Society as a complex dynamic system.

Man is a rational being. He chooses housing, food and where to put his energy. However, it is pointless to have freedom of choice if no one appreciates your choice.

We need society. Nature has endowed us with an invariable trait - a thirst for communication. Thanks to this feature, we think not only about ourselves. Within a family or an entire planet, a person makes decisions for the sake of common progress. Thanks to the thirst for communication, we push the world forward.

As soon as our ancestors descended from the palm tree, they were faced with the increasing hostility of nature. The little primate could not defeat the mammoth. Natural skin is not enough to keep you warm in winter. Sleeping outdoors is three times more dangerous.

The nascent consciousness understood - we can only survive together. The forefathers created a primitive language to understand each other. They gathered in communities. Communities were divided into castes. The strong and fearless went hunting. The offspring were raised to be gentle and understanding. They built shacks that were smart and practical. Even then, a person was engaged in what he was predisposed to.

But nature provided only rough raw materials. You cannot build a city from stones alone. It is difficult to kill an animal with stones. Ancestors learned to process materials in order to work more efficiently and live longer.

Broadly defined society- the part of nature that has tamed nature, using will and consciousness to survive.

In a group, we can not get carried away with superficial knowledge. Each of us has our own inclinations. A professional plumber, even for a million-dollar salary, will not be happy to grow bonsai - his brain is technically sharpened. The union allows us to do what we love and leave the rest to others.

We now understand the narrow definition society - a conscious gathering of individuals to work towards a common goal.

Society as a dynamic system

We are cogs in the social mechanism. Goals are not determined by anyone alone. They come as general needs. Society, through the strength of its individual members, solves an endless stream of problems. Finding solutions forces society to improve and creates new and complex problems. Humanity builds itself, which characterizes society as a dynamic system capable of self-development.

Society has a complex dynamic structure. Like any system, it consists of subsystems. Subsystems in the group are divided into spheres of influence. Sociologists note four subsystems of society:

1. Spiritual- responsible for culture.
2. Political- regulates relations by laws.
3. Social- caste division: nation, class, social stratum.
4. Economic- production and distribution of goods.

Subsystems are systems in relation to their individual members. They only work when all the elements are in place. Both subsystems and individual parts are inextricably linked. Without production and regulation, spiritual life loses its meaning. Without a person, life is not nice to another.

The social system is constantly moving. It is driven by subsystems. Subsystems move due to elements. The elements are divided into:

1. Material - factories, homes, resources.
2. Ideal - values, ideals, beliefs, traditions.

Material values ​​characterize subsystems more, while ideal values ​​characterize a human trait. Man is the only indivisible element in the social system. A person has a will, aspirations and beliefs.

The system works thanks to communication - social relations. Social relations are the main link between people and subsystems.

People play roles. In the family we play an exemplary father. At work, we are expected to obey unquestioningly. Among friends, we are the life of the party. We don't choose roles. They are dictated to us by society.

Each person has more than one personality, but several at once. Each person behaves differently in different situations. You can't scold your boss the same way you scold a child, right?

Animals have a fixed social role: if the leader “said” that you will sleep from below and eat last, this will happen all your life. And even in another pack, an individual will never be able to take on the role of leader.

Man is universal. Every day we wear dozens of masks. Thanks to this, we easily adapt to different situations. You are the main one, what you understand. You will never demand submission from a competent leader. Great survival mechanism!

Scientists divide social relationships:

• between individuals;
• within the group;
• between groups;
• local (indoors);
• ethnic (within race or nation);
• within the organization;
• institutional (within the boundaries of a social institution);
• inside the country;
• international.

We communicate not only with whomever we want, but also when necessary. For example, we don’t want to communicate with a colleague, but he sits in the same office with us. And we must work. That's why relationships exist:

• informal- with friends and loved ones whom we ourselves chose;
• formalized- with whom we must contact if necessary.

You can communicate with like-minded people and with enemies.

• there are: cooperative
• - cooperative relationships; competitive

- confrontation.

Results Society - complex dynamic system

• . People launched it only once, and now it determines every stage of our lives. flexibility
• - regulates all areas of life, even if they have not yet appeared; mobility
• - continuously changes as needed; difficult well-oiled mechanism
• from subsystems and elements; independence
• - society itself creates the conditions for existence; relationship
• all elements; adequate reaction

for changes.

