The most dangerous are utility accidents. Abstract of an accident in public utilities

Topic 6. Accidents on utility power systems
6.1. Utility and energy system. Main causes of accidents.

According to the classification of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and the Moscow Institute of Fire Safety, communal energy systems belong to the 5th grade according tomain type of danger. These include:

1. Centralized water supply systems;

2. Centralized gas supply systems;

3. District heating systems;

4. Centralized power supply systems;

5. Sewage systems.
Utility and energy system occupies one of the main places in the fuel and energy structure of our country. This sector accounts for about one third of all thermal energy generated in the country, as well as about 13% of all electrical energy. All this energy is, to one degree or another, consumed by the systems for maintaining and operating power supply, heat supply and lighting enterprises in populated areas, as well as the water supply system.

The ultimate goal of the consumer's energy supply system is the constant and uninterrupted recreation of the natural human habitat. This includes hot water supply for residential premises, heating, and lighting.

The division of energy into “big energy” and “industrial” also involves the separation of such a type as utility. In fact, this division is very arbitrary, since the whole difference consists only in the parameters and scale of reproduction of such energy, the status of the state hierarchy and industry affiliation.

The utility sector produces the overwhelming share of thermal energy from its own sources. At the same time, the functioning of all elements is carried out on the basis of a rather modest potential of energy carriers - their average temperatures are 350 0 C, pressure 3 MPa, voltage up to 35 kW. Also, municipal energy has a rather important social burden, because it provides effective service to the end consumer - the population located in residential neighborhoods, residential and public buildings, and rural settlements.

In the field of housing and communal services today, about 4,200 municipal energy enterprises are involved, operating about 2,370 water supply and 1,050 sewerage pumping stations, 138 thousand transformer substations, more than 70 thousand municipal boiler houses, 150 thousand km of heating networks, about 400 thousand km of air and cable electrical networks, 373 thousand km of water supply networks, sewerage networks - about 105 thousand km.

More than 120 major accidents occur annually at public utility facilities; material damage amounts to tens of billions of rubles.

In recent years, every second accident occurred in heating networks and facilities, every fifth - in water supply and sewerage networks.
Accidents in communal life support systems mainly occur in cities and large towns, where there are large concentrations of people and industrial enterprises. These accidents have become commonplace in our lives. That there is a failure of the heating network or power supply in a separate house or enterprise. Now entire cities are freezing.
at housing and communal services facilities shows that accidents occur:

Due to the dilapidation of networks, poor preparation of engineering infrastructure for the heating season - 36%;

Due to non-compliance with the rules of technical operation of thermal power equipment, unqualified actions of maintenance personnel - 32%;

Due to natural disasters – 21%;

Other reasons (unauthorized power outages, gas explosions, fires, etc.) – 11%.

In addition to material damage, such accidents cause serious moral damage and have negative consequences among the population.

Accidents on utility and energy life support systems rarely lead to casualties, but create difficulties in human life, especially in winter, in case of accidents on thermal, water or electrical equipment.

Five groups of accidents can be distinguished:

In water supply systems;

On sewer systems (water disposal);

On gas supply systems;

On power supply networks;

On heat supply systems.
6.2. Accidents in water supply systems.

When assessing the elements of the urban water supply system from the point of view of the possibility of its damage from the influence of various types of damaging factors, it is necessary to proceed from the following: ground-based buildings and structures of the water supply system (pumping stations, pressure towers, artesian well pavilions, etc.) are most easily damaged and destroyed. Water intake devices, treatment facilities, and clean water tanks are usually located in partially or completely buried rooms, and therefore are less likely to be damaged.

The destruction of individual structures of the water supply system can lead to a complete or partial cessation of water supply to the distribution network.

Accidents in water supply systems disrupt the supply of water to the population or make water unfit for drinking.

The water supply is stopped not only due to an accident directly on any pipeline, but also when there is a power outage, and as a rule, there is no backup source.

Underground pipelines are destroyed during earthquakes, landslides and, for the most part, from corrosion and disrepair (Fig. 6.1). The most vulnerable places are connections and inputs into buildings.

