Siberia will be filled with Chinese! The question is not this, but whether they will be Russians or not. It's up to us. If the Chinese live better in Russia than in China, that’s okay. It’s just that Russian citizens of Chinese nationality will serve in our army.”

Concept of Professor L.L. Rybakovsky (Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences) provides for the maximum mobilization of such migration potential, which, while reviving economic life in the Far East, would at the same time have a loyal attitude towards the Russian state.

Alexander Khramchikhin believes that the scale of Chinese migration to Russia is greatly exaggerated by the current eschatological Russian consciousness. Which, however, is not surprising - the attitude towards the Chinese as a threat is typical throughout the entire Christian world, and in Russia it is reinforced by numerous subjective factors. However, you should still face the truth - at the moment there are not millions of them in our country, but several hundred thousand. Moreover, most of them live not in the Far East, but in Moscow - whoever doesn’t believe it, let them go to the Cherkizovsky market (this is the “new AST”). And who hasn’t been there, take my word for it - next to us, within Moscow, there is a huge separate city, the official languages ​​of communication of which are Chinese and Azerbaijani, whose population exceeds the population of the average Russian city several times and which supplies both Russia and the CIS countries almost all consumer goods (in the literal sense of the word)

The President of the Academy of Social Sciences of Heilongjiang Province, Qu Wei, at one of the joint bilateral conferences, expressing his readiness to send an almost unlimited number of Chinese workers to the Far East, argued: “Russia needs not tens or hundreds of thousands, but millions of Chinese workers in the interests of developing its economy . It is proposed that the Russian government put on the agenda the issue of adopting policies that encourage the arrival of Chinese labor in Russia, creating a friendly attitude among the public towards the appearance of Chinese labor in the Russian market.”

“Izmailovo Boss” Wen Jinhua, for example, very calmly and soberly analyzes the reasons for the spread of fears in Russia about “Chinese demographic expansion” and the “yellow peril.” Wen, first of all, quite reasonably refutes the panicky information about “millions of Chinese” who have allegedly already flooded the Russian Far East. He emphasizes that Russia has historically never been a country of emigrants, and many areas bordering China in recent decades have been generally closed to foreigners. The appearance of at least a certain number of Chinese there could not but cause concern among local residents who were psychologically unprepared for this. The matter is aggravated by the fact that behind the Chinese there is a rapidly developing neighboring state, and Russia itself is now going through far from the best times. Wen Jinhua calls on his compatriots to take all these circumstances into account and to convince Russians by personal example of the possibility and usefulness of establishing friendly ties with the Chinese living in Russia. In general, many “writing” representatives of the Chinese diaspora emphasize that, to a large extent, Russian Chinese should blame themselves for the not very favorable impression that local residents sometimes get from communicating with them.

The most important conclusion that can be drawn now is this: the emergence of the Chinese community in Russia is a fait accompli, a reality of our lives.

Meanwhile, Chinese migration is a factor too important in the economic and political sense for Russia to be left to private interests, be it the interests of large corporations, or officials of any rank, or mafia-entrepreneurial structures connected by shadow relations with Chinese businessmen . Every year the importance of this factor will only increase. The problem of Chinese migration requires constant close attention from the state, which would be able to kindly and at the same time firmly direct its activities in a direction that meets the goals of Russia's revival. Which, in turn, is a necessary condition for the stable development of our relations with the PRC in the spirit of friendship and good neighborliness.

In the processes of self-development and joint respect, the two great neighboring powers continue the path of creative search, getting to know themselves and each other more deeply. As Eastern wisdom testifies, “He who walks masters the road.”

A new wave of Chinese migration in the conditions of modern Russia

2. Migration situation in the Trans-Baikal Territory

According to data from the Office of Migration Affairs, the Department of Internal Affairs of the Trans-Baikal Territory has two important features on the territory of the region:

1. The flow of internal migration is directed to the old inhabited areas of the Russian Federation and more prosperous neighboring areas. The reasons for the outflow of population are socio-economic problems. In this regard, migration decline remains characteristic of the region. For this reason, on average, the region's population decreases by 5.4 thousand people every year. At the same time, as happens in times of crisis, all demographic indicators sharply worsened - the birth rate decreased and the mortality rate increased. Over 9 years, from 1993 to 2001, the population of the region decreased by 66.4 thousand people.