Thanks to the dynamic social mechanism, man is the most resilient creature on the planet. For only a person changes the world around him.

Video

From the video you will learn what society is, its concept and the relationship between man and society.

option 37.

A 1. Society as a dynamic system is distinguished by the following feature:

1) isolation from the natural environment, loss of connection with it

2) the withering away of old forms of social interactions

3) the presence of certain social institutions and subsystems

4) the entry of nature and society into a single material world

A 2. Information that the research is carried out under managed and controlled conditions by scientists characterizes the method used by scientists as

1) hypothesis; 2) observation; 3) experiment; 4) perception

A 3. Schoolchildren, on instructions from a social studies teacher, conducted a sociological survey among the population of the microdistrict and identified the most worrying problems for residents. In the structure of this activity, schoolchildren acted as

1) object; 2) goals; 3) funds; 4) subject

A 4. Are the following judgments about the ethics of science correct?

A. The ethics of modern science presupposes the responsibility of scientists for the results and consequences of their activities.

B. The results of scientific research have no moral restrictions; for a scientist there is nothing more important than the truth of what he knows.

A 5. In country N., the state, in conditions of an acute financial crisis, bought into its ownership large blocks of shares in a private bank. What economic concept reflects this action of the authorities?

1) privatization; 2) devaluation; 3) nationalization; 4) corporatization 

A 6. The non-economic negative consequences of unemployment include

1) increased competition in the labor market; 2) slowdown in wage growth;

3) lost production; 4) increase in the number of offenses

A 7. Central Bank of the Russian Federation

3) issues national currency; 4) issues securities (shares)

A 8. The figure shows the situation on the organic food market: the supply line S has moved to a new position S 1. (P is the price of the product, Q is the volume of supply of the product) This movement can be associated, first of all, with (with)

A 9. Are the following judgments about the types of economic growth true?

A. Intensive economic growth is characterized by acceleration

turnover of enterprise funds.

B. Extensive growth can be associated with an increase in the number of people employed.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect

A 15. Read fragments from journalistic articles. Which of them contains information about events taking place in the federal state?

1) “Municipal authorities decided to distribute funds from local budgets for social needs.”

2) “In several regions, elections were held for new representatives to the upper house of the national parliament, representing the interests of the regions.”

3) “The government has adopted amendments to the country’s budget, providing for a significant increase in allocations for social needs.”

4) “The head of state received representatives of the largest parliamentary factions and agreed with them on the political decisions being made.”

A 16. Are the following statements about electoral systems true?

A. The proportional electoral system gives preference to candidates representing political parties. B. The disadvantage of the majoritarian system is the introduction of an electoral barrier that many parties are not able to overcome.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect

A 17. What distinguishes the Constitution from other normative acts

1) guaranteed by the power of the state; 2) regulation of social relations;

3) action across a circle of people and over time; 4) having direct action

A 18. International humanitarian law regarding prisoners of war establishes

1) provision of necessary medical care;
2) prohibition on involvement in physical work

3) the ability to maintain correspondence with family and friends

4) payment of monthly maintenance

A 19. Citizen V., being the heir of the second stage, lays claim to the inheritance of his deceased brother. The children of the deceased refused to allocate him the appropriate share, and he, on the advice of a lawyer, went to court. Citizen V. will participate in this trial as

1) witness; 2) the defendant; 3) plaintiff; 4) victim

A 20. Are the following judgments about legal capacity and capacity correct?

A. An individual under 18 years of age may acquire full civil capacity upon marriage.

B. A legal entity acquires legal capacity and capacity upon the commencement of economic activity.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect

Q 6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

In ideological and political terms, ____________ (A) is defined as pluralistic, as opposed to a totalitarian society, which does not allow ___________ (B). A civilized society is an open society, while barbarian societies often strive for a cultural___________ (B). This is also _______________ (D),

as opposed to a predominantly moral orientation

traditional society. In a civilized society, ____________ (D) can freely act within the framework of legal legislation, caring only about his own good and not being embarrassed by moral requirements if they are not prescribed in the legislation. The legislation itself should focus on the “natural rights of man” as a biological individual, protecting him from the excessive claims of society and _________________ (E).

list of terms

1) state; 2) ideological disagreement; 3) social progress; 4) globalization;

5) civilized society; 6) individual; 7) law society; 8) self-isolation;

9) modernization

Q 7. Citizen A. successfully passed the interview and was hired by the company as a manager.