Rice. 6.1. High pressure pipeline rupture
Major accidents with the water supply system can cause great material damage if measures are not taken to localize and eliminate them. At the same time, major accidents are complex in nature: damage to the water supply can lead to flooding of basements where electrical equipment and power supply devices are installed, a power outage can lead to a stop in the production process, etc.

The sustainability of the water supply system is to ensure the supply of the required amount of water in any conditions. To do this, it is necessary to equip a certain number of disconnecting and switching devices that ensure the supply of water to any pipeline, bypassing the damaged one.

Accidents in sewer networks are eliminated by disconnecting damaged areas and draining wastewater. The destruction of the sewer network can cause flooding of basements, shelters and shelters. To disconnect a destroyed section of the sewer network, the pipes coming out of the well towards the destroyed section are closed using plugs, plugs or shields. Sewage water is discharged by means of bypasses on the surface, as well as by discharging water from emergency areas into the storm sewer system or the nearest low-lying areas of the area.

To utilities life support systems include: water supply systems, gas and electrical networks, heat supply systems, sewerage systems.

Possible emergencies at housing and communal services facilities:

- Water supply disruptions. The most common accidents occur at distribution networks, pumping stations, and water towers. Water treatment plants are less likely to be damaged. The water supply may also stop if there is a power outage. Underground water supply communications

can be destroyed during earthquakes, landslides, and also from corrosion. Ways to Promote stability of work water supply systems: creation of a water supply system from two or more external sources; creation of internal backup water supply sources in the form of an artesian well, swimming pool, water tower, as well as emergency water reserves.

- Gas supply disruptions. The greatest danger comes from destruction and ruptures in gas pipelines, distribution networks of industrial enterprises and residential buildings. Accidents at compressor and gas distribution stations occur less frequently. Main reasons

gas pipeline ruptures – soil deformation of various origins,

as well as their dilapidation. There are frequent explosions in residential buildings due to gas leaks and gross violations during its use.

- Power supply disruptions. During many natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, landslides, hurricanes, overhead power lines and, less often, transformer and distribution stations are damaged. The lack of power supply entails serious consequences: the work of enterprises and electric transport is disrupted, the supply of water and heat is interrupted, the activities of medical institutions are hampered, and the entire rhythm of life is disrupted.

Ways to increase power supply stability: provision of power supply from two independent sources; replacing overhead lines with underground ones; creation of backup power supply sources.

- Heat supply disruptions. The main problem is accidents on heating mains, in boiler houses, and at thermal power plants. The heating system is not always able to withstand severe frosts, but may defrost.

Currently, most boiler houses operate on natural gas.

gas - their activity suffers when gas supply is interrupted. Boiler houses must be equipped so that they can operate on several types of fuel: liquid, gaseous and solid. Boiler houses must also be continuously supplied with electricity - a backup option must also be provided.

- Emergency on the sewerage system most often occur on collectors and sewer networks. When they break down, fecal water can enter the water supply. If an accident occurs at a pumping station, the tank overflows with waste liquid, its level rises and spills into the environment. To avoid flooding of the surrounding area, it is necessary to provide channels for discharging wastewater from the network into low-lying areas of the area. At sewer pumping stations, it is very important to have a backup power source.

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of this essay lies in the fact that the role of housing and communal services has always been high, and that is why it requires close attention. After all, the level of quality of work of all elements directly affects the quality of life of every resident of our country.
A person, striving to improve his living conditions through scientific and technological progress, sometimes does not achieve his goal. Active human activity leads to various kinds of global problems that adversely affect not only the surrounding nature, but also the person himself. One of the possible types of emergencies and accidents of a man-made nature are accidents in the housing and communal services system.
Emergency incidents and accidents in the housing and communal services sector - electric power, sewerage systems, water supply and heating networks are rarely accompanied by loss of life, but they create significant difficulties in life, especially in cold weather.
The object of study in this work is the housing and communal services system.
The subject of the study is accidents in housing and communal services.
The purpose of the work is to consider the essence of the concept of man-made accidents, emergencies and accidents in the housing and communal services sector, as well as the prevention and elimination of the consequences of these accidents.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

consider the essence of the concept of man-made accidents;
emergencies and accidents in housing and communal services.

