Official reductions in ministries and departments. See what “Federal agencies” are in other dictionaries

The Russian government has three levels of public (people's) power: the federal center, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local self-government. Each level has its own exclusive competence, which authorities at other levels of government have no right to interfere with. In addition, state power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial. The bodies of each type of government are independent*.

* The founders of the theory of separation of powers, J. Locke (England) and C. Montesquieu (France), proceed from the fact that absolute power spoils a person and it is necessary to limit any power. The legislative power should belong to the people and accumulate their will, and the executive power should belong to the monarch.

The principle of separation of powers is widespread in the world, although it manifests itself specifically in each case.

So, in England since the 30s of the 19th century. Parliament (House of Commons) and the executive branch function in unity: the parliamentary majority forms the government, ministers are appointed from among the deputies and remain in ministerial positions.

In the USSR there were all branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial), operating under the leadership of the CPSU. But the Soviet government was united, the executive power was formed by representative power, i.e. these branches of government were not independent.

State power is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, the courts of the Russian Federation, and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Fig. 2.1).

The president Russian Federation is the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies; determines the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy, represents Russia within the country and in international relations, takes measures to protect the sovereignty of Russia, its independence and state integrity.

Rice. 2.1. Structure of federal authorities

The President of the Russian Federation is not legally part of the system of any branch of government (legislative, executive, judicial); he, as it were, rises above government institutions, interacts between them and when making decisions is guided by the general will, i.e. the will of the majority of voters.

The President of the Russian Federation appoints senior officials of the state, including the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (with the consent of the State Duma), Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers; calls elections of the State Duma, referendum; signs and promulgates federal laws; issues decrees and orders; is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and performs other national functions.

The President of the Russian Federation applies conciliation procedures in case of disagreements between government bodies, he has the right to suspend the validity of acts executive power subjects of the Russian Federation in case of contradiction to their Constitution, federal laws, international obligations of Russia or violation of human rights and freedoms until this issue is resolved by the appropriate court.

Under the President of the Russian Federation there are bodies that ensure the implementation of domestic and foreign state policies. The apparatus for carrying out the functions of the head of state is Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. It acts as a state governing body. The Administration includes independent units and officials. Councils on areas of activity have been formed. The main responsibilities of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation are direct services, supervision at the federal level, work with regions, and international politics. The administration controls the execution of decrees and carries out the policies of the President of the Russian Federation.

Councils in the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation are permanent advisory bodies. They inform the President of the Russian Federation about the processes taking place in a particular area, and ensure the interaction of the President of the Russian Federation with organizations and figures in this area. Organizational support for the activities of each Council is provided by Headquarters domestic policy President of the Russian Federation. The decisions of the Council are advisory in nature and are sent to the President of the Russian Federation, the relevant government bodies of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Federal Assembly

Representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation is a permanent Federal Assembly - Parliament of the Russian Federation, consisting of two chambers - Federation Council And State Duma. The Federation Council is formed by two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation (one each from the representative and executive authorities). The State Duma is elected for four years and consists of 450 deputies who work on a professional basis.

The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions and hold parliamentary hearings on issues within their jurisdiction. To monitor the execution of the federal budget, the Parliament establishes the Accounts Chamber.

Parliament is called upon to express the opinion of the people, ensure the implementation of the requirements of the Constitution and create a legal framework rule of law. The main criterion for the effectiveness of parliamentary work is the quality and . timeliness of adopted laws.

In the practice of Western democracies, parliament controls the government and limits the scope of its activities. In parliament, the activities of the ruling party are under constant surveillance by the opposition, which, although generally loyal and responsible, is always ready to challenge the government party in elections. The ruling party, in turn, is aware of the possibility of moving into the opposition.

Members of Parliament are required to behave in accordance with the adopted code of conduct. They are prohibited from actively lobbying the interests of non-parliamentary structures in hopes of remuneration.

Parliament is formed on the basis voting rights. There are two types of electoral systems.

1. Majoritarian - deputies are elected one from each district into which the country is divided (USA, UK).

2. Proportional - elections are held according to party lists and seats are divided in accordance with the votes cast for each of them (continental Europe).

