Organization and conduct of emergency response measures in case of transport accidents. Organization and conduct of rescue work in emergency situations Emergency rescue work in case of plane crashes

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC No. 11

Nizhnekamsk

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC No. 11:

Types of transport. Main nodes,

Car mechanisms, their typical damage in road accidents

Nizhnekamsk

Educational and Methodological Center for Civil Defense and

Emergency situations in Nizhnekamsk

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC No. 11

Types of transport. Main components, mechanisms of cars, their typical damage in an accident

Methodological development

Discussed and approved

At the methodological meeting

UMC for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations

Nizhnekamsk

Protocol No. ________

From “____”_________ 2004

Nizhnekamsk

Learning objectives:

To teach techniques for conducting search and rescue operations in case of road accidents.

Time: 2 hours.

Method: Lecture.

Place: Class.

Study questions and timing:

Introductory part:

Checking the preparedness of trainees - 5 min.

Main part (study of topic issues):

1. Types of transport. The main components, mechanisms of cars, their characteristic damage in an accident. - 40 min.

2. assessment of the consequences of accidents on vehicles. Basic technologies for conducting emergency response in road accidents. - 40 min.

Conclusion:

Summing up the lesson - 5 min.

Literature and teaching aids:

1. Rescuer's textbook: General ed. Yu. L. Vorobyova. -M., 1997.-520 p.

Material support:

Posters, diagrams.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher announces the topic, educational goals, educational questions of the lesson that must be learned and the order of their processing.

Then the lesson leader proceeds to present the topic material in accordance with the questions posed in this development.

Throughout the lesson, the teacher organizes an exchange of opinions, seeking correct answers.

The lesson ends with a summary, for which 2 to 5 minutes of class time should be allocated.

Question 1. Types of transport. The main components, mechanisms of cars, their characteristic damage in an accident.

ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF SEARCH AND RESCUE WORKS IN TRANSPORT EMERGENCIES

Search and rescue operations in aviation transport

Thousands of aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, balloons, hang gliders) are constantly in the airspace of the Earth. They transport passengers, cargo, carry out scientific, military and special tasks. Annual statistics indicate that ^ in air transport there are thousands of cases

So in 1996, the number of people killed in plane crashes in the world turned out to be the highest in the last 10 years and amounted to 1,187 people, excluding those killed as a result of terrorist attacks and in crashes of Soviet-made aircraft

In Russia, 1996 was also marked by plane crashes. Only there were 18 major ones, in which 249 people died.

The peculiarity of the occurrence and development of emergencies in air transport is the high speeds of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of flammable and explosive substances, the presence of people in a confined space of cabins, the lack of effective measures to influence an aircraft in distress. The main factors of injury and death during an emergency in air transport are the forces generated during an impact and fire. The causes of emergencies in aviation are explosions, fires, derailments from the runway, and aircraft crashes.

Flight safety is ensured by:

Strict regulation of the design, construction, testing and certification of aircraft, aircraft engines and equipment,

A complete list of technical requirements and standards for the characteristics of aircraft, their elements, systems, units and equipment,

A system for the technical operation of aircraft with a list of mandatory rules for their preparation and maintenance,

Technical requirements and standards for airports, airfields, air routes,

Rules for organizing air traffic control,

The operating procedures of meteorological services providing air traffic;

Aircraft accident investigation system.

Despite the constant work to reduce emergency situations in air transport, accidents and disasters with aircraft are not uncommon. They occur during parking, during takeoff in a cruising flight, during approach during landing

The main part of emergencies in air transport (about 80%) occurs in the area of ​​the airport (parking, takeoff, approach, landing). Emergency rescue operations are carried out here by emergency rescue teams (ART), which includes crews from each service of the control room, launch, fire-rescue, fire-infantry, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, ACC After receiving information about an accident on an aircraft, ASC are obliged to immediately begin work. The number of victims of an aircraft accident is directly dependent on the degree of destruction of the aircraft due to thermal damage and suffocation during fire from injury to people leaving the board through high hatches from the organization and coordination of the actions of passengers and the rescue crew. The operational implementation of emergency rescue operations is hampered by panic, which can make evacuation completely impossible.