1. The essence of man-made accidents
Features of man-made accidents

In production with increased technological process parameters, conditions are periodically created that lead to unexpected disruption or failure of machines,units , communications structures or their systems. Such phenomena are usually called accidents.
Catastrophe - if the accident creates a threat to the life or health of people or causes casualties.
Not every accident leads to a catastrophe, but almost all disasters are caused by accidents.
The most dangerous consequences of accidents are fires, explosions, collapses and accidents at energy sources - energy sources, at nuclear power plants, at chemical plants, leading to the destruction of means of production. Most accidents occur due to human error. The most common consequences of accidents are fires and explosions.
At oil, chemical and gas industry enterprises, accidents are caused by gas pollution, spills of oil products, aggressive liquids and highly toxic substances. The number of accidents at these enterprises is growing every year.
Any accident or disaster cannot happen for any one reason. All accidents are the result of several causes and a combination of unfavorable factors. The most common option is when errors made during design interact with errors made during installation and are aggravated by improper operation.
Man-made accident - dangerousman-made incident , creating on object, defined territories or water areas , a threat to human life and health and leading todestruction buildings, structures, equipment And Vehicle , violation production or transport process, as well as to applicationdamage the natural environment . In particular, to accidents onhazardous production facility include destruction of structures, equipment, technical devices, uncontrolledexplosion and/or release of hazardous substances that pose a threat to human life and health.
The cause of man-made accidents can be natural disasters, defects in the design, or disruption of the technical process.
The main causes of all man-made disasters are:

- human factor;

- human training;

- a person’s attitude to work;

- labor discipline.