Select from the list below the characteristics of the legal relationship illustrated by this example and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) employment agreement (contract)

2) disciplinary offense

3) probationary period

4) labor relationship

5) administrative arrest

6) judicial precedent

Q 8. Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1) Praise; 2) gratitude; 3) sanction; 4) certificate of honor; 5) bonus; 6) reprimand;

7) boycott.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.

THE MODERN WORLD AND ITS CONTRADICTIONS

There are many signs that, starting from the second half of the 20th century, humanity entered a particularly responsible, critical period in its history.

Nuclear missile weapons have been created that are capable, in principle, of destroying all of humanity - this is the greatest danger of our time. Thanks to economic, industrial and scientific achievements, so-called conventional weapons have also become incomparably more dangerous, not to mention chemical and bacteriological weapons.

Undoubtedly, the success of industrial and technological progress is the main factor in overcoming poverty, hunger and disease; but at the same time they lead to threatening changes in the environment and to the depletion of resources. Humanity is thus faced with a formidable environmental danger.

Rapid changes in traditional forms of life have led to an uncontrollable population explosion, especially powerful in developing countries of the third world. Population growth is creating unusually difficult economic, social and psychological problems now and inevitably threatens much more serious dangers in the future. In many countries, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, food shortage continues to be a constant factor for hundreds of millions of people, doomed from the moment of birth to a miserable, half-starved existence...

But even in developed countries, people face very serious problems. Among them are the severe consequences of excessive urbanization, the loss of social and psychological stability of society, the continuous exhausting race of fashion and overproduction, the frantic, insane pace of life and its changes; an increase in the number of nervous and mental illnesses, the separation of an increasing number of people from nature and normal, traditional human life, the destruction of the family and simple human joys, the decline of the moral and ethical foundations of society and a weakening sense of purpose and meaningfulness in life. Against this background, numerous ugly phenomena arise - an increase in crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, terrorism, etc.

(A.D. Sakharov)

C 2. What does the author see as the contradictory essence of modern technological progress? Formulate your answer based on the text. Give any example of your own of the contradictory nature of scientific and technological progress, using your knowledge from the course of social studies and history.

What do social scientists call this group of global problems?

C 4. A.D. Sakharov writes about the problems faced by the modern world.

Based on the text, knowledge of the course, knowledge of material about current problems of our time, suggest any three ways in which humanity can solve them.

You are given 3.5 hours (210 minutes) to complete the examination paper in social studies. The work consists of 3 parts, including 38 tasks.

• Part 1 includes 22 multiple choice questions. For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct.

• Part 2 consists of 7 tasks to which you must give a short answer in the form of a number, word or phrase.

• Part 3 includes 9 tasks with detailed answers. These tasks require a complete answer (give an explanation, description or justification, express and argue your own opinion). By completing the last task of your job, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the obsession that is more attractive to you.

We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks. The points you receive for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

PART 1

When completing the tasks of this part, in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A22), put an “x” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

A1 What characterizes society as a dynamic system?

1) the presence of social relations
2) maintaining a connection with nature
3) the presence of social institutions
4) self-organization and self-development

A2 Absolute truth, as opposed to relative truth, is

1) conclusions obtained scientifically
2) judgments devoid of subjective assessments
3) comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) experimentally established facts

A3 The development of chemistry has made it possible to create new, more effective medicines that save humanity from many diseases. What function of science is revealed in this fact?

1) explanatory
2) prognostic
3) social
4) ideological

A4 Are the following judgments about personal responsibility true?

A. Responsibility involves foreseeing the consequences of one’s own actions.
B. Responsibility involves assessing one’s own actions from the point of view of their social orientation.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

A5 A necessary condition for the development of a market economy is

1) elimination of income inequality
2) increase in state budget expenditures
3) private ownership of the means of production
4) excess of supply over demand 

A6 The income received by the owner from cash savings in a personal account is

1) bank interest
2) profit
3) bonus
4) dividends

A7 Which of the following is reflected in the items of the state budget?

1) indicators of enterprise profit growth
2) income of citizens from business activities
3) expenses for maintaining the army
4) average monthly salary

A8 The figure shows the situation on the grain market: the supply line S has moved to a new position S1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the quantity of the product).

