Purpose of personal protective equipment. Types of personal protective equipment Required personal protective equipment

Human organs are very vulnerable to external harmful factors. How to protect them in production conditions, and in such a way that you can get on with your business? This is achieved by using both individual and collective means of protection, although the latter, as a rule, are not particularly emphasized.

What is PPE?

These are technical means for complete protection or reduction of exposure to workers characterized by harmfulness and (or) danger to humans (Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 209).

PPE is needed when worker safety is not ensured by the design of the process equipment, production technology itself, or collective protection means (for example, general shop ventilation systems, dust removal, etc.).

All PPE must meet the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of PPE” TR CU 019/2011.

Traditional classification of personal protective equipment

There are two approaches to this classification. According to the first of them, the human organ or body system for which PPE is intended to protect is selected as a classification characteristic. Thus, personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) protects the eyes - RPPE, and the skin - PEPC. Further, in each of these classes of PPE, their own subclasses are distinguished according to the principle of the protective action (for example, filtering PPE, insulating PPE, etc.). This is a traditional classification, originating from the old Soviet labor protection system.

Modern classification of PPE

The new classification of personal protective equipment in the above-mentioned technical regulations of the Customs Union is based on the harmful factors they are intended to protect against. Here is a list of these factors, each of which is assigned a specific PPE protection group:

1. Mechanical factors.

1.1. Actually mechanical factors:

Punctures and cuts;

Abrasion;

Vibration;

Possible capture by moving parts of mechanisms;

Strikes to different parts of the body;

Falling from height.

1.2. General industrial pollution.

1.3. Water and aqueous solutions of surfactants.

1.4. Non-toxic dust:

Fiberglass and asbestos dust;

Explosive, fine and coarse dust.

1.5. Slippery surfaces:

Covered with a greasy and oily film;

Icy.

2. Chemical factors:

2.1. Toxic chemicals in all states of aggregation.

2.2. Acidic solutions.

2.3. Alkaline solutions.

2.4. Organic solvents, as well as paint and varnish products.

2.5. Petroleum, petroleum products, fats and oils.

3. Biofactors:

3.1. Microbes.

3.2. Insects.

4. Radiation factors:

4.1. Pollution.

4.2. Radiation.

5. Temperature factors, sparks and splashes of molten metal.

Rules for the use of PPE

Labor protection legislation in the Russian Federation requires workers to correctly use the PPE issued to them, and employers to take measures to prevent them from working without PPE or with faulty PPE, as well as in faulty and dirty workwear and safety shoes. Workers must take care of the personal protective equipment provided to them for use. The application assumes that employees must inform employers about the need to repair or test PPE, put workwear and safety shoes in order by carrying out the procedures provided for by Intersectoral Rules No. 290n.

When issuing workers with personal protective equipment, as well as personal protective equipment that protects against falls from heights, the employer must provide instructions on the rules for using them, as well as train workers in their use.

Electrical protective equipment for personal protective equipment for workers must be subjected to mechanical and electrical performance tests strictly within the time limits specified in the rules for their use.

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Individual protection means

Any job, no matter where a person works, must be safe. This is especially important for employees of enterprises where most often their activities involve risks to life or health. Therefore, it is very important to create conditions for work safety and provide all employees with the necessary protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment, or abbreviated as (PPE), are means that are used by people, as well as employees of various enterprises or organizations, that are able to eliminate or reduce the effects of harmful and dangerous production factors. Also, PPE is designed to protect people from damage to the body, skin or clothing by various harmful contaminants.

Now let's try to understand the different types of personal protective equipment and find out their characteristics and what they are intended for.

What types of personal protective equipment are there?

We have already found out that personal protective equipment is needed to prevent exposure to harmful and dangerous factors for humans in enterprises and in special cases in everyday life. Thanks to such protective equipment, there is also an additional opportunity to reduce the risk of injury and protect against various accidents at work. Personal protective equipment is necessary to ensure the proper level of work safety.