An accident often causes great damage to the environment. So,emergency pollution of water bodies - pollution , which occurs during a salvo dischargeharmful substances V superficial or underground water bodies which causesharm or creates a threat of harm to public health, normal implementationeconomic and other activities, the state of the environment, as well asbiological diversity .
The probability of an accident occurring is called the accident rate. When, as a result of wear and tear or lack of repair, the accident rate of a building, structure, equipment or vehicle exceeds a certain norm, the object is said to be at an emergency stage. To prevent an accident and bring the facility out of the emergency stage, preventive repairs are carried out.
If an accident occurs, the state of the object is called an emergency state. Repairing an object in order to remove it from an emergency condition is called emergency repair.
To mitigate or eliminate the consequences of an accident at facilities, emergency protection is provided. It includes a set of means and methods, thanks to which an object is either quickly removed from an emergency condition, or at least isolated in order to prevent damage to people or the environment.
Unlike emergency protection, the task of emergency safety systems is to prevent an accident at all.
A design basis accident is a forecast of an emergency condition carried out at the design stage of an object, with a detailed consideration of the possible consequences and the inclusion of appropriate emergency protection means and safety systems in the design of the object (Hwang, 2004). To promptly eliminate the consequences of an accident and ensure the safety of people, emergency rescue units and emergency rescue equipment are provided. Emergency rescue formation is an independent or part of the emergency rescue service structure designed to carry out emergency rescue operations, the basis of which is unitsrescuers , equipped with specialtechnology, equipment, equipment , tools And materials . Emergency rescue equipment -technical , scientific and technical And intellectual products , including specializedmeans of communication And management , machinery, equipment, equipment,property and materials, methodological , video- , movie- , photographic materials By technologies emergency rescue operations, as well assoftware products And Database For electronic computers and other means intended for emergency rescue operations. At facilities whose life cycle largely depends on power supply (as a rule, these are various factories)emergency power source - source of electricity , intended fornutrition emergency distribution board in the event of a power failure from the main source of electricity. The emergency distribution board supplies electricity to the devices necessary to eliminate the emergency condition, mitigate the consequences of the accident or prevent further development of the accident. One of the most common applications of an emergency power source is emergency lighting -lighting to ensure continued work of personnel (safety lighting) orevacuation people from premises (evacuation lighting). Accidents at hydraulic structures lead to the risk of flooding of low-lying areas due to the destruction of dams, dikes and waterworks. The immediate danger is the rapid and powerful flow of water, causing damage, flooding and destruction of buildings and structures. Casualties among the population and various destructions occur due to the high speed and the huge amount of running water sweeping away everything in its path. The height and speed of the breakthrough wave depend on the size of the destruction of the hydraulic structure and the difference in heights in the upper and lower tails. For flat areas, the speed of the breakthrough wave varies from 3 to 25 km/h, in mountainous areas it reaches 100 km/h. After 15 to 30 minutes, large areas of the area are usually flooded with a layer of water with a thickness of 0.5 to 10 m or more. The time during which territories can be under water ranges from several hours to several days.
For each waterworks there are diagrams and maps that show the boundaries of the flood zone and give a description of the breakthrough wave. The construction of housing and businesses is prohibited in this zone.
In the event of a dam failure, all means are used to notify the population: sirens, radio, television, telephone and public address systems. Having received the signal, you must immediately evacuate to the nearest elevated areas. Stay in a safe place until the water subsides or a message is received that the danger has passed.
When returning to your previous places, beware of broken wires. Do not consume products that have been in contact with water currents. Do not take water from open wells. Before entering the house, you must carefully inspect it and make sure that there is no danger of destruction. Before entering the building, be sure to ventilate it. Do not use matches because there is a possibility of gas presence. Take all measures to dry the building, floors and walls. Remove all wet debris.
Railway emergencies can be caused by train collisions, derailments, fires and explosions.
In the event of a fire, the immediate danger to passengers is fire and smoke, as well as impacts on the structure of the cars, which can lead to bruises, fractures or death.
To reduce the consequences of a possible accident, passengers must strictly follow the rules of conduct on trains.
Emergencies at stations, in tunnels, in subway cars arise as a result of collisions and derailments of trains, fires and explosions, destruction of supporting structures of escalators, detection of foreign objects in cars and at stations that can be classified as explosive, spontaneously combustible and toxic substances, as well as as a result of passengers falling from the platform on the tracks.
Road transport is a source of increased danger, and the safety of road users largely depends directly on them.
One of the safety rules is strict compliance with the requirements of road signs. If, despite the measures taken, it is not possible to avoid a traffic accident, then it is necessary to drive the car to the last opportunity, taking all measures to avoid being hit by an oncoming car, i.e. roll into a ditch, bush or fence. If this is not feasible, convert the frontal impact into a sliding side impact. In this case, you need to rest your feet on the floor, tilt your head forward between your hands, straining all your muscles, and rest your hands on the steering wheel or front panel.
The passenger in the back seat should cover his head with his hands and lie on his side. If there is a child nearby, press him tightly, cover him with yourself and also fall to the side. The most dangerous place is the front seat, so children under 12 years old are prohibited from sitting in it.
As a rule, after an impact, the door jams, and you have to exit through the window. A car that has fallen into water can remain afloat for some time. You need to get out of it through an open window. After providing first aid, you must call an ambulance and the traffic police.
In case of a shipwreck, by order of the captain, the rescue team boards passengers into boats and rafts in the following sequence: first, women and children, wounded and old people, and then healthy men. Drinking water, medicines, food, blankets, etc. are also loaded into the boats.
All floating craft with rescued persons must stay together and, if possible, swim to the shore or to the route of passage of passenger ships. It is necessary to organize duty to monitor the horizon and air; use food and water sparingly; It must be remembered that a person can live from three to ten days without water, while without food - more than a month.
The safety of aircraft passengers during man-made aviation accidents depends not only on the aircraft crew, but also on the passengers. Passengers are required to occupy seats according to the numbers indicated on their tickets. You should sit in a chair so that in case of an accident you do not injure your legs. To do this, you need to rest your feet on the floor, extending them as far as possible, but not under the chair located in front.
Having taken his seat, the passenger must find out where the emergency exits, first aid kit, fire extinguishers and other auxiliary equipment are located.
If the flight will take place over water, you should find out before takeoff where the life jacket is located and how to use it.
During takeoff and landing, passengers must fasten their seat belts. In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft, evacuation is carried out through emergency exits along inflatable slides. After leaving the plane, you should quickly provide assistance to the injured and not remain near the plane.
Main measures ( efforts ) person to combat accidents anddisasters should be aimed at themprevention and a warning. The measures taken either completely eliminate or localize man-made accidents and disasters. These measures are based on ensuring the reliability of technologicalprocess .
Basic measures to ensure reliable operation of the facility:

compliance with the requirements of state standards and building codes and regulations, which are aimed at maximizing the possibility of an accident;
strict production discipline. Accurate execution of technological processes. Use of equipment in strict accordance with its technical purpose;
duplication and increase in safety margins of the most important production elements;
clear organization of the control and safety inspection service;
careful selection of personnel, increasing practical knowledge in the scope of work performed;
assessment of production conditions from the point of view of the possibility of an accident.

Thus, man-made accidents are emergency incidents associated with the failure of technological equipment, means of transport, buildings and structures, resulting in the possibility of environmental pollution and loss of life. To combat the causes of man-made accidents, preventive work is carried out aimed at repairing equipment, vehicles, buildings and structures, conversations with production workers and passengers. To eliminate the consequences of man-made accidents, rescue measures are carried out.

2. Accidents in communal life support systems
Such accidents usually occur in cities where there are large concentrations of people, industrial enterprises, and an established rhythm of life. Therefore, any such accident, even if it can be avoided and is not always dangerous, can itself cause negative consequences among the population.
There are four groups of accidents:
- on sewer systems;
- on heating networks;
- in water supply systems;
- on public gas pipelines.
2.1 Prevention and elimination of accidents in sewer systems
The sewerage system of any city is one of the most important utilities. Any emergency situation that disrupts the operating mode of sewer lines can lead to significant difficulties in the life of the population, which in turn threatens serious financial costs.
Most often, accidents occur on collectors and sewer networks. When they are destroyed, fecal water enters the water supply system, which leads to various infectious and other diseases. In the event of an accident at the pumping station, the tank overflows with waste liquid, its level rises and pours out. To prevent flooding of the surrounding area, it is necessary to provide channels for discharging wastewater from the network into low-lying areas of the area. They must be selected in advance and agreed with the sanitary inspection and fisheries authorities.
At sewage pumping stations, it is very important to have your own backup electric unit or mobile power plant, which would provide the minimum need for electricity. The current collector must be prepared so that it can quickly switch to a backup current source.
Often the cause of such accidents can be clogged sewer pipes. Before entering wastewater treatment plants, wastewater contains a large number of various contaminants, both organic and inorganic. These are fats and oils that can accumulate on the walls of pipes, gradually narrowing their diameter. These are rust and scale, sand and scraps of rags, rags and plastic bags accidentally falling into the sewer, which settle or get stuck in places where the sewer line turns. Sometimes a blockage or blockage of the sewer is such a serious problem that it is no longer possible to eliminate it on your own, and then the only way is to call the emergency service. But we all know very well that many problems can be prevented and prevention is always cheaper than repair and restoration work.
It is not at all necessary to wait for the moment when a blockage or blockage of the sewer pipeline crosses out your plans and adds a new expense item to your budget. You can enter into an agreement for preventive maintenance of sewer networks, thereby preventing the problem and avoiding emergency work to eliminate the accident.
Preventive maintenance of internal and external sewerage includes inspection and video diagnostics of pipelines, which makes it possible to detect and promptly eliminate accumulating deposits in pipes and mechanical damage to pipes at an early stage. Video diagnostics of sewer pipes is carried out using modern equipment - a pushable teleinspection system or robotic systems (depending on the diameter of the pipe), which make it possible to obtain high-quality photos and video material, which is subsequently used to draw up a technical report on the condition of the sewer line. During sewer service, hydrodynamic cleaning of pipes is carried out: jets of water under high pressure successfully destroy deposits of silt and sand, and wash the walls of pipes from fatty deposits, scale and rust. If necessary, mechanical sewer cleaning is used. Mechanical pipeline cleaning is effective for eliminating solid deposits; it is also beneficial for short-distance pipelines. For mechanical cleaning, ROTHENBERGEN cleaning machines are used, equipped with spirals and nozzles of various diameters. The design of spirals and nozzles for horizontal drilling allows you to pass corners and bends of the pipeline, without damaging the walls of the pipes and their joints. Also, during preventive maintenance of sewer lines, damaged or potentially damaged sections of the pipeline are replaced or repaired. The frequency of maintenance depends on the technical condition of the pipeline, the volume and nature of the wastewater.
Comprehensive preventive maintenance work on the sewerage system will save the population from accidents, clean sewer pipes to their original diameter, prevent possible blockages and blockages of pipes, and significantly reduce the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in sewer networks. This is a guarantee of the stability of the city’s life and savings of funds allocated for the repair of utilities.