2. Over the past few years, the characteristics of the flow of external migration on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Chita region have changed significantly. In terms of direction, the flow goes from countries with a difficult socio-economic situation, regions of national conflicts and wars to the most prosperous countries. In relation to the countries of Middle, Central, Southeast Asia and Transcaucasia, the Russian Federation is a prosperous country. The flow has become significantly more intense, and the ratio of foreign citizens entering on visas and visa-free tourist exchanges has changed in the structure. The share of Chinese citizens among migrants from non-CIS countries is 98.7%.

Several thousand citizens from the CIS countries arrive in the region every year, most of whom are engaged in illegal labor activities.

As for the entire country, there is no exact data on the dynamics of the number of Chinese citizens arriving in Transbaikalia. Before 1995, as now, the authorities largely did not control the situation. Regional authorities determined the number of Chinese - in 2000, 167,474 Chinese citizens entered through checkpoints on the Chita section of the state border; in 2001 - 123,683 Chinese citizens, while the number of citizens passing immigration control decreased by 12.4%; in 2003 - 93,156 citizens of the People's Republic of China. In general, of the foreign citizens who passed immigration control, 70.9% entered Russia for commercial and business purposes. Part (62%) of the migration flow from the PRC is of a “pendulum” nature, since the majority of citizens of this country do not go to the place indicated on the visa, but make daily trips from the PRC to Russia (Zabaikalsk and back) in order to organize the delivery of goods .

The following statistics according to the UVEMS administration of the Chita region indicate a trend of increasing the number of citizens crossing the Russian-Chinese border.

SUMMARY TABLE

passage of citizens through checkpoints located on the territory of the Chita region for the period 1998-2001.

Of the foreign tourists received in the Chita region, residents of China predominate - 96.9%.

Analysis of data from the computer system of the Zabaikalsk immigration control post shows that invitations for Chinese citizens were mainly issued by organizations and individuals in other regions of Russia. With the existing control system at the state border and the territory of the country, the entry of foreign citizens on commercial and business visas becomes a more convenient way of legalization on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Chita region. When crossing the state border, this category of foreign citizens is practically not checked to determine whether the stated purposes of entry correspond to the actual ones. Most Chinese citizens come to Chita as shuttle workers and guest workers for a short period of time. Thus, most of the commuter migrants pave the way for the formation of a permanent community. The ways for this are very diverse: buying and leasing real estate, creating mixed enterprises with numerous and purely Chinese personnel. In addition to this, studying in higher and secondary educational institutions, working under conditions unacceptable for the local population, mixed marriages, illegal stay. Chinese citizens violate their terms of stay and change their status without permission, which leads to an exacerbation of the problems of illegal migration.

As for Chinese students, their goals are heterogeneous, only 20% of them strive to get an education, while for the rest the main thing is to learn the language. An analysis of their educational activities shows that they persistently master the Russian language, are interested in history and do not hide their desire to stay in Chita for a long time.

Obviously, it is the graduates of our educational institutions that will become an important part of the emerging Chinese communities, their elite. As for the Chinese "shuttles", according to the leaders of the East Siberian Department, the Chinese merchant acts like this: he imports a consignment of goods, sells it himself or through an intermediary, takes the proceeds to the "underground Chinese bank", where he receives a receipt, on the basis of which he receives a receipt, on the basis of which it receives the equivalent in yuan in China. Rubles are used to purchase raw materials and real estate, but most often they are converted into dollars for illegal export.

An important area of ​​economic activity for the Chinese is guest labor. The first mention of the use of Chinese labor in agriculture dates back to 1989. They grew early fruits and vegetables, which were in great demand. Now vegetables are grown by a few Chinese vegetable growers. They are mainly imported from the Chita wholesale markets at very reasonable prices.

Economic growth, increased business activity in the region, the development of foreign economic relations and increased control over the assignment of foreign workers have led to an increase in the volume of international labor exchange. Since 1993, there has been an increase in the number of foreign labor attracted: 1999 - 1444 people, 2000 - 2056, 2001 - 2494 foreign workers, more than half of them are Chinese citizens.

The use of foreign workers by sector of the regional economy looks like this:

construction - 41.4%;

forestry - 24.9%;

industry - 17.9;

trade and catering - 4.6%;

agriculture - 2.9%;

housing and communal services - 2.5%;

others - 2.8%.

As for Chinese workers at the present time, they are in demand; representatives of such professions as builders, vegetable growers, and cooks bring only benefits to our city, and therefore our state needs to develop a long-term policy that would make it possible to optimally use the activities of the Chinese in Russia in mutual interests, which contributed to would strengthen good neighborly relations with the PRC.

Program cooperation between Transbaikalia and the provinces of the PRC has favorable prospects for giving them new dynamics and quality of development.

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