Depending on the purpose of the funds, they are divided into certain groups and are able to protect:

From toxic substances, harmful impurities and dust, the human respiratory system;
Safety helmets can protect a person’s head from mechanical damage.
This attribute is mandatory both at construction sites and at many other production facilities;
Gloves that have a special coating will protect the skin of your hands from mechanical damage and other influences;
Since some facilities experience increased noise, the hearing organs also need to be protected;
When carrying out turning and welding work that leads to injury, it is necessary to provide eye and face protection;
For workers working at height, a mandatory attribute is safety belts that reduce the risk of falling.

Now let’s try to figure out what the individual means of protection for each of these groups are:

Firstly, for general protection of the entire body, special clothing and protective clothing are used, which have a special purpose. This category includes PVC suits, various overalls, welding suits, wetsuits, spacesuits and pneumatic suits. Such clothing is produced in accordance with certain requirements. It must be durable, resistant to various temperatures, chemical acids and have good wear resistance.

Secondly, to protect your hands you must use gloves, mittens, handhelds, etc. And to protect your feet you must have appropriate shoes. Depending on the field of activity, these can be boots, boots, galoshes, shoe covers, etc. It is common for employees who require this protective equipment to be exposed to components or activities that may be harmful to human skin. And thanks to the above PPE, this can be avoided. It would be a good idea to use protective ointments, detergents or other protective agents in areas exposed to negative factors. In case of harmful effects, it is advisable to use dermatological products such as skin protectants and skin cleansers.

Thirdly, to perform work that requires head protection, you need to use various helmets, hard hats, hats, mosquito nets, braids, etc. For the safety of the face and eyes, open and closed safety glasses, masks, face shields and other means are used.

Fourthly, in order to protect the hearing organs from harmful noise effects, anti-noise helmets, headphones, earbuds or earplugs are used.

Fifthly, for those people who are involved in high-altitude work, high-altitude equipment, safety lanyards, belts, hand grips, etc. should be used.

Respiratory protection is also a very important factor. Masks, respirators and various filters are suitable for these purposes. In addition to these PPE, protective equipment against dust and gases is also used. This category includes such protective equipment as self-contained and hose gas masks, pneumatic masks and pneumatic helmets.

All personal protective equipment is designed to reduce the risk of exposure and injury to a person working in a particular enterprise.

Working clothes and personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment and protective clothing are used in almost all areas of human activity, but they are mainly widespread in production.

The main function of such workwear is to ensure labor safety and protect employees from various types of injuries and mechanical damage. Workwear is mainly distributed among workers of chemical, metallurgical, and machine-building enterprises. Builders, installers, workers in the food industry and in the production of medicines, etc., wear protective clothing without fail.

Workwear includes clothing developed using special technology, which serves to protect a person from negative influences, both in production and in the environment. In some cases it must be water-repellent, antistatic, heat-resistant, and for medical workers - hygienic. Such clothing includes a work coat, a suit, shoes, a hat, and for some categories of workers a respirator and gloves.

But if we consider workwear from a professional point of view, it can perform not only a protective function, but also a marketing or advertising function. Such clothing is created not so much for protection, but for the prosperity of the enterprise, to emphasize its brand.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a device designed to protect the skin and respiratory system from the effects of toxic substances and other harmful impurities in the air. Such products are divided into personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) and skin protection products. RPE includes gas masks, respirators, cotton-gauze bandages, and skin protection means - protective suits. The choice of protective equipment is made taking into account their purpose and protective properties, specific environmental conditions and the nature of the infection.

The classification of PPE in Russia is established by GOST 12.4.011-89, where, depending on the purpose, they are divided into 11 classes, which, in turn, depending on the design, are divided into types:

1. Special protective clothing (sheep coats, coats, short coats, capes, robes, etc.)

2. Hand protection (mittens, gloves, finger pads, oversleeves, etc.)

3. Foot protection (boots, boots, shoes, hoodies, slippers, etc.)

4. Eye and face protection (goggles, face shields, etc.)

5. Head protection (hard hats, helmets, caps, berets, etc.)

6. Respiratory protection equipment (gas masks, respirators, self-rescuers, etc.)

7. Isolating suits (pneumatic suits, spacesuits, etc.)

8. Hearing protection (plugs, headphones, earplugs, etc.)

9. Fall protection equipment (safety belts, cables, etc.)

10. Dermatological protective products (skin cleansers, reparative agents)

11. Comprehensive protective equipment

The main legal act defining the procedure for providing workers with PPE is the Rules for providing workers with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, approved by Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia dated December 18, 1998 No. 51. The rules provide for the provision of PPE according to the Standard Standards regardless of which sector of the economy the production belongs to, and also regardless of the forms of ownership of organizations.