2.2 Prevention and elimination of accidents on heating networks
As the experience of past winters shows, accidents on heating mains, boiler houses, thermal power plants and distribution networks have become a real scourge and a headache for many managers. A break in any heating main is a big disaster, and it happens, for the most part, on the coldest days, when the pressure and temperature of the water increase.
Laying heating networks on overpasses and along the walls of buildings is more economical and easier to maintain, but is unacceptable in urban conditions. Therefore, pipes have to be buried in the ground or laid in special collectors.
Currently, most boiler houses operate on natural gas. Damage to pipelines leads to gas supply being cut off and work stopping. To prevent this, each boiler room must be equipped so that it can operate on several types of fuel: liquid, gaseous and solid. The transition from one type to another should take place in the shortest possible time.
Stopping the heat supply causes great damage to the economy due to forced downtime of production equipment and a reduction in industrial output. Emergency shutdown of heating worsens comfortable conditions in residential premises. To eliminate accidents, labor is unproductively diverted, additional materials, equipment and capital funds are spent. New and overhauled networks after putting them into commercial operation for a long time may not detect hidden defects that could cause an accident. During operation, natural aging of equipment, pipelines and instrumentation occurs. Therefore, emergency prevention consists of early identification of sources of destruction.
The maintenance of networks and heating points in constant service is entrusted to the linemen of heating networks and subscriber inputs.
Maintenance of heating points and local systems is carried out by the personnel of heat consuming organizations, therefore, the duty of the linemen at heating points is to monitor the technical condition of the equipment and compliance with heat consumption regimes. The inspectors note detected malfunctions and violations of heat consumption standards in the heating station log, set a deadline for troubleshooting and check the implementation of these instructions.
Preventative repairs of equipment at heating points and local heat supply systems are carried out by the point's maintenance personnel. Operating personnel must understand their tasks well and remember that the reliability of the entire heat supply system depends on the serviceability of various devices in pumping stations, control and distribution and heating points. For example, poor-quality thermal insulation of a steam pipeline leads to intense steam condensation, which, if the drainage devices are faulty, can cause hydraulic shocks of great destructive force. Therefore, those on duty are required to carefully monitor the condition of the thermal insulation; regularly check the free and tight closing and opening of shut-off and drain valves; promptly lubricate moving parts of mechanisms, valve seals, compensators and other elements with graphite lubricant.
If the heaters are poorly maintained, there is a gradual decrease in productivity and an increase in the water temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger. The malfunction of heaters is caused mainly by deposits of temporary hardness salts contained in tap water. During preventive maintenance, it is necessary to promptly remove scale from the tubes and take measures to reduce salt deposits, for example, regularly adjusting the temperature controllers to heat the water to no more than 50-55°C.
Statistics show that the majority of accidents occur due to corrosion of pipelines, rupture of welds, subsidence of supports, destruction of compensators, fittings, flange and gland seals. As a result of poor maintenance of networks and violation of operating conditions, accidents occur due to freezing of water in pipelines and drainage devices. Frequent accidents occur as a result of the formation of through fistulas, caused in 90% of cases of pipe rupture by external corrosion. In places where pipes rupture, the wall thickness becomes thinner by up to 0.5-1 mm. Corrosion occurs in places where there is moisture access to the surface of the pipes: in contact with the ground, with the walls of chambers and channels, in supporting structures. In channels and chambers, corrosion is caused by drops from ceilings and cold hatches, and flooding of the bottom of the insulation with groundwater. Corrosion is a hidden process, so its prevention consists of regularly checking the condition of insulation, channels and other elements of heat pipelines, the failure of which can cause corrosion.
Anti-corrosion protection currently used is capable of delaying pipeline corrosion for a period of no more than 1-2 years. In the case of unreliable anti-corrosion coatings, it is necessary to pay attention to the rapid drying of the thermal insulation, which helps delay the timing of the corrosion accident. Most often, welded joints break at bends and in places where pipes sag heavily. Overstresses of welds can arise from non-compliance with the heating regimes of pipelines, incorrect selection of compensating devices, or from abutting the walls of channels and niches of pipe turns and shoulders of flexible compensators. Large longitudinal forces arising in a pinched pipeline can destroy not only the welding of joints, but also the fastening of fixed supports. Failures of fixed supports can spread over a large length of networks, causing breakage of expansion joints, branches, and fittings.
To prevent accidents, it is necessary to periodically check the location and fastening of supports and compensators with measurements of pipe sagging. During inspection, it is necessary to check that there are sufficient gaps between the walls of the channels and the turns of the pipes for free temperature movement. The quality of welding is examined by laboratory analysis; if necessary, the seams are strengthened or cut out for overwelding. It is advisable to place the renewed welds at a distance of 0.2 m from the support.

