Very interesting post about Isaac Newton biography. Isaac Newton - biography and scientific discoveries that turned the world upside down

The greatness and strength of a real scientist is not at all in the number of merits or awards, not in the titles awarded, and not even in the recognition of such by mankind. A true genius is betrayed by his theories and discoveries left to the world. One of the immortal ascetics who seriously “pushed” scientific and technological progress with their ideas was Isaac Newton, whose theories no one will and cannot question the weightiness of. Every student knows about the famous laws discovered by him. But how did his life turn out, how exactly did he go through his earthly path?

Isaac Newton: biography of a man without an apple

It is quite possible that without the discoveries made by this man, the world around us would be completely different from what we know. They allowed science to take such a wide step forward that we can feel the consequences even in the twenty-first century. Based on the teachings of his world-famous predecessors, such as Descartes, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, he managed to correctly compile and logically complete their works, bring them to perfection.

Interesting

As a student, the mathematician Newton kept a diary, a kind of notebook. He contributed the most interesting and important, in his opinion, thoughts, hypotheses and theories. There is a phrase that perfectly characterizes him: “In no philosophy can there be a king, except for absolute truth. We must build golden monuments to the great, but at the same time write on each of them that the main friend of the scientist is the true truth.

Briefly about the English mathematician Newton

This man really managed to create a completely new, more realistic picture of the world than the one that people used before. Carrying out entertaining and rather bold experiments for his time, the scientist was able to prove that mixing all the tones of the spectrum as a result will not give darkness, as previously thought, but a perfectly white color. However, this is far from the main thing, because the law of universal gravitation is considered the most outstanding discovery of Newton. There is even a legend about an apple that fell on the head of a mathematician, familiar to everyone since childhood.

The ascetic himself never aspired to fame or fame, and his works were published only a few decades after they were written. He even “scribbled” in a notebook that fame would increase the number of various friends, friends and acquaintances, which could prevent him from continuing to work. He did not show the first treatise to anyone at all, therefore the descendants managed to find it only three hundred years after the death of the great master. The years of Newton's life cannot be called either simple or comfortable, but they certainly were not barren.

Isaac's early years

Isaac Newton Sr., the father of the future luminary of physics and mathematics, was born in the sixth year of the seventeenth century in a tiny village called Woolsthorpe, which is located in Lincolnshire. The physicist himself believed that the family was descended from immigrants from Scotland, and in the fifteenth century there are references to impoverished nobles with a similar surname. However, modern research has shown that even a hundred years before the birth of the scientist, the Newtons were peasants and worked on the land.

The boy grew up, married a decent girl, Anna Ayskow, farmed hard, and even saved up enough money to leave his wife and newborn offspring several hundred acres of good land and more than five hundred pounds of money. From a sudden and fleeting illness, the man died unexpectedly, at a time when his wife was just about to be relieved from the burden. On December 25, just on the Catholic Christmas of 1642, a weak and sickly boy was born without waiting for the deadline, whom it was decided to name in honor of his father - Isaac.

The baby had no other siblings. However, four years later, my mother found an excellent match. She ran out to marry an elderly widower. Despite her husband's advanced age, the woman gave birth to three more children. The kids demanded care and attention, and Isaac was left to himself. The woman simply did not have enough strength and time to pay enough attention to her firstborn. The boy grew up smart, never cried, didn’t whine and didn’t “tighten the blanket”. He was raised by his mother's brother, Uncle William. Together with him, Isaac enthusiastically made various technical gizmos, for example, boats with sails, a water mill or an hourglass.

In 1953, my stepfather ordered me to live long, but my mother never had time for a boy from her first marriage. However, she did not forget to take care of his well-being, she should be given her due. As soon as Anna received the inheritance of her late husband, she immediately copied it over to young Isaac. Only at the age of twelve was the tomboy sent to school in a nearby town called Grantham. So that he would not walk several tens of kilometers on foot every day, they rented a bed for him from a local pharmacist. Four years later, the mother tried to take her son out of school and attach him to the management of the estate, but he was not at all interested in the “family business”.