The first is called Anglo-Saxon, it is inherent in classical democracy; It is characterized by a 2-3 party system. The winning party rules the country, the losing party forms the opposition, learning from the defeat. Countries with majoritarian systems are the most resistant to authoritarianism. In a proportional system, voters vote for a list without specific names. Future deputies no longer depend on voters, but on the leadership of their party. Stability in parliament is maintained as long as the interests of any party are not violated.

The first steps towards a new parliamentarism were taken in March 1989 with elections to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.

After the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia, new Constitution, as a result of the work of the State Duma convocations of 1993, 1995. the procedure for alternative election campaigns has been established.

The Congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR and the RSFSR combined legislative, administrative and control functions. The powers of the modern parliament are clearly separated from the powers of other government bodies. Parliament is vested with the following types of competence:

Legislative;

Formation of government bodies;

Financial;

Control;

Ratification and denunciation of international treaties.

Council of the Federation

Council of the Federation expresses the interests of the regions, acts as an instrument of stability, serves as a mediator between the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma when adopting laws, and neutralizes potential conflicts by using conciliation procedures.

The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes:

Approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency;

Resolving the issue of using the Armed Forces outside Russian territory;

Calling elections for the President of the Russian Federation, removing him from office;

Appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

Federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the following issues are subject to mandatory consideration by the Federation Council:

Federal budget, federal taxes and fees;

Financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue;

Ratification and denunciation of international treaties of Russia;

Status and protection of the Russian state border;

War and peace.

The Federation Council adopts resolutions by a majority vote of total number its members.

A reform of the Federation Council is being carried out, aimed at improving the procedure for its formation in order to more consistently implement the principle of separation of powers. Membership of the heads of executive power in the Federation Council contradicts this principle. The Federation Council cannot work on a permanent basis. The heads of the executive branch receive parliamentary immunity, although they manage material and financial resources.

According to the new provision, the representation of the executive branch in the legislative body is terminated, and the activities of the chamber are carried out on a permanent basis. This allows the heads of executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to focus on work in their regions.

For reference State Duma relate:

Resolution of the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

Appointment and dismissal of the Chairman Central Bank Russia, Chairman Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights;

Announcement of amnesty;

Bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office;

Adoption of federal laws.

The State Duma forms committees, factions, deputy groups, and combines legislative and legislative activities. The mechanism of interaction between State Duma structures during the passage of bills meets classical parliamentary requirements. All current work on draft laws is carried out in 27 committees. If the project is approved by a majority vote of the committee and does not encounter serious objections from the faction, then it is likely to be adopted by the Duma.

Lawmaking has a conceptual and technical side. First, the bill must obtain the consent of interested parties on the concept, and then the technical side of developing the law begins.

The State Duma is often criticized for passing few laws, and for passing the wrong laws. But, for example, land code was not adopted not because it is not ready (it has been ready for a long time), but because the branches of government have different views on its concept. In world practice, the bulk of bills are prepared and introduced by the government. And this is correct, because the deputy has one full-time assistant, and the government has a huge apparatus, except for the ministries (in Russia it accounts for no more than 20% of the projects submitted). Therefore, calls to send more legal professionals to parliament are naive.

Over the years of work of the State Duma, more than a thousand bills have been considered, 690 of them were adopted, and only 487 were signed by the President of the Russian Federation.

Despite the separation of powers and the proclamation of the rule of law, the legislative branch is the unloved child of a significant part of society, especially in the media. One of the reasons is that its constitutional framework is narrow, its powers are reduced, and its control and supervisory functions are reduced to a minimum.

The current Constitution of the Russian Federation gives parliament the right to express no confidence only in the government as a whole. At the same time, he cannot quickly respond to decisions and actions of specific government members that cause dissatisfaction among citizens. Granting such a right would make it possible to make personnel changes without resorting to a complete resignation of the government.

Federal executive power

The system of federal executive authorities includes:

1. The Government of the Russian Federation, consisting of:

Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation;

Federal Ministers;

2. Ministry of the Russian Federation;

3. Other federal executive authorities.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, first deputies and deputy chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, ministers of finance, foreign affairs, internal affairs, defense, justice, economic development and trade, the chief of staff of the Government of the Russian Federation form the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation. The head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the special representative of the President of the Russian Federation for relations with international financial organizations, and the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences take part in the work of the Government of the Russian Federation along with members of the presidium.