2.3 Prevention and elimination of accidents in water supply systems
The most common accidents occur at distribution networks, pumping stations, and pressure towers. Water intakes, treatment facilities, and clean water reservoirs are damaged less frequently.
The water supply stops not only due to an accident directly on any pipeline, but also when there is a power outage, and as a rule, there is no backup source.
Underground pipelines are destroyed during earthquakes, landslides and, for the most part, from corrosion and disrepair. The most vulnerable places are connections and inputs into buildings.
The sustainability of the water supply system is to ensure the supply of the required amount of water in any conditions. To do this, it is necessary to equip a certain number of disconnecting and switching devices that ensure the supply of water to any pipeline, bypassing the damaged one.
One of the best ways to increase the sustainability of water supply to enterprises is to build independent water intakes at open sources. From here, water can be supplied directly to the facility’s network.
Water pipelines and the water supply network must ensure an uninterrupted and reliable supply of water to consumers that meets the quality requirements of the standard.
The tasks of technical operation of the network include:
a) supervision of the condition and safety of the network, structures, devices and equipment on it, technical maintenance of the network;
b) development of measures to improve the water supply and distribution system, as well as measures to prevent interruptions in water supply to unfavorably located areas and microdistricts in emergency situations, performing network switches to establish the optimal operating mode of the system for actual water consumption and its predicted changes in the future period of time, preparation of information on the technical condition of the network required for carrying out on personal computers hydraulic and optimization calculations of the interaction of the network, pumping stations and control tanks under normal and emergency operating conditions of the system, carrying out field measurements of water flows and pressures, comparing measurement data with calculation results to check the compliance of the design scheme with the actual technical condition of the system and actual water consumption during the period of field measurements;
c) scheduled preventative and major repairs on the network, emergency response;
d) maintaining technical documentation and reporting;
etc.................

6. Accidents at public utility facilities. Action of the population and personnel.

Accidents on energy and utility systems

The life support of the population - electric power, sewerage systems, water supply and heating networks - are rarely accompanied by loss of life, but they create significant difficulties in life, especially in the cold season.

Accidents in sewer systems contribute to the massive release of pollutants and deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation.

Accidents in water supply systems disrupt the supply of water to the population or make water unfit for drinking.