In addition, the school teacher Stokes, beloved uncle William, who saw the potential of the young man, also began to ask to send him to the university. The apothecary with whom the boy lodged, and his city acquaintance Humphrey Babington of Cambridge College, joined in the pleas, and the woman relented. Who is Isaac Newton, In the 61st year, no one knew yet.

The guy entered the university and soon took up his favorite thing - science. More than three decades of the life of an outstanding scientist are associated with this educational institution. In the sixty-fourth, he had already compiled for himself a list of unresolved mysteries, mysteries and problems of mankind (Questiones quaedam philosophicae), consisting of more than four dozen items. He was supposed to be able to deal with each of them.

Plague years, glorious for science

The year 1664 was not only fruitful for the young Newton, who had just become interested in mathematics, and also successfully passed the exams, receiving a bachelor's degree, but also terrible for the whole country. In London, houses began to appear, on the facades of which fiery scarlet crosses blazed - a sign of the Great Bubonic Plague, from which there was no escape. She spared neither children nor adults, she did not choose among men or women, she did not divide people into estates and classes. In the summer of 1965, college classes were cancelled. After collecting his favorite books, Isaac went home to the village.

There is even a special historical name for the period of 65-66 years of the seventeenth century - the Great Plague in London. An infectious and terribly contagious disease claimed at least twenty percent of the population of the English capital, successfully spread by hordes of rats. A total of one hundred thousand people died. The dead were taken out of the city, and sometimes they were simply burned in the middle of the streets or along with the dwellings. This caused a colossal fire that claimed several hundred more lives, but helped to cope with the plague.

Optical experiments and the law of universal gravitation

These years were destructive and extremely disastrous for the whole country, but at the same time extremely fruitful for the scientist himself. He could, without being distracted by anything else, engage in his experiments in the wilderness of his native village. At the very end of the sixty-fifth, he had already isolated the differential calculus, and at the beginning of the next year he had already come close to the theory of colors. It was Newton who managed to prove that white light is not primary, but consists of a full spectrum, which he came up with thanks to an experiment with a prism and a directed narrow beam.

By May, Isaac had begun the integral calculus. He began to gradually approach the law of universal gravitation. Based on the knowledge "prepared" in advance by Kepler, Epicurus, Huygens and Descartes, Newton was able to clearly and understandably connect it with the motion of the planets. Moreover, he did not easily calculate the formula, but also proposed a complete working mathematical model, which no one had done before. It is interesting that the legend of the fallen apple, which allegedly prompted the scientist to this discovery, was probably invented by the famous French writer and philosopher Voltaire.

Prominence in scientific circles

In the early spring of 1966, Newton decided to return to the university, but by the summer the plague returned and became even more “furious”, so it was not safe to stay in the city. Only two years later he managed to achieve a master's degree and start teaching. He was no teacher, and the students did not want to go to lectures, shirked in every possible way and even harmed. In 1969, Isaac's tutor, Barrow, insisted on the publication of some mathematical papers. Although the author asked not to reveal his name, he said that we are talking about Newton's developments.

So glory slowly crept up to the great introvert. Already in October 66, he was appointed court chaplain at the invitation of King Charles II himself. It was the dignity of a clergyman, to whom the scientist treated with a share of healthy skepticism. However, he allowed to leave teaching, fully devoting time to science. Total fame came to Isaac only in 1670, after he was enrolled as a member of the Royal Society of London - one of the first Academies of Sciences.

Around this time, he independently developed and independently built a reflecting telescope, which is a design of a lens and a concave mirror, which he presented to the scientific world. The device gave an increase of more than forty times. But to be completely honest, colleagues were not loyal enough to the physicist: conflicts and frictions constantly arose, which Newton did not like very much. After the publication of the work “Philosophical Transactions” in the winter of the 72nd year, a terrible scandal erupted - the inventor Hooke, as well as his friend the Dutch mechanic Huygens, demanded that this work be recognized as unconvincing, since it contradicted their ideas.