This movement may be associated primarily with (with)

1) providing grain producers with tax benefits
2) reduction in prices for fuel and fertilizers
3) an increase in the number of bakery and confectionery enterprises
4) expectations of a low grain harvest

A9 Are the following statements about the central bank true?

A. The Central Bank heads commercial banks and manages their activities.
B. The central bank controls the money supply and issues money.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

A10 In the formation of which community does the unity of territory and language play a significant role?

1) cultural
2) ethnic
3) demographic
4) social class

A11 Socialization of personality is called

1) development of natural inclinations and individual inclinations of a person
2) a clash of interests, opinions, views of individuals
3) the individual’s mastery of the cultural values ​​of society
4) human behavior that contradicts social norms accepted in society

A12 In country N, during sociological surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005, the following formulation of one of the questionnaire items was proposed: “How do you feel about your work?” The results obtained (as a percentage of the number of respondents) were entered into the table.

What conclusion can be drawn based on the data in this table?

1) The share of citizens working by vocation and in accordance with the qualifications received has decreased.
2) The share of respondents working outside their specialty has decreased.
3) The share of people satisfied with their work and profession has decreased.
4) The share of citizens who cannot get a job in their specialty has increased.

A13 Are the following judgments about social control true?

A. One of the elements of social control is self-control.
B. Social control involves the mandatory use of coercion.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

A14 Which of the following is a form of territorial government?

1) federation
2) republic
3) monarchy
4) democracy

A15 A democratic regime, in contrast to an authoritarian one, is characterized by

1) the presence of a judicial system
2) leadership of one political party
3) election of a legislative body
4) the rule of law

A16 A faction of a political party in parliament nominated its representative for the post of Minister of Finance. Which function of a political party in society does this example illustrate?

1) mobilization of citizens to support government decisions
2) promotion of party members to executive authorities
3) political socialization of citizens
4) expanding the social base of the party

A17 Are the following judgments about civil society true?

A. In a civil society, the state controls all spheres of public life.
B. A characteristic feature of civil society is the availability of free access of citizens to various information.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

A18 Rules of law, unlike other social norms, are always

1) regulate social relations
2) are established by the state
3) guarantee equality
4) ensure social justice

A19 Which form of legal entity assumes that profits are distributed among members in accordance with their labor participation?

1) production cooperative
2) unitary enterprise
3) closed joint stock company
4) open joint stock company

A20 In what judicial process are claims for the collection of alimony for minor children considered?

1) administrative
2) arbitration
3) civil
4) criminal

A21 The administration of the enterprise refused to grant Citizen K. another vacation. The citizen decided to challenge this decision. Where (to whom) should he turn for this?

1) to a notary
2) to the prosecutor's office
3) to court
4) to the Commissioner for Human Rights

A22 Are the following judgments about the rights and obligations of taxpayers correct?

A. Taxpayers are required to pay taxes and fees on time and in full.
B. Taxpayers may enjoy tax benefits on the grounds and in the manner established by law.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

PART 2

The answer to the tasks in this part (B1-B7) is a word (phrase) or a sequence of numbers. Enter the answers first into the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces or any additional characters. Write each number or letter in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Q1 Write down the word missing in the table.

Methods of cognition

Answer:_________________

Q2 Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept of “political power”.

Dominance, state, coercion, law, tribe.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.

Answer:__________________

B3 Establish a correspondence between the participant in criminal proceedings and the party he represents: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Q4 Find examples in the list below that relate to land as a factor of production, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) cash
2) a plot of arable land
3) oil deposits
4) machines and equipment
5) forest
6) buildings, structures

Answer:__________________

Q5 Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The capital hosted the next International Festival of Design, Decorative and Applied Arts and Folk Arts.
(B) This year it received a topical focus and became more modern. (B) The level of submitted work has increased significantly.
(D) The previously existing gap between the “medal” projects and all the others could not be considered acceptable.