The structure of federal executive authorities includes ministries and departments that ensure the implementation by the Government of the Russian Federation of the powers assigned to it, and is approved by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.

Federal authorities executive powers are divided into:

Subordinate to the Government of the Russian Federation;

Subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, or in accordance with the law.

Industry departments have forecasting, analytical and operational management structures; the former coordinate work with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation and other departments of the economic bloc, the latter - with enterprises and institutions.

Government of the Russian Federation:

Develops and submits to the State Duma the federal budget, ensures its execution, and reports on this to the State Duma;

Ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, policies in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, ecology;

Carries out management of federal property, measures to ensure the defense of the country, state security, implementation of Russian foreign policy, legality, rights and freedoms of citizens, protection of property and public order, crime fighting;

Coordinates the activities of federal executive authorities on economic reform; social sector reform, housing and construction policy; reform of the scientific sphere and infrastructure sectors; national, regional policy, cooperation with CIS member states; law enforcement;

Exercises other powers assigned to him federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation;

The Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders and ensures their implementation. Decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation are mandatory for execution in the Russian Federation. If they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, they can be canceled by the President of the Russian Federation.

Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work. According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 17, 1997 No. 249,; The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation coordinates the activities of federal executive bodies that carry out public administration in the field of external economic ties, defense and security of the country.

The system of federal executive authorities is formed by ministries ( federal ministries), state committees Russian Federation, federal commissions, federal services of Russia, Russian agencies, federal supervisions of Russia.

Ministry as a federal executive body, carries out state policy and manages the relevant field of activity, and also coordinates the activities of other federal executive authorities in this area. It performs coordination functions in cases established by federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of the Russian Federation (federal minister), who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation. Federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. Deputy federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by federal constitutional laws and federal laws.

State Committee of the Russian Federation, Federal Commission of Russia are federal executive authorities that carry out, on a collegial basis, intersectoral coordination on issues within their jurisdiction, as well as functional regulation in a certain field of activity. The State Committee of the Russian Federation and the Federal Commission of Russia are headed, respectively, by the Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the Federal Commission of Russia.

Federal Service of Russia, Russian agency, federal supervision Russia carry out special (executive, control, licensing, regulatory and other) functions in established areas of competence. The federal service is headed by the head (director) of the federal service, the Russian agency is CEO Russian agency, federal supervision - head of the federal supervision of Russia.

Appointment and dismissal of heads of state committees, federal commissions, federal services, Russian agencies and federal supervisions of Russia, except for heads of federal executive bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws, carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation. Heads of federal executive bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation are appointed to and dismissed from office in a specially established manner.

The creation of federal executive bodies, their reorganization and liquidation are carried out by the President of the Russian Federation at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Regulations on federal executive bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation are approved by the President of the Russian Federation, and on other federal executive bodies - by the Government of the Russian Federation. The names of federal executive authorities are determined in accordance with their structure, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (Appendix 1).

Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation establish the maximum number of staff of ministries in the center and in the territories, the wage fund, the quantitative composition of the board, the number of deputy ministers, including first ones. The costs of maintaining the central apparatus and territorial bodies are financed from the federal budget under the heading “Public Administration”.

Departments are formed within ministries. The department coordinates and regulates one of the major areas of economic or socio-economic activity of the state, solves problems of federal or sectoral significance with a high level of autonomy within the functions of the relevant federal executive body.

The number of senior and main positions of civil servants in federal executive bodies is determined. The number of leading positions of civil servants should not exceed 10%, and senior positions - 40% total number employees of these bodies. Headcount a department cannot be less than 35 units, a department - less than 20, a department - less than 10, a department within a department (administration) - less than 5 units. A department or management cannot have less than three divisions.

Under the Government of the Russian Federation there is a wide network of coordinating, advisory and other bodies: government commissions, federal commissions under the Government of the Russian Federation, operational commissions, expert councils, working groups, organizational committees; the number of such structures is about 50 (commissions for ensuring federal budget revenues from privatization funds; on CIS issues; on customs and tariff issues; on protective measures in foreign trade; on auditing activities, etc.).