In the late seventies, what Newton is famous for, in London, and far beyond its borders, every educated person already knew. But for the philosopher and physicist himself, it was a difficult time. First, a close friend, mentor and former teacher of Barrow died, then a fire broke out in Isaac's house, and only half of the archive was saved. In the seventy-seventh, the head of the Royal Society, Oldenburg, went to the forefathers, and Hooke, who frankly disliked Newton, sat in his place. In addition, Anna, the mother of the scientist, also died in 1979, which was the last crushing blow - the teacher and this woman were the only ones he was always glad to see.

The most famous works of the English scientist

By the eighty-sixth year, the passage of the famous comet across the sky aroused great interest not only in scientific circles, but also among the townsfolk. Edmond Halley himself, thanks to whom the astronomical body got its name, repeatedly asked Newton to publish works on celestial mechanics and the motion of objects. But he did not even want to hear about anything like that. He did not want new disputes, strife and accusations, because the descendants learned about his achievements much later. It was only in 1684 that a treatise on the ellipticity of the orbits of the planets called De motu was presented to the general public. Only two years later, and even then with the personal money of Professor Halley, the work with the final title Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published.

In this work, the scientist completely abandons unnecessary and even somewhat interfering metaphysics, which neither Aristotle nor Descartes ever got rid of. He decides not to take anything for granted and does not operate with invented “root causes”, but proves everything he talks about, based on his own observational experience and experiments. He even had to introduce several new concepts, for example, mass or external forces. On this basis, he deduced the three laws of mechanics that children today learn in the sixth or seventh grade.

Management activities in the hands of a scientist

In 1685, the deeply believing Catholic James II Stuart, who was going to revive the church canons, sat on the English throne instead of the previous reasonable ruler. First of all, he ordered the university authorities to award a degree to the monk Alban Francis, who understood the sciences a little better than a cat. The scientific community got excited, it was unheard of. Immediately followed by a summons from representatives of Cambridge to Judge George Jeffreys, who was afraid of all of London. Newton, never afraid of anything, spoke for everyone. Then the case was hushed up, and two years later King James was overthrown, and the scientist himself was elected to the university parliament.

In 1979, the elderly man made the acquaintance of the young Earl Charles Montagu, who immediately realized the magnitude of the luminary of science in front of him. He asked the ruler William III to appoint Newton as the keeper of the Mint, and he agreed. The man took office in 1695. For three years he studied the technological details and carried out a monetary reform. It is said that at the same time the Russian Tsar Peter the Great arrived, but no records of a meeting with Newton or their conversation have been preserved. In the third year of the eighteenth century, Somers, former President of the Royal Society, died, and the great scientist took his place.

Death of a mathematician: in memory of the physicist Isaac Newton

The last years of the famous innovator were held in honor and fame, although he did not want this and did not strive for fame. Finally, by 1705, his "Optics" was published, and Queen Anna conferred a knighthood on the master. Now he must be called Sir Isaac Newton, imprint his own coat of arms everywhere, and keep a pedigree, frankly, very dubious. This did not please the man, but the previously unpublished works, now published, brought true satisfaction. During the last years of his life, he strictly observed the regime, fulfilling the duties assigned to him.

By 1725, the health of the already not very strong old man began to deteriorate rapidly. In order to slightly alleviate the condition and escape from the bustle of the city, the philosopher moved to Kensington, where it was much quieter and the air turned out to be much cleaner. However, this was no longer able to help him: the body slowly “became unusable”, although he did not have any particularly terrible diseases. On March 20 (31), 1727, the life of Isaac Newton ended in a dream. His body was put on public display and then buried in Westminster Abbey.

In memory of the founder of classical mechanics

The magnitude of this scientist, the power and strength of the mind, his assertiveness and methodicalness, led to the fact that even centuries after his death, descendants did not forget about him and are unlikely to forget sometime in the future. An inscription flaunts on his grave indicating his obvious genius, and a monument has been erected in the courtyard of Trinity College, which can be viewed today.