Determine which provisions of the text are

1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

Q6 Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Spiritual ________ (A) emerged at a certain stage of human development into a special sphere of activity. The products of this activity exist in ___________ (B) individuals. They are expressed in __________(B) form - language, religion, art styles, etc. Some elements of culture acquire the character of “eternal” values, determine ___________(G) and the purpose of human life. For spiritual production, a material base is needed - schools, theaters, museums, publishing houses, and mass media. In the sphere of spiritual production there are a number of __________ (D), such as the church, education, science, art, as well as individual specialists. Products of spiritual production represent ___________ (E) cultural experience of contemporaries and all previous generations.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1) social status
2) synthesis
3) iconic-symbolic
4) consciousness
5) social institution
6) production society meaning oral

The table below shows the letters that indicate missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

Q7 Find examples of cyclical unemployment in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) With the advent of computers, secretaries-typists were not in demand in the labor market.
2) The economic crisis has led to an increase in unemployment at enterprises in various industries.
3) Employees of an enterprise that went bankrupt in conditions of intense competition lost their jobs.
4) With a decrease in orders at the stage of economic recession, the construction company began laying off employees.
5) With the completion of the fruit harvest in the horticultural farm, seasonal workers received their pay and went home.

Answer:__________________

Do not forget to transfer all answers to answer form No. 1.

PART 3

To record answers to tasks in this part (C1-C9), use answer form No. 2. First write down the task number (CI, C2, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.

The number of points awarded for tasks in Part 3 depends on the completeness and correctness of your answer. Both the complete correct answer and the partially correct answer will be assessed.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.

Article 80.
< ... >

Article 81.
1. In the absence of an agreement on the payment of alimony, alimony for minor children is collected by the court from their parents monthly in the amount of: for one child - one quarter, for two children - one third, for three or more children - half of the earnings and (or) other income of the parents .

Article 86.

Article 87.

C1

C2 In the presence of which of the exceptional circumstances (in the absence of an agreement), according to the law, each of the parents can be called upon by the court to participate in bearing additional expenses for the maintenance of children? List three exceptional circumstances.

C3 What aspects of the relationship between children and parents are regulated by each of the above articles of the Family Code? Based on your knowledge of the social science course, name any other aspect of relationships regulated by the Family Code.

C4

C5

C6

C7 The graph below shows the ratio of average and minimum wages in country Z to the cost of living in 2002-2008. Draw conclusions about the relationship between a) the minimum wage and the cost of living; b) average salary with a living wage in 2002-2008. Explain why the current socio-economic situation in country Z is dangerous.

C8

By completing task C9, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills in the content that is more attractive to you. To this end, select only ONE of the statements below.

When expressing your thoughts on various aspects of the problem raised (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data experience.

In answer form 2, write down the full number of the task (for example, C9.5), the selected statement, and then the detailed answer.

Evaluation system for examination work in social studies

PART 1

For the correct answer to each task in Part 1, 1 point is given.
If two or more answers are indicated (including the correct one), an incorrect answer or no answer - 0 points.

PART 2

Correctly completed tasks Bl, B2 are scored 1 point, VZ - B7 are scored as follows: 2 points - no errors; 1 point - one mistake was made or one character is missing in the correct answer combination; 0 points - two or more mistakes were made.

PART 3

Extract from the Family Code of the Russian Federation

Article 80.
1. Parents are obliged to support their minor children. The procedure and form for providing maintenance to minor children are determined by the parents independently.< ... >

Article 81.
1. In the absence of an agreement on the payment of alimony, alimony for minor children is collected by the court from their parents monthly in the amount of: for one child - one quarter, for two children - one third, for three or more children - half of the earnings and (or) other income of the parents .
2. The size of these shares may be reduced or increased by the court, taking into account the financial or family status of the parties and other noteworthy circumstances.

Article 86.
1. In the absence of an agreement and in the presence of exceptional circumstances (serious illness, injury to minor children or disabled adult children in need, the need to pay for outside care for them and other circumstances), each of the parents may be called by the court to participate in bearing additional expenses caused by these circumstances .
The procedure for the participation of parents in incurring additional expenses and the amount of these expenses are determined by the court based on the financial and marital status of the parents and children and other noteworthy interests of the parties in a fixed sum of money payable monthly.
2. The court has the right to oblige parents to participate both in the additional expenses actually incurred and in the additional expenses that need to be incurred in the future.

Article 87.
1. Able-bodied adult children are obliged to support and care for their disabled parents in need of help.
2. In the absence of an agreement on the payment of alimony, alimony for disabled parents in need of help is recovered from able-bodied adult children in court.
3. The amount of alimony collected from each of the children is determined by the court based on the financial and marital status of the parents and children and other noteworthy interests of the parties in a fixed sum of money payable monthly.< ... >

C1 Name any three circumstances established by law on which the amount of alimony for minor children, collected by the court in the absence of an agreement on the payment of alimony, depends.