So, the main tasks Food Commission are resolving issues of providing the population with food through the formation of federal food funds and reserves, ensuring the supply of material and technical resources to villages, coordinating the activities of executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation in sowing, harvesting, and monitoring the use of land and the introduction of industrial technologies.

The commission hears at its meetings the heads of executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the progress of implementation of the relevant decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation. The decisions of the commission are documented in a protocol and are subject to mandatory consideration within a period of no more than one month by executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, enterprises and associations to which the decisions relate. If necessary, the commission's decisions are formalized in the form of a resolution or order of the Government of the Russian Federation. Meetings of the commission are held as necessary, but at least once a quarter according to plans agreed upon with the interested federal executive authorities. The meetings are attended by heads and responsible employees of executive authorities, heads of enterprises and associations.

In order to increase the efficiency of interaction with the chambers of the Federal Assembly, strengthen the role of the Government and federal executive bodies in the legislative process, the Government of the Russian Federation has established its authorized representation in the Federal Assembly. Its members include the plenipotentiary representative of the Government of the Russian Federation in the State Duma, the plenipotentiary representative in the Federation Council, secretaries of state - deputy ministers and other heads of federal executive bodies. They participate in the meetings of the chambers, in the work of committees and commissions of parliament.

To exercise their powers, federal executive bodies may create their own territorial bodies and appoint appropriate officials. They may also delegate to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation the exercise of part of their powers, if this does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws. In turn, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, by agreement with the federal executive authorities, can transfer to them the exercise of part of their powers. Within the jurisdiction and powers of the Russian Federation on subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the federal executive authorities and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation form unified system executive power of the Russian Federation.

In order to strengthen the coordination of the activities of the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, councils have been formed under leading ministries and departments, acting as advisory bodies. They include senior officials of ministries and departments and representatives of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The work of executive authorities is hampered by frequent reorganizations, including those of the Government of the Russian Federation. After the reorganization, the department needs several months to begin normal functioning; until then, urgent matters remain in the background. Often innovations are limited to changing the name, although such undertakings require considerable expenses (forms, stamps, etc.).

So, for 13 months of 1998-1999. The structure of federal executive authorities changed three times. The Ministry of General and Special Education was renamed the Ministry of Education. State Land Committee - State Committee on Land Policy. The Federal Construction Authority has changed its name 6 times since 1992*.

* The US Census Bureau (analogous to Goskomstat) has not changed its name for 200 years, the statistical services of Great Britain and France - 100 years.

Despite the fact that governance is based mainly on Western models with an emphasis on liberal democracy, the monarchical principles of the Russian Empire are also promoted in society as a model.

At the head of Russia was a tsar, an emperor, who ruled alone. The highest legislative body is the State Council, its members were appointed by the tsar. Bills acquired force after their approval by the king. The composition of the Committee of Ministers was also approved by the tsar;

The Governing Senate, headed by the Chief Prosecutor, included heads of departments, senators, also appointed by the Tsar; there was a vertical system: Emperor - Governor with direct subordination.

The administrative-territorial division was based on ease of management. There was a distinction between a general administrative-territorial division and a special one: general - for the purposes of general government administration, special - for the management of individual departments, groups of territorial units. The country was divided into general governorships, provinces, regions, city governments, districts, districts, volosts, and camps. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia there were:

General Governments - 8

Province - 78

Regions - 18

City authorities - 4

Military governorates - 2 (Kronstadt, Nikolaev). The provinces were divided into two groups:

In the provinces of the first group, new zemstvo and city self-government bodies operated, while traditional administrations ceded some of their functions to them;

In the provinces of the second group, all police, administrative, economic and financial leverage management.

All officials from the governor general to the bailiff were appointed.

The activities of federal executive authorities are regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal constitutional law of the Russian Federation “On the Government of the Russian Federation” dated December 17, 1997, as amended and supplemented by December 31, 1997, other laws, by-laws President and Government.

According to Art. 110 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, executive power in Russia is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation, which, in accordance with Art. 1 of the Law “On the Government” is the highest executive body state power, both directly exercising executive power and heading the unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation is a body of general competence that manages various spheres of the economy on a collegial basis.

According to Art. 12 of the Law The Government directs the work of federal executive bodies and controls their activities, they are subordinate to it and are responsible to it for the implementation of assigned tasks; The government has the right to cancel acts of federal executive authorities or suspend the validity of these acts, etc.