Craters on Mars and the Moon are named after him, and in the international SI there is a quantity (force) measured in newtons. A medal with his initials is awarded annually for merit in the field of physics. There are a huge number of monuments, streets and squares around the world that also bear his name.

Interesting facts about the scientist Isaac Newton

Newton experimented on himself. Exploring the theory of light, he penetrated the pupil with a thin probe and pressed on the fundus of the eye.

The scientist never married and left no descendants behind him.

Despite his studies in science, this man was always deeply religious and did not deny the existence of God. Although the priests considered parasites.

In order to protect coins from swindling of precious metals by scammers, Newton suggested making transverse notches on the ends. This method is still used today.

Not possessing a heroic appearance, as well as being born prematurely, Isaac never suffered from serious illnesses. He never even had a common cold, at least there is no mention of it.

Myths and legends around physics

There is a legend that the master personally made two holes in the door of the house so that cats could freely enter and exit. But the man never had any pets.

It was rumored that he managed to get the post of caretaker of the Mint only thanks to the youth and innocence of his niece, who liked the treasurer Halifax. In fact, the count met the girl later than the scientist took his honorary post.

Many people tell the story that Newton, as a member of parliament, spoke only once, and then with a request to close the window. But records of his performances for all time do not exist.

There is a myth that a man from his youth was interested in astrology and even knew how to predict the future. But no notes from him or his entourage on this issue were ever found.

In recent years, the scientist has been working on some mysterious work. Many believe that he was trying to decipher the Bible. However, no traces of such work were found after his death.

Isaac Newton was born December 25, 1642 (or January 4, 1643 according to the Gregorian calendar) in the village of Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire.

Young Isaac, according to contemporaries, was distinguished by a gloomy, withdrawn character. He preferred reading books and making primitive technical toys to boyish pranks and pranks.

When Isaac was 12 years old, he entered the Grantham School. The extraordinary abilities of the future scientist were discovered there.

In 1659, at the urging of his mother, Newton was forced to return home to farm. But thanks to the efforts of teachers who were able to see the future genius, he returned to school. In 1661, Newton continued his education at the University of Cambridge.

College education

In April 1664, Newton successfully passed his exams and acquired a higher student level. During his studies, he was actively interested in the works of G. Galileo, N. Copernicus, as well as the atomistic theory of Gassendi.

In the spring of 1663, lectures by I. Barrow began at the new mathematical department. The famous mathematician and prominent scientist later became a close friend of Newton. It was thanks to him that Isaac's interest in mathematics increased.

While in college, Newton came up with his basic mathematical method, the expansion of a function into an infinite series. At the end of the same year, I. Newton received a bachelor's degree.

Notable discoveries

Studying a brief biography of Isaac Newton, you should know that it is he who owns the presentation of the law of universal gravitation. Another important discovery of the scientist is the theory of the motion of celestial bodies. The 3 laws of mechanics discovered by Newton formed the basis of classical mechanics.

Newton made many discoveries in the field of optics and color theory. He developed many physical and mathematical theories. The scientific works of the outstanding scientist largely determined the time and were often incomprehensible to contemporaries.

His hypotheses regarding the oblateness of the Earth's poles, the phenomenon of light polarization and the deflection of light in the gravitational field still surprise scientists today.

In 1668 Newton received his master's degree. A year later he became a doctor of mathematical sciences. After he created the reflector, the forerunner of the telescope, the most important discoveries were made in astronomy.

Social activity

In 1689, as a result of a coup, King James II, with whom Newton had a conflict, was overthrown. After that, the scientist was elected to Parliament from the University of Cambridge, where he sat for about 12 months.