Individual means are intended to protect personnel of civil defense formations and the population from the ingestion of toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial agents into the body, skin and clothing.

Personal protective equipment includes:

1. Respiratory protection;

2. Skin protection products;

3. Medical supplies;

Respiratory protection equipment includes:

1. Gas masks - designed to protect the respiratory system, face and eyes.

For FGO (GP-5b GP-7);

For the rest of the population (PDF-7, KZD-4);

2. Industrial gas masks;

3. Insulating (IP-4, IP-5, IP-46);

4. Isolating devices (KIP-5, KIP-7, AIP-8 with compressed oxygen);

5. General-arms gas masks;

6. Respirators (R-2, R-2D);

7. The simplest means (cotton-gauze bandage VMP, anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1);

Personal skin protection products include:

1. Insulating (combined arms protective kit OZK, light protective suit L-1, rubber boots, gloves, balaclava);

2. Filtering equipment (a set of filtering clothing, men's underwear, two pairs of cotton footcloths);

3. Accessories (rubberized raincoats, capes, coats made of drape and leather);

Medical supplies include:

1. Individual first aid kit (AI-2);

2. Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8b, IPP-9, IPP-10);

3. Individual dressing package (PP: bandage 10 cm wide, 7 m long, two cotton-gauze pads 17.5x32);

During rescue and other emergency operations (E&D) in areas of mass destruction, FGO personnel use protective clothing. A person dressed in a protective suit (overall) with a gas mask is isolated from the outside air, as a result of which heat exchange is disrupted and the body may overheat if the rules and terms of wearing protective clothing are not followed.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over clothing, rubber boots - over foot wraps or socks.

Protective clothing is worn before entering an infected area and removed after leaving it, while observing the necessary safety measures.

After protective clothing has been removed and sanitized, normal clothing is put on. Contaminated protective clothing is handed over for disinfection, and uncontaminated protective clothing is folded so that it is convenient to carry and transport.

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect people from radioactive and toxic substances and bacterial agents.

According to their purpose, they are divided into respiratory protection and skin protection.

According to the principle of protection Individual products are divided into filtering and isolating.

Filtration principle lies in the fact that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body when passing through protective equipment, for example, a layer of activated carbon, is cleaned of harmful impurities

Individual insulating type protective equipment completely isolate the human body from the environment using materials that are impenetrable to air and harmful impurities contained in it.

Individual protective equipment can be standard equipment, the provision of which is provided for by equipment standards depending on the organizational structure of civil defense units, or non-standard equipment, intended to provide civil defense units in addition to standard equipment or to replace them.

According to the manufacturing method, personal protective equipment is divided into industrially manufactured products and the simplest improvised means made from scrap materials.

In the event of an emergency or the threat of an enemy attack, workers receive PPE at their facilities, the population - in housing and communal services.

Respirators protect against exposure to external vapors, aerosols and dust.

R-2 respirators protect against dust; they are a filtering half mask with two inhalation valves, one exhalation valve, a head (made of ribbons) and a nose clip.

In addition, an anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 is used, consisting of 2-4 layers of fabric (a body with cutouts for viewing glasses) and strips of fabric with elastic bands for fastening on the head.

The population independently makes cotton-gauze bandages from a piece of gauze 100x50 cm and cotton wool.

The simplest means of skin protection that protect against the contact of radioactive substances, droplet-liquid emergency chemically hazardous substances on the skin - ordinary clothes, raincoats and capes made of rubberized or coated with vinyl chloride film, rubber shoes, gloves, mittens, hood, winter things: coats made of rough cloth or drape, padded jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an item or group of items designed to protect (ensure safety) one person from radioactive, hazardous chemical and biological substances, as well as light radiation from a nuclear explosion.