However vital role in the executive branch federal level played by the President, who, being the head of state and in many ways occupying a position as if “above the branches of power”, also has key powers in the sphere of executive power, including in determining the domestic and foreign policy of the state; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Government, his deputies and federal ministers; direct management of the activities of federal executive authorities subordinate to him on issues within his competence by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional and federal laws, his own decrees, etc.

The system of federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation includes: ministries (federal ministries), state committees, federal commissions, federal services, Russian agencies, federal oversight bodies, as well as the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

According to the nature of their competence, federal executive bodies are divided into sectoral and intersectoral; according to the specialization of functions, they are divided into control, supervisory authorities, as well as bodies performing specific functions of the state.

By areas of activity, federal executive authorities can be divided as follows:

a) the sphere of economics and finance - ministries: economics; finance; foreign economic relations and trade; state property; fuels and energy; Agriculture and food; communication routes; transport; state committees: on communications and information; according to statistics; By antimonopoly policy; on support and development of small businesses; on housing and construction policy; on standardization, metrology and certification; By state reserves; State Customs Committee; Federal Market Commission valuable papers and others; departments: Federal Service for Insolvency and financial recovery; State tax service; Gosgortekhnadzor and others.

b) social sphere - ministries: labor and social development;

healthcare; state committees: by physical culture and tourism; on Northern development issues; departments: Federal Migration Service.

c) the sphere of science, culture and education - ministries: science and technology; culture; general and vocational education; state committees: state committees for cinematography, press, youth affairs;

State Higher Attestation Committee; departments: Federal Service for Television and Radio Broadcasting; Federal Archive Service.

d) sphere of environmental management and protection environment- ministry natural resources; state committees: for environmental protection; By land resources and land management; federal services: hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring;

geodesy and cartography; departments: Federal Forestry Service.

e) the sphere of ensuring the rule of law, public and state security, defense - ministries: defense; internal affairs; Justice; ministry of affairs civil defense, emergency situations and liquidation of consequences natural Disasters; departments: Federal Security Service; Federal Border Service; Federal Security Service; Service foreign intelligence; Federal Tax Police Service and others.

f) the sphere of foreign policy and international relations- ministries: foreign affairs; on cooperation with the CIS member states; foreign economic relations and trade.

The activities of a number of bodies extend to several areas. For example, the State Committee for the Development of the North is designed to help solve both economic and socio-cultural problems northern territories, The State Customs Committee, in addition to the function of collecting customs duties, also performs certain law enforcement functions; The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade combines both the functions of regulation and supervision of domestic trade and activities on international economic cooperation.

In order to ensure a coordinated policy of federal executive authorities on issues related to the sphere joint activities ministries coordinate the work of other federal bodies in accordance with the government-approved block diagram. For example, educational establishments are part of many ministries and departments, but the Ministry of General and Vocational Education provides methodological guidance to these institutions, develops state educational standards. Or, for example, many instructions and instructions from the Ministry of Health are mandatory for medical services ministries of defense, FSB, Ministry of Internal Affairs and other bodies.

System (i.e. types of organizational and legal forms), structure (i.e. specific list) federal executive authorities, as well as the procedure for their creation, reorganization and liquidation are determined by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Depending on the nature of the powers of the federal body, as well as legal status its head, the system provides for three groups of federal executive authorities:

Ministries;

State committees, federal commissions;

Federal services, Russian agencies, federal supervisions.

1) Ministry - a federal executive body that pursues state policy and carries out management in the established field of activity, as well as coordinating in cases established by law, activities of other federal executive authorities in this area.

The Ministry is headed by a minister (federal minister) who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation; he is appointed and dismissed by the President at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government. Deputy federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by law (this exception applies primarily to deputy “power” ministers).

In ministries, as well as in a number of other federal executive bodies, advisory bodies - collegiums - are created. They consist of senior officials of the ministry; they may also include scientists, government and public figures, The composition of the board is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Federal ministers manage the relevant federal executive bodies on a single-initial basis: they issue orders, directives, and other normative and individual character. In addition, according to Art. 26 of the Law “On the Government”, the powers of federal ministers consist in participating with a casting vote in meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation, in preparing resolutions and decisions

orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, ensuring their implementation, in the development and implementation of the policy of the Government of the Russian Federation. In their activities, ministers are accountable to the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, and on issues of compliance with legislation - also to law enforcement and control authorities.