In 1679, Newton met C. Montagu, the future Earl of Halifax. Under Montagu's patronage, Newton was appointed Keeper of the Mint.

last years of life

In 1725, the health of the great scientist began to deteriorate rapidly. He passed away on March 20 (31), 1727, in Kensington. Death came in a dream. Isaac Newton was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Other biography options

• At the very beginning of his schooling, Newton was considered a very mediocre, almost the worst student. The moral trauma forced him to break out into the best when he was beaten by his tall and much stronger classmate.
• In the last years of his life, the great scientist wrote a certain book, which, in his opinion, was to become a kind of revelation. Unfortunately, the manuscripts are on fire. Due to the fault of the scientist's beloved dog, which overturned the lamp, the book disappeared in the fire.

> > Isaac Newton

Biography of Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Short biography:

Education: Cambridge university

Place of Birth: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England

A place of death: Kensington, Middlesex, England, Kingdom of Great Britain

- English astronomer, physicist, mathematician: biography with photo, ideas and classical physics of Newton, the law of universal gravitation, three laws of motion.

Sir was an English physicist and mathematician from a poor farming family. His short biography began December 25, 1642 at Woolsthorpe near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Newton was a poor farmer and was eventually sent to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge for training as a preacher. While studying at Cambridge, Newton pursued his personal interests and studied philosophy and mathematics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1665 and was later forced to leave Cambridge as it was closed due to the plague. He returned in 1667 and was admitted to the fraternity. Isaac Newton received his master's degree in 1668.

Newton is considered one of the greatest scientists in history. In the course of his brief biography, he made significant investments in many branches of modern science. Unfortunately, the famous story of Newton and the apple is largely based on fiction rather than real events. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for further progress in science since that time. Newton was one of the founders of the mathematical branch, which was referred to as calculus. He also unraveled the riddle of light and optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and with their help created the law of universal gravitation. Newton's laws of motion are among the most fundamental natural laws in classical mechanics. In 1686, Newton described his own discoveries in his Principia Mathematica. Newton's three laws of motion, when unified, underlie all interactions of force, matter, and motion, beyond those involving relativity and quantum effects.

Newton's first law of motion is the Law of Inertia. In short, it lies in the fact that an object at rest tends to remain in this state until it is affected by an external force.

Newton's second law of motion states that there is a relationship between unbalanced forces acting on a particular object. As a result, the object accelerates. (In other words, force equals mass times acceleration, or F = ma).

Newton's third law of motion, also referred to as the principle of action and reaction, describes that absolutely for every action there is an equivalent response. After a severe nervous breakdown in 1693, Newton withdrew from his own studies to seek a governorship in London. In 1696 he became rector of the Royal Mint. In 1708 Newton was elected Queen Anne. He is the first scientist to be so honored for his work. From that moment on, he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. The scientist devoted much of his time to theology. He wrote a large number of prophecies and predictions about subjects that were of interest to him. In 1703 he was chosen to be President of the Royal Society and was re-elected every year until his death on March 20, 1727.

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in the small British village of Woolsthorpe, located in Lincolnshire. A frail, prematurely left mother's womb boy came into this world on the eve of the English Civil War, shortly after the death of his father and shortly before the celebration of Christmas.

The child was so weak that for a long time he was not even baptized. But still, little Isaac Newton, named after his father, survived and lived a very long life for the seventeenth century - 84 years.

The father of the future brilliant scientist was a small farmer, but quite successful and wealthy. After the death of Newton Sr., his family received several hundred acres of fields and forest land with fertile soil and an impressive sum of £500.

Isaac's mother, Anna Ayskow, soon remarried and bore her new husband three children. Anna paid more attention to her younger offspring, and the upbringing of her first child was first taken up by Isaac's grandmother, and then by his uncle William Ayskoe.

As a child, Newton was fond of painting, poetry, selflessly invented a water clock, a windmill, made kites. At the same time, he was still very painful, and also extremely uncommunicative: Isaac preferred his own hobbies to cheerful games with his peers.