C2 What exceptional circumstances (in the absence of an agreement) according to the law can serve as the basis for the court to involve each of the parents in bearing additional expenses for the maintenance of children? List three exceptional circumstances.

C3 What aspects of the relationship between children and parents does it regulate? each of the above articles Family Code? Based on your knowledge of the social science course, name any other aspect of relationships regulated by the Family Code.

C4 In some regions of Russia, local authorities apply moral sanctions, along with legal mechanisms, to citizens who evade paying alimony for the maintenance of minor children and disabled parents. Using knowledge from your social studies course, give three explanations for why moral enforcement might be effective in this case.

C5 What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “political party”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about a political party.

C6 Give two manifestations of the inconsistency of social progress. Illustrate each with an example.

C7 The graph below shows the ratio of average and minimum wages in country Z to the cost of living in 2002-2008. Draw conclusions about the relationship between a) the minimum wage and the cost of living; b) average salary with a living wage in 2002-2008. Explain why the current socio-economic situation in country Z is dangerous.

C8 You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Socialization of the individual.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

By completing task C9, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills in the content that is more attractive to you. To this end, select only ONE of the statements below.

C9 Choose one of the statements below, reveal its meaning by identifying the problem (the topic raised) posed by the author; formulate your attitude towards the position taken by the author; justify this relationship.

When expressing your thoughts on various aspects of the problem raised (the designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, appropriate concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

Among the criteria by which the completion of task C9 is assessed, criterion K1 is decisive. If the graduate, in principle, did not reveal (or revealed incorrectly) the meaning of the statement, did not identify the problem posed by the author (the topic put forward), and The expert gave 0 points for criterion K1, then the answer is not checked further. For the remaining criteria (K2, KZ), 0 points are given in the protocol for checking tasks with a detailed answer.

There is a variety of approaches to defining the concept of “society” in the scientific literature, which emphasizes the abstract nature of this category, and when defining it in each specific case, it is necessary to proceed from the context in which this concept is used.

1) Natural (the influence of geographical and climatic conditions on the development of society).

2) Social (the reasons and starting points of social development are determined by society itself).

The combination of these factors predetermines social development.

There are different ways of developing society:

Evolutionary (gradual accumulation of changes and their naturally determined nature);

Revolutionary (characterized by relatively rapid change, subjectively directed on the basis of knowledge and action).

DIVERSITY OF PATHS AND FORMS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Social progress in those created in the 18th-19th centuries. works of J. Condorcet, G. Hegel, K. Marx and other philosophers was understood as a natural movement along a single main path for all humanity. On the contrary, in the concept of local civilizations, progress is seen to occur in different civilizations in different ways.

If you take a mental look at the course of world history, you will notice many similarities in the development of different countries and peoples. Primitive society was everywhere replaced by a state-governed society. Feudal fragmentation was replaced by centralized monarchies. Bourgeois revolutions took place in many countries. Colonial empires collapsed and dozens of independent states emerged in their place. You yourself could continue listing similar events and processes that took place in different countries, on different continents. This similarity reveals the unity of the historical process, a certain identity of successive orders, the common destinies of different countries and peoples.

At the same time, the specific paths of development of individual countries and peoples are diverse. There are no peoples, countries, states with the same history. The diversity of concrete historical processes is caused by differences in natural conditions, the specifics of the economy, the uniqueness of spiritual culture, the peculiarities of the way of life, and many other factors. Does this mean that each country is predetermined by its own development option and that it is the only possible one? Historical experience shows that under certain conditions, various options for solving pressing problems are possible, a choice of methods, forms, and paths for further development is possible, i.e., a historical alternative. Alternative options are often offered by certain groups of society and various political forces.

Let us remember that in preparation Peasant reform, held in Russia in 1861, different social forces proposed different forms of implementing changes in the life of the country. Some defended the revolutionary path, others - the reformist one. But among the latter there was no unity. Several reform options were proposed.

And in 1917-1918. A new alternative arose before Russia: either a democratic republic, one of the symbols of which was a popularly elected Constituent Assembly, or a republic of Soviets led by the Bolsheviks.