Legally, all ministries are equal and cannot be under administrative subordination, however, they can coordinate their work by concluding contracts and agreements on joint activities, including in resolving issues that require interaction between various structures, for example, in the implementation of federal targeted programs, in the fight against crime, etc.

2) The State Committee of the Russian Federation, the Federal Commission of Russia - federal executive authorities that, on a collegial basis, carry out intersectoral coordination on issues within their jurisdiction, as well as functional regulation in a certain field of activity. Heads the State Committee and federal commission RF Chairman, appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3) Federal Service of Russia, Russian Agency, Federal Supervision of Russia - federal executive authorities that carry out special (executive, control, licensing, regulatory and other) functions in established areas of jurisdiction. The Federal Service of Russia is headed by a head (director); Russian agency - general director; Federal supervision - chief. The heads of these federal executive bodies are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the heads of bodies subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation. To the federal executive authorities, which, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation, includes bodies providing state and public safety and the fight against crime, sovereignty and territorial integrity state, the inviolability of its borders, the extraction of intelligence information, the bodies carrying out external relations With foreign countries and so on. Their leaders are appointed and dismissed in a specially established manner.

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies are higher authorities authorities. The federal government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. These authorities also include the President.

What are federal government agencies?

In Russia, leading positions in power structures has a President. He is the pinnacle of federal power, being at the same time the guarantor of the Constitution, the head of state and the main link between the branches of government. However, he does not belong to any of them.

Organs legislative branch consist of the Federation Council and the State Duma. Together they form the Federal Assembly. It is the drafter of laws that must be implemented throughout the country.

The executive branch is formed by federal state executive authorities. Their powers include issuing decrees, decisions and other by-laws. The main executive body in Russia is the Government of Russia. The sectoral divisions of the executive branch are subordinate to him: federal services, ministries, agencies and their territorial representative offices. All these bodies are approved by the President of Russia.

The judiciary unites federal courts. This Supreme Court Russia, constitutional Court Russia and other federal authorities. It is their responsibility to ensure justice.

The Russian Federation is not considered a federal government agency central bank.

President of Russia

The President of Russia has a list of powers that differs from those in other countries. Presidential power in Russia is distinguished in special category authorities. In our country, the President has broader powers. They are spelled out in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the elections are regulated by Federal Law 19-F3 “On Presidential Elections”.

The head of the Russian Federation relies on those close to him authorities. One of them is the Security Council of the Russian Federation. He influences the domestic and foreign policy of the state and deals with national security. This structure is also headed by the President. He is the chairman of the Security Council. The Security Council holds meetings at which all decisions are made by voting, after which they are certified by the minutes and signed by the President.

The Security Council also holds meetings. They take place once a week with the participation of the chairman. The working bodies are interdepartmental commissions. The composition of these commissions is approved by the Secretary of the Security Council. The members of the Council are approved by the President.

Another such structure is State Council RF. This body is designed to help the President in exercising his powers in matters of interaction between government bodies. The State Council holds meetings. They take place once every 3 months. The decisions made are in the nature of recommendations. The State Council can initiate the creation of working groups, where scientists and other specialists can be involved.

Main functions of the President of the Russian Federation

Range of functions of higher official countries:

• Serve as a guarantor of the Constitution, ensuring the freedoms and rights of citizens.
• Ensure coordination in the actions of government bodies.
• Support the sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
• Determine priorities in internal and foreign policy states.
• Take part on behalf of the country in international meetings, forums, and relations.

The protection of the Constitution and its strict observance is one of the main directions of the President’s activities.

Federal Assembly

The Federal Assembly is the legislative body and passes laws at the federal level. It consists of the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma includes 450 deputies from different factions, who are elected during national elections. The Federation Council includes 178 legislators. Its composition includes representatives of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma operates separately from the Federation Council.

One of the main tasks Federal Assembly is the approval of the country's budget, which is prepared by the Government of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Duma considers the budget, which is then sent to the Federation Council for approval in the form of a federal law.