When the child was sent to school, his physical weakness and poor communication skills once even caused the boy to be beaten to the point of fainting. This humiliation Newton could not bear. But, of course, he could not acquire an athletic physical form overnight, so the boy decided to amuse his self-esteem in another way.

If before this incident he studied rather poorly and was clearly not a favorite of teachers, then after that he began to seriously stand out among his classmates in terms of academic performance. Gradually, he became the best student, and even more seriously than before, he began to be interested in technology, mathematics and amazing, inexplicable natural phenomena.

When Isaac was 16 years old, his mother took him back to the estate and tried to entrust the grown-up eldest son with part of the household chores (Anna Ayskoe's second husband had also died by that time). However, the guy was only engaged in designing ingenious mechanisms, “swallowing” numerous books and writing poetry.

The young man's schoolteacher, Mr. Stokes, as well as his uncle William Ayskow and acquaintance Humphrey Babington (part-time member of Cambridge Trinity College) from Grantham, where the future world-famous scientist attended school, persuaded Anna Ayskow to allow the gifted son to continue his studies. As a result of collective bargaining in 1661, Isaac completed his studies at school, after which he successfully passed the entrance exams to Cambridge University.

The beginning of a scientific career

As a student, Newton had the status of "sizar". This meant that he did not pay for his education, but he had to do various jobs at the university, or provide services to wealthier students. Isaac courageously endured this test, although he still did not like to feel oppressed, was unsociable and did not know how to make friends.

At that time, philosophy and natural science were taught in the world-famous Cambridge, although at that time the discoveries of Galileo, the atomistic theory of Gassendi, the bold works of Copernicus, Kepler and other outstanding scientists had already been demonstrated to the world. Isaac Newton devoured all the information he could find on mathematics, astronomy, optics, phonetics, and even music theory. At the same time, he often forgot about food and sleep.

The researcher began his independent scientific activity in 1664, having compiled a list of 45 problems in human life and nature that have not yet been resolved. At the same time, fate brought the student to the gifted mathematician Isaac Barrow, who began working in the mathematics department of the college. Subsequently, Barrow became his teacher, as well as one of his few friends.

Further intrigued by mathematics thanks to a gifted teacher, Newton performed the binomial expansion for an arbitrary rational exponent, which was his first brilliant discovery in the field of mathematics. In the same year, Isaac received a bachelor's degree.

In 1665-1667, as the plague swept through England, the Great Fire of London, and the costly war with Holland, Newton briefly settled in Woosthorpe. During these years, he directed his main activity to the discovery of optical secrets. Trying to figure out how to rid lens telescopes of chromatic aberration, the scientist came to the study of dispersion. The essence of the experiments that Isaac set was in an effort to know the physical nature of light, and many of them are still being carried out in educational institutions.

As a result, Newton came to the corpuscular model of light, deciding that it can be considered as a stream of particles that fly out of some source of light and move in a straight line to the nearest obstacle. Although such a model cannot claim to be the ultimate objectivity, it has become one of the foundations of classical physics, without which more modern ideas about physical phenomena would not have appeared.

Among those who like to collect interesting facts, there has long been a misconception that Newton discovered this key law of classical mechanics after an apple fell on his head. In fact, Isaac systematically walked towards his discovery, which is clear from his numerous notes. The legend of the apple was popularized by the authoritative philosopher Voltaire in those days.

Scientific fame

In the late 1660s, Isaac Newton returned to Cambridge, where he received the status of a master, his own room for living, and even a group of young students, for whom the scientist became a teacher. However, teaching was clearly not the "horse" of a gifted researcher, and the attendance of his lectures noticeably limped. At the same time, the scientist invented a reflecting telescope, which glorified him and allowed Newton to join the Royal Society of London. Through this device, many amazing astronomical discoveries were made.

In 1687 Newton published perhaps his most important work, Principia Mathematica. The researcher had published his works before, but this one was of paramount importance: it became the basis of rational mechanics and all mathematical science. It contained the well-known law of universal gravitation, the three hitherto known laws of mechanics, without which classical physics is unthinkable, key physical concepts were introduced, and the heliocentric system of Copernicus was not questioned.