According to their purpose, they are divided into personal respiratory protective equipment (RPP) and skin protective equipment (SPP). Based on the principle of protective action, PPE is divided into filtering and insulating.

In filtering PPE, the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body is cleaned of harmful impurities when passing through the PPE. Isolating type PPE completely isolates a person from the environment.

RPE is divided into gas masks (filtering and insulating), respirators and simple means.

The simplest means of respiratory protection - anti-dust fabric masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze bandages (VMP) - can be used to protect the human respiratory system from radioactive substances and when working in a secondary cloud of biological agents (Fig. 7, 8) .

To protect the respiratory organs of the adult population, filtering gas masks are used: a general-arms gas mask and a civilian gas mask GP-7.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (Fig. 9) is today the most advanced and most reliable means of protection.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (and its modification GP-7V) is designed to protect the respiratory system, eyesight and facial skin. The gas mask provides reliable protection against poisonous, many hazardous chemical and radioactive substances. It protects for at least 6 hours from nerve agent vapors (such as sarin, zoran) and general toxic agents (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride), radioactive substances (iodine radionuclides and its organic compounds such as methyl iodide), and also for at least 2 hours - from drops of agent with blister action. To protect children and adolescents, children's protective chambers and filtering gas masks are used: DP-6 (for older children from 12 to 17 years); PDF-7 - children's filtering gas mask (intended for children aged 1.5 to 17 years); PDF-Sh is a children's filtering school gas mask (designed for children aged 7 to 17 years).

Rice. 7. Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1

Rice. 8. Cotton-gauze bandage

Rice. 9. Civil filtering gas mask GP-7:
1 - front part; 2 - filter-face box; 3 - knitted cover; 4 - inhalation valve assembly; 5 - intercom (membrane); 6 - exhalation valve assembly; 7 - shutter; 8 - headplate (occipital plate); 9 - frontal strap; 70 - temple straps; 11 - cheek straps; 12 - buckles; 13 - bag

The front parts of children's gas masks are additionally differentiated by height, depending on the age of the child and the size of his head.

Skin protection equipment (SPE) consists of special protective clothing, which includes a general-arms protective kit, a light protective suit L-1, protective overalls (Fig. 10), and protective filter clothing.

Rice. 10. Overalls of protective filter clothing (PFC):
1 - hood; 2 - chest valve; 3 - throat valve; 4 - arm straps; 5 - delays

Protective clothing is used only by personnel of civil defense units, and the population must be able to adapt everyday clothing and shoes to use them as improvised means to protect the skin.

Industrial protective clothing can be used as the simplest means of protecting human skin: jackets and trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, made of tarpaulin, fire-retardant fabric, rubberized fabric or coarse cloth. Such clothing can not only protect against contact of radioactive substances and bacterial agents with human skin, but also protect for some time from droplet-liquid agents.

Among the items of household clothing, the most suitable for protecting the skin are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film. Such clothing protects against contact with the skin of radioactive substances and biological agents; it protects against droplet-liquid agents in the summer for about 10 minutes. Winter clothes can also provide protection - a coat made of rough cloth or drape. After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear (suits, jackets, trousers, etc.) can also provide skin protection.

To protect the head and neck, clothing must be fastened with all buttons, hooks and snaps, and the collar and hood must be raised. The neck can be tied with a scarf.

The sleeves should be tied over the wrists with ribbons, the trousers should be pulled over the boots and tied at the bottom with ribbon. The bottom of your jacket, jacket or shirt should be tucked into your trousers.

To protect your feet, you can use industrial and household rubber boots, rubber boots and galoshes. Rubber products are capable of preventing droplet-liquid agents from passing through for up to 3-6 hours.

To protect your hands, you must use rubber or leather gloves and mittens.

When leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly remove clothing, taking precautions.

Regular medical personal protective equipment (MPI) includes an individual first aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) and an individual dressing package.

The individual first aid kit (AI-2) is designed to provide self- and mutual assistance in order to prevent severe consequences of exposure to damaging factors from the use of means of destruction or accidents at nuclear power plants, as well as to prevent and mitigate infectious diseases (Fig. 11). It contains various preventative and first aid products (see section “Additional materials”).