A specific feature of the powers of the State Duma is the adoption of various federal laws. This process usually takes place in 3 stages called readings. On the first one happens general discussion draft law and conceptual aspects. The second produces more detailed analysis all articles of the bill. At the third stage, voting is carried out for or against the adoption of the law under discussion. It is no longer possible to make any changes to the law at this stage.

For a law to be adopted, more than 50% of deputies must vote for it. If accepted constitutional law, then this figure is higher - at least 2/3 of the number of participants.

After adoption by the State Duma, the law must be approved by the Federation Council, and only in this case it acquires legal force. Insufficiently developed or inappropriate in current situation the law may be rejected. For a law to be approved by the Federation Council, it must be supported by a majority (more than half) of the members of the chamber. If the Federation Council does not consider within two weeks this law, then it is accepted automatically, except for laws of special importance.

The State Duma can initiate the early resignation of the President, and if this initiative is approved by the Federation Council, then the head of the country will be obliged to resign. Reasons for resignation may include intentional sabotage, espionage, bribery, blatant excess official powers, war crimes, etc.

Government of the Russian Federation

The government refers to executive branch federal authorities civil service and consists of a chairman, vice-chairmen and ministers. The government is responsible for developing the country's federal budget, the draft of which is submitted for approval to the State Duma. It can make decisions regarding federal spending, including those related social sphere.

Main directions of work of the Government

Responsibilities of the Government:

• Implementation of reforms, optimization financial policy, including aimed at reducing the country's budget deficit.
• Pursues policies in the field of science, culture, health, education, ecology and social security.
• He is in charge of various objects federal property, including railways, enterprises, buildings and so on.
• Works on military equipment and fulfilling social obligations to the military.
• Monitors compliance with human rights, public order, and implementation of federal laws.

Judicial authorities

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies include the judicial system. Their main task is to ensure justice. The main branches of the federal judicial system countries are: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, Supreme Arbitration court.

Conclusion

Thus, federal government bodies Russia are components of the executive, legislative and judicial authorities. Each of them is endowed with its own individual powers and performs the functions prescribed to it by the Constitution.

Government body- this is part state apparatus, endowed own competence and performing functions for the benefit of society. the main task executive authorities is to carry out public administration in execution of laws. For this purpose, executive bodies are vested with administrative (authority) powers, i.e. the right to give instructions that are binding on everyone.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation established the independence of all branches of government, including the executive. This means that formally there is no strict dependence of executive authorities on both representative body(parliament) and from the President of the Russian Federation. However, the peculiarity of the Russian Federation is that, formally securing the independence of the executive branch of government, the Constitution of the Russian Federation provides such powers to the President of the Russian Federation that allow him to determine the content and essence of the activities of the executive branch. Moreover, some federal executive authorities are directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation. Therefore, one can speak about the independence of the executive branch only with a large degree of conditionality.

The system of federal executive authorities consists of the Government, ministries, federal agencies and federal services. The President of the Russian Federation is not part of the system of federal executive authorities. The activities of the Government of the Russian Federation were discussed in the previous paragraph.

Ministry of the Russian Federation

Defining legal status ministry, quite recently it was customary to say that its main distinctive feature is the management of the industry entrusted to him National economy or field of activity. Now the country's economy has changed significantly, which required new structure executive authorities. Ministries are responsible for the tasks entrusted to them economic spheres, determining public policy regarding them and developing the necessary regulations to organize them. There are no more than two dozen ministries in total.

The Ministry of the Russian Federation is a federal executive body, pursuing public policy and exercising management in a certain field of activity. The ministry is headed by a member of the Government of the Russian Federation minister(federal minister), having decisive power in his ministry and carrying personal responsibility for his activities. Ministries of the Russian Federation are single-authority bodies (for example, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation). The guarantee against the arbitrariness of the minister is most often the board of the ministry, which, in general, has an advisory role and cannot make decisions. binding decisions, however, disagreements between the minister and the board are reported to the Government of the Russian Federation.

The list of ministries is established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, and they operate throughout the country under the direct leadership of the Government of the Russian Federation (except for the Ministries of Defense, Internal Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Justice and some other, as is commonly called, power ministries, which are subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation).

Federal services carry out control and supervisory, as well as some special functions (for example, the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science).