In terms of mathematical and physical level, the "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" was an order of magnitude higher than the research of all scientists who worked on this problem before Isaac Newton. There was no unproven metaphysics with lengthy reasoning, groundless laws and unclear formulations, which the works of Aristotle and Descartes so sinned.

In 1699, while Newton was in administrative positions, his system of the world began to be taught at the University of Cambridge.

Personal life

Women, neither then, nor over the years, did not show much sympathy for Newton, and in his entire life he never married.

The death of the great scientist came in 1727, and almost all of London gathered at his funeral.

Newton's laws

• The first law of mechanics: every body is at rest or remains in a state of uniform translational motion until this state is corrected by the application of external forces.
• The second law of mechanics: the change in momentum is proportional to the applied force and is carried out in the direction of its influence.
• The third law of mechanics: material points interact with each other along a straight line connecting them, with forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
• The law of universal gravitation: the force of gravitational attraction between two material points is proportional to the product of their masses, multiplied by the gravitational constant, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between these points.

The English physicist Sir Isaac Newton, whose brief biography is provided here, became famous for his numerous discoveries in the field of physics, mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.

Inspired by the works of Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Kepler, Euclid and Wallis, Newton made many important discoveries, laws and inventions that modern science relies on to this day.

When and where was Isaac Newton born

House of Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (Sir Isaac Newton, years of life 1643 - 1727) was born on December 24, 1642 (January 4, 1643 according to a new style) in the country-state of England, Lincolnshire, in the city of Woolsthorpe.

His mother went into labor prematurely, and Isaac was born prematurely. At birth, the boy turned out to be so weak physically that they were even afraid to baptize him: everyone thought that he would die before he lived even a couple of years.

However, such a "prophecy" did not prevent him from living to old age and becoming a great scientist.

There is an opinion that Newton was a Jew by nationality, but this is not documented. It is known that he belonged to the English aristocracy.

I. Newton's childhood

His father, also named Isaac (Newton Jr. was named after his father - a tribute to memory), the boy never saw - he died before he was born.

Three more children later appeared in the family, whom the mother, Anna Ayskow, gave birth to from her second husband. With their appearance, few people were interested in the fate of Isaac: the boy grew up deprived of love, although the family was considered prosperous.

More efforts in the upbringing and care of Newton were made by his uncle William on his mother's side. The boy's childhood can hardly be called happy.

Already at an early age, Isaac showed the talents of a scientist: he spent a lot of time reading books, he loved to make something. He was closed and uncommunicative.

Where did Newton study?

In 1655, the 12-year-old boy was sent to a school in Grantham. During his training, he lived with a local apothecary named Clark.

The educational institution showed abilities in the field of physics, mathematics, astronomy, but Anna's mother took her son out of school after 4 years.

16-year-old Isaac was supposed to manage the farm, but he didn’t like this alignment: the young man was more attracted to reading books and inventing.

Thanks to his uncle, a school teacher Stokes and a teacher from the University of Cambridge, Isaac was reinstated into the ranks of the school's students to continue his educational activities.

In 1661, the guy enters Trinity College, Cambridge University for free education. In 1664 he takes the exams, which puts him in the status of a student. From that moment on, the young man continues his studies and receives a scholarship. In 1665, he was forced to quit studying due to the closure of the university for quarantine (a plague epidemic).

Around this period, he creates his first inventions. After, in 1667, the young man is restored as a student and continues to gnaw at the granite of science.

A significant role in the addiction to the exact sciences of Isaac Newton is played by his teacher in mathematics, Isaac Barrow.

It is curious that in 1668 the mathematical physicist received the title of master and graduated from the university, and almost immediately began to lecture to other students.

What did Newton discover?

The discoveries of the scientist are used in educational literature: both in school and university, and in a wide variety of disciplines (mathematics, physics, astronomy).