Accidents on heating networks in the winter lead to the inability of the population to live in unheated premises and their forced evacuation.

How to prepare for utility system emergencies

Accidents on utility systems, as a rule, are eliminated as soon as possible, but a long-term disruption of the supply of water, electricity, and space heating cannot be ruled out. To reduce the consequences of such situations, create in your home an emergency supply of matches, household candles, dry alcohol, kerosene (if you have a kerosene lamp or kerosene stove), batteries for electric lanterns and a radio.

How to act in case of emergency on utility systems

Report the accident to the dispatcher of the Repair and Operations Department (REU) or the Housing and Operations Office (ZhEK), ask to call the emergency service.

If there is a power surge in the apartment's electrical network or a power outage, immediately turn off the power to all electrical household appliances and unplug the plugs from the sockets so that a fire does not occur when the electricity suddenly turns on during your absence. To prepare food indoors, use only factory-made devices: kerosene stove, kerosene stove, kerosene stove, “Bumblebee”, etc. If they are not available, use a fire built outside. When using household candles and dry alcohol to illuminate your apartment, be extremely careful.

When you are outside, do not come closer than 5-8 meters to broken or sagging wires and do not touch them. Organize security of the damage site, warn others about the danger and immediately notify the territorial Department for Civil Emergency Situations. If the wire breaks and falls close to you, move out of the electric shock zone with small steps or jumps (keeping your feet together) to avoid being struck by step voltage.

If water disappears from the water supply system, close all previously open taps. For cooking, use commercially available drinking water; refrain from drinking water from springs and other open bodies of water until a decision has been made about its safety. Remember that boiling water destroys most harmful biological impurities. To purify water, use household filters, leave it for 24 hours in an open container, placing a silver spoon or coin on the bottom. The “freezing” method of water purification is also effective. To “freeze”, place a container of water in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. When freezing begins, remove the top crust of ice, after the water freezes halfway, drain the remaining liquid, and use the water formed when the resulting ice melts for food.

If the central steam heating is turned off, use factory-made electric heaters, not homemade ones, to heat the room. Otherwise, there is a high probability of fire or failure of the power supply system. Remember that heating an apartment with a gas or electric stove can lead to tragedy. To keep the room warm, seal cracks in windows and balcony doors, cover them with blankets or carpets. Place all family members in one room, temporarily closing others. Dress warmly and take preventive medications for acute respiratory infections and flu.

Gas leak accidents

Many natural gases are sources of danger to humans. However, the most dangerous are methane (city main gas) and liquefied petroleum gas (in cylinders), used in everyday life. If they leak, they cause suffocation, poisoning and can lead to an explosion, so you need to know and strictly follow the rules for using gas appliances, water heaters, stoves and caring for them.

What to do if there is a main gas leak

If you smell gas in the room, immediately turn off the gas supply to the stove. At the same time, do not smoke, do not light matches, do not turn on the lights and electrical appliances (it is best to de-energize the entire apartment by turning off the power supply at the distribution panel) so that a spark cannot ignite the gas accumulated in the apartment and cause an explosion.

Thoroughly ventilate the entire apartment, not just the gas-filled room, by opening all doors and windows. Leave the room and do not enter it until the smell of gas disappears.

If others show signs of gas poisoning, take them out into the fresh air and place them so that their head is higher than their feet. Call an ambulance.

If the smell of gas does not disappear, urgently call the emergency gas service (telephone 04), which operates around the clock.

Rules for handling gas cylinders

Outside the house, store the gas cylinder in a ventilated area, in an upright position, do not bury it or place it in the basement.

To connect the cylinder to the gas stove, use a special flexible rubber hose with markings no more than a meter long, secured with safety clamps. Do not allow it to be stretched or pinched.

Entrust inspection and repair of gas equipment only to a qualified specialist.

Store unused cylinders, both filled and empty, outdoors.

When cooking, be careful not to allow boiling liquids to flood the fire or cause gas leaks. At the end of the work, close the cylinder valve.

Clean your burners regularly, as clogged burners can cause trouble.