Federal agencies are called upon to provide government services, manage state property V various fields(for example, Federal Archives Agency).

Federal services and agencies are under the jurisdiction of the relevant ministries or are directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation or the Government of the Russian Federation.

This must be remembered

• 1. The main task of executive authorities is to carry out public administration in execution of laws.
• 2. Executive bodies vested with authority and administrative powers.
• 3. The system of federal executive authorities consists of the Government, ministries, federal services and agencies.
• 4. Ministries of the Russian Federation are executive authorities that implement state policy and carry out management in a certain field of activity.
• 5. Federal services are executive authorities that carry out special control and supervisory functions.
• 6. Federal agencies are executive authorities that provide public services and manage state property.

The executive branch carries out public administration. Executive authorities have significant legal independence in relation to legislative and judicial branches state power. They are not accountable and not controlled by authorities representative power. Executive authorities, in particular the government of the Russian Federation, are vested with the right legislative initiative, as well as state- authority on issuing legal acts and monitoring their implementation.

Executive authorities may be federal and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: republics, territories, regions, cities federal significance(Moscow, Saint Petersburg), autonomous region and autonomous okrugs.

Competencies vary depending on the nature bodies of general, sectoral, intersectoral competence.

Bodies of general competence- governments, administrations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They manage most branches of management, ensuring economic, socio-cultural development in the territory under their jurisdiction.

Bodies of sectoral competence carry out management of the industries subordinate to them (for example, the Ministry of Health, the Committee of the Russian Federation on Metallurgy, etc.).

Bodies of intersectoral competence perform special functions common to all industries and areas of management (for example, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, etc.).

According to the procedure for resolving subordinate issues, it is necessary to distinguish between collegial and single-managerial bodies. Collegial bodies represent an institutionalized group of people who make decisions by majority vote (for example, governments, many state committees, etc.).

Single-authority bodies make decisions on issues within their competence, represented by their head (for example, a ministry, administration of territories, regions, etc.).

Federal executive authorities are defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 “On the structure of federal executive authorities”: the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, state committees of the Russian Federation, committees of the Russian Federation, the Main Directorate of Security of the Russian Federation, federal services, the Tax Police Department of the Russian Federation , Agency of Government Communications and Information, Federal Supervision of Russia.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, his deputies and federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposes to the President the structure of federal executive bodies, candidates for the positions of his deputies and federal ministers. In accordance with federal laws and presidential decrees, he determines the main directions of activity of the government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the powers of the government of the Russian Federation, which:

• develops and presents State Duma federal budget, ensures its execution, and also submits a report on the execution of the state budget to the State Duma;
• ensures the implementation of a unified public policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, ecology;
• manages federal property;
• takes measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders.

Federal ministries, state committees and federal departments (committees, services, agencies, departments) refer to central authorities federal executive power. They operate within the limits of their competence throughout the Russian Federation under the leadership of the Russian Government. Regulations on them are approved by the President of the Russian Federation or on his instructions by the Government of the Russian Federation (for example, the Regulations on the Federal Mining and industrial supervision of Russia approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on February 18, 1993 No. 234, Regulations on the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation - by the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation on November 4, 1993 No. 1187). Ministers and chairmen of state committees of the Russian Federation are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation and are ex officio members of the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 No. 66 “On the structure of federal executive bodies,” federal ministries and state committees have equal legal status.

Managers federal departments are not, as a rule, part of the government of the Russian Federation. Departments are not part of ministries and are independent bodies. They operate under the leadership of the Russian government.

Some federal executive authorities are subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws: the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Foreign Intelligence Service, Federal service security, etc.

Executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can be divided into bodies of general, sectoral and intersectoral competence. Their forms do not have a generally established unification, therefore the names of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established, as a rule, taking into account historical and national traditions or foreign experience. The system and forms of executive authorities of republics are established in their constitutions, and of territories, regions, and autonomous entities - in their charters.

Bodies of general competence- these are the Councils of Ministers (governments) of the republics within the Russian Federation, administrations of territories, regions, and autonomous entities.

Bodies of sectoral and intersectoral competence in the republics are ministries, state committees, committees, main departments, etc.

In regions, territories, autonomous entities The executive authorities are the main directorates (directorates, committees, divisions, departments).