His main ideas were new for that century:

1. His most important and significant discoveries were made between 1665 and 1667, during the bubonic plague in London. The University of Cambridge was temporarily closed, the teaching staff disbanded due to the raging infection. The 18-year-old student left for his homeland, where he discovered the law of universal gravitation, and also conducted various experiments with the colors of the spectrum and optics.
2. Among his discoveries in the field of mathematics are algebraic curves of the 3rd order, binomial expansion, and methods for solving differential equations. The differential and integral calculus were developed almost at the same time as Leibniz, independently of each other.
3. In the field of classical mechanics, he created an axiomatic basis, as well as such a science as dynamics.
4. It is impossible not to mention the three laws, from where their name "Newton's laws" came from: the first, second and third.
5. The foundation was laid for further research in astronomy, including celestial mechanics.

The philosophical significance of Newton's discoveries

The physicist worked on his discoveries and inventions from both a scientific and a religious point of view.

He noted that he did not write his book "Beginnings" in order to "belittle the Creator", but nevertheless emphasized his power. The scientist believed that the world is "quite independent."

He was a supporter of "Newtonian philosophy".

Books by Isaac Newton

Newton's published books during his lifetime:

1. "Method of Differences".
2. "Enumeration of lines of the third order".
3. "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".
4. "Optics, or a treatise on the reflections, refractions, bendings, and colors of light."
5. "A New Theory of Light and Colors".
6. "On the quadrature of curves".
7. "Movement of bodies in orbit".
8. "Universal Arithmetic".
9. "Analysis using equations with an infinite number of terms".

1. "Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms" .
2. "System of the World".
3. "Method of fluxes ».
4. Lectures on optics.
5. Commentaries on the Book of the Prophet Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John.
6. "Brief Chronicle".
7. "A Historical Tracing of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture".

Newton's inventions

He began to take his first steps in invention as a child, as mentioned above.

In 1667, all university teachers were amazed by the telescope he created, which the future scientist invented: it was a breakthrough in the field of optics.

Isaac was knighted by the Royal Society in 1705 for his contributions to science. Now he was called Sir Isaac Newton, he had his own coat of arms and not very reliable pedigree.

Among his inventions are also listed:

1. A water clock powered by the rotation of a wooden block, which in turn vibrates from falling drops of water.
2. The reflector, which was a telescope with a concave lens. The device gave impetus to the study of the night sky. It was also used by sailors for navigation on the high seas.
3. Windmill.
4. Scooter.

Personal life of Isaac Newton

According to contemporaries, Newton's day began and ended with books: he spent so much time with them that he often forgot to even eat.

The famous scientist had no personal life at all. Isaac was never married, according to rumors, he even remained a virgin.

When did Sir Isaac Newton die and where is he buried?

Isaac Newton died on March 20 (March 31, 1727 - New Style date) in Kensington, UK. Two years before his death, the physicist began to have health problems. He died in his sleep. His grave is in Westminster Abbey.

A few not-so-popular facts:

1. An apple did not fall on Newton's head - this is a myth invented by Voltaire. But the scientist himself was actually sitting under a tree. Now it is a monument.
2. As a child, Isaac was very lonely, as he had been all his life. Having lost her father early, the mother focused entirely on a new marriage and three new children, who were quickly left without a father as well.
3. At the age of 16, the mother took her son from school, where he began to show extraordinary abilities early, so that he began to manage the farm. A school teacher, an uncle and another acquaintance, a member of Cambridge College, insisted on returning the boy to school, which he successfully graduated from and entered the university.
4. According to the recollections of classmates and teachers, Isaac spent most of his time reading books, forgetting even to eat and sleep - this was the life he most desired.
5. Isaac was the Keeper of the British Mint.
6. After the scientist's death, his autobiography was released.

Conclusion

The contribution of Sir Isaac Newton to science is really huge, and it is quite difficult to underestimate his contribution. His discoveries to this day are the foundations of modern science in general, and his laws are studied at school and other educational institutions.