In each case, a choice was made. This choice is made by statesmen, ruling elites, and the masses, depending on the balance of power and influence of each of the subjects of history.

Any country, any people at certain moments in history are faced with a fateful choice, and its history is carried out in the process of realizing this choice.

The variety of ways and forms of social development is unlimited. It is included within the framework of certain trends in historical development.

So, for example, we saw that the abolition of outdated serfdom was possible both in the form of a revolution and in the form of reforms carried out by the state. And the urgent need to accelerate economic growth in different countries was carried out either by attracting new and new natural resources, i.e. extensively, or by introducing new equipment and technology, improving the skills of workers, based on increased labor productivity, i.e. intensive way. Different countries or the same country may use different options for implementing the same type of changes.

Thus, the historical process, in which general trends manifest themselves - the unity of diverse social development, creates the possibility of choice, on which the uniqueness of the paths and forms of further movement of a given country depends. This speaks to the historical responsibility of those who make this choice.

Sociology is becoming an increasingly popular science, as is the section of social studies studied in school. What's the secret? Of course, the fact that society is becoming more and more modern and developing sciences related to Information technology has gone far ahead, but this in no way cancels the value of the humanities.

Society

What do we mean when we say the word "society"? There are so many meanings that an entire dictionary could be written. Most often we call society the totality of people who surround us. However, there are also narrower meanings of this concept. For example, when talking about the stages of development of all mankind, we call slave society, emphasizing the type of system that existed at that time. National identity is also expressed through this concept. Therefore, they talk about English society, noting its sophistication and stiffness. In addition, class affiliation can be expressed. Thus, the noble society in the last century was considered the most prestigious. The goals of a group of people are expressed very clearly through this concept. The Animal Welfare Society represents a collection of like-minded people.

What characterizes society as a dynamic system? And what is society? More broadly speaking, society can be called all of humanity. In this case, it should be emphasized that this concept must necessarily combine the aspect of connection with nature and people with each other.

Signs of society

What characterizes society as a dynamic system? This question is natural. And it arises because it is connected with the next aspect in the study of social science. First, it’s worth understanding what the term “system” means. It is something complex, meaning a collection of elements. They are simultaneously one and interact with each other.

Society is a very complex system. Why? It's all about the number of parts and connections between them. Structural units play a primary role here. The system in society is open, since it interacts with what surrounds it without any visible interference. Society is material because it exists in reality. And finally, society is dynamic. Society as a dynamic system is characterized by the presence of changes.

Elements

As mentioned above, society is complex and consists of various elements. The latter can be combined into subsystems. In the life of society, we can distinguish not one, but four. If the sign of variability is distinguished, then the subsystems are equivalent to spheres of life. The economic side primarily reflects the distribution, production and consumption of goods. is responsible for relations between citizens and the state, the organization of parties and their interaction. Spiritual is associated with religious and cultural changes, the creation of new objects of art. And social is responsible for the relationships between classes, nations and estates, as well as citizens of different ages and professions.

Social Institute

Society as a dynamic system is characterized by its development. In addition, institutions play an important role in this. exist in all spheres of life, characterizing one or another aspect of it. For example, the very first “point” of a child’s socialization is the family, a unit that transforms his inclinations and helps him live in society. Then a school is allocated, where the child learns not only to understand science and develop skills, but also gets used to the process of interacting with other people. The highest level in the hierarchy of institutions will be occupied by the state as the guarantor of the rights of citizens and the largest system.

Factors

What characterizes society as a dynamic system? If these are changes, then what? First of all, quality. If a society becomes more complex in character, it means that it is developing. It can be in different cases. Factors that influence this are also of two types. Natural reflects changes that have occurred due to climate change, geographic location, or a disaster of a corresponding nature and scale. The social factor emphasizes that changes occurred due to the fault of people and the society in which they belong. Changes are not necessarily positive.

Development ways

Answering the question of what characterizes society as a dynamic system, we pointed to its development. How exactly does it happen? There are two ways. The first is called evolutionary. It means that changes do not occur immediately, but over time, sometimes for a very long time. Gradually society is changing. This path is natural, since the process is due to a number of reasons. The other way is revolutionary. It is considered subjective because it occurs suddenly. The knowledge used for the action of revolutionary development is not always correct. But its speed clearly exceeds evolution.