Rice. 11. Individual first aid kit (AI-2)

The individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) is intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents that have come into contact with exposed skin and clothing.

conclusions

1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) protects against radioactive, toxic substances and biological agents getting into the body and on the skin.
2. Personal protective equipment is divided into personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) and skin protection equipment (SPP).
3. Regular medical personal protective equipment also includes medical equipment: an individual first aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8).
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation are required to study the rules for using personal protective equipment and be able to adapt their clothing to protect the respiratory system, eyesight and facial skin from radioactive substances and hazardous chemicals.

Questions

1. What is personal protective equipment intended for?
2. Which of your things can be used as the simplest means of protecting the skin from radiation hazards? Think through and justify your answer.
3. What personal protective equipment can you try to use at home in case of radioactive contamination of the area?
4. What is the individual first aid kit (AI-2) intended for? When preparing your answer, you can use the “Additional Materials” section.

Tasks

1. Prepare a message on the topic “Basic personal respiratory protection equipment and rules for using them.”
2. Using the “Additional materials” section, special literature and the Internet, prepare a message on the topic “Use of an individual first aid kit (AI-2) after radioactive contamination of the area.”
3. Think about how you can make a cotton-gauze bandage yourself at home using available materials.

Personal protective equipment is considered to be: workwear, special footwear, special hats, gloves, masks, gas masks, respirators, goggles, protective pastes and ointments, antiphons, electrical and fire-fighting agents.

What is the main purpose of personal protective equipment?

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect workers from burns and poisoning, from industrial injuries, electric shock, from the harmful effects of light, heat and other radiation, as well as to prevent occupational diseases.

What occupational hazards does protective clothing protect workers from?

Overalls, the most common personal protective equipment, protect workers from adverse environmental factors and occupational hazards.

Cotton workwear reliably protects workers from dirt and dust; impregnated with waterproof, fire-resistant and acid-proof substances, it protects workers from water, acids, alkalis, sparks and splashes of molten metal.

Workwear made of linen fabric protects workers from exposure to alkalis, and those made of woolen fabric protect workers from high temperatures.

What are the protective properties of gloves and mittens?

Gloves and mittens are used to protect hands from mechanical injuries, thermal burns, the action of acids, alkalis and other aggressive substances, organic solvents, toxic dyes, irritants, electric current, cold, water and other adverse factors.

Depending on their purpose, mittens and gloves are made from cotton, linen, cloth, rubber, leather, wool, fur and some synthetic materials.

For what purposes are safety shoes intended?

Special shoes are designed to reliably protect feet from various harmful environmental influences: mechanical damage (bruises from falling parts, tools and impacts on hard objects), high temperatures, sparks and splashes of molten metal, aggressive liquids (acids, alkalis, organic solvents, petroleum products) ), meteorological factors (cold, moisture), etc.

Depending on their purpose, shoes are made of leather, rubber, etc. felted

What means are used to protect the head?

To protect the heads of workers from mechanical injury, burns, electric shock and moisture, special protective helmets and headgear are designed.

They are used when performing construction and installation work, as well as in hot shops, repair enterprises, and in mechanized units.

How is individual respiratory protection for workers ensured?

The respiratory organs are protected with industrial gas masks and respirators.

Personal respiratory protection equipment is divided into filtering and insulating. With filtering protective equipment, the inhaled air is cleaned of harmful impurities by passing through a special filter material or sorbents; for isolating ones, the worker’s breathing is completely isolated from the environment. For example, through hose respirators, clean air is supplied to the person working through a hose from an area in which it is not contaminated with industrial hazards.

How to protect your eyes in a work environment?

Damage to the eyes in agricultural production can occur from clogging them with dust, debris, various burns and other reasons.

It is best to protect your eyes with open and closed goggles, half masks, hand and head shields and masks, as well as helmets that simultaneously protect the head, eyes and respiratory organs.

For those working outdoors (construction and installation crews, mechanized units, drivers, machine operators, etc.) in very bright lighting conditions, special sunglasses with filter glasses are intended.