The priority measures to save people in case of an emergency in air transport are related specifically to evacuation. The evacuation capabilities of aircraft of different classes differ from each other. They depend on the layout of the cabins, the number of passengers, the presence of emergency and emergency exits, the time to prepare them for work. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO ) all passengers must leave the aircraft in the event of an emergency on board through exits located on one side within 90 seconds. In an emergency, all main service, emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. This can be done through breaks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches windows in the cockpit The design of the emergency exit locks ensures that they can be opened both from inside the cabin and from the outside. From the inside, the exits are opened by crew members or passengers. From the outside, this work is performed by rescuers. They drive a mobile ladder to the emergency exit, a special vehicle; they hang rope systems. The lock handles on the emergency exits are designed simply they are noticeable and do not require much effort when opening

Sometimes deformation of the fuselage and high temperature resulting from a fire lead to jamming of doors and hatches. In these cases, rescuers begin to open the fuselage. The opening locations cannot be arbitrary, since electrical wires and high-pressure hydraulic pipelines are laid along the entire length of the fuselage. Their damage can lead to additional difficulties. Optimal opening points are marked on the fuselage with yellow corners on a white background. Opening must be done using circular saws, electric grinders, special wire cutters and axes. This work must be done quickly and in compliance with all safety precautions.

Evacuation of passengers and crew members from an aircraft in case of an emergency can be carried out using mobile ladders, ladders and fire escapes, hulls of large vehicles and rope systems

In the aircraft itself, near the exit, there are also special means for evacuation: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, rescue ropes. Inflatable ladders TN-2 are located under the floor hatch in front of the entrance door (IL-62) or on a folding platform (Tu-154) ladder TN-3 - on folding platform at the front entrance door To bring the inflatable ladder TN-2 (TN-3) into working position, you need to open the emergency door hatch in the floor (IL-62), remove the ladder and secure the hatch On Tu-154 and Tu-134 you need to fold the platform with with a ladder attached to it on the floor before the emergency exit, check whether the connecting hose screwed to the ladder and the carbon dioxide cylinder is not broken or twisted, and push the ladder with the cover over the side of the vessel. At the same time, use a cable to pull out the studs from the pins of the cover. In this case, the cover will open and the ladder will fall out of it. If, in a strong wind, the ladder, after being pushed out, curls under the fuselage, then it must be pulled at the lower end away from the aircraft. After straightening the ladder, you need to firmly turn the valve handle of the carbon dioxide cylinder. The ladder is filled with gas in 10-12 s and takes a working position at an angle of 45-50° from the aircraft to the ground. It is allowed to lower no more than 2 people down the ladders TN-2 and TN-3 at the same time. The capacity of one inflatable ladder is 100 people in 2.5-3.0 minutes.

Rice.__. Ways to evacuate passengers from an aircraft

Fabric gutters, as a rule, are located near the exits on the right side of the fuselage: on the Il-62 - under the floor hatch, on the Tu-154 - on the luggage rack near the exit, on the Tu-134A - in the crew wardrobe. The fabric chute is designed to lower people to the ground during emergency evacuation through service and emergency exits. It is made of “cloak-tent cover” material with combined impregnation. After opening the door (hatch), you need to remove the gutter from the cover and insert the gutter hooks into the upper and lower parts of the door. Having thrown the chute onto the ground, the panel is stretched 4-5 m from the aircraft. Holding 2 (Tu-134) or 4 (Tu-154) loops, passengers are lowered down. It is allowed to lower no more than 1 person down the fabric chute at the same time with mandatory insurance.

Above each emergency exit, as well as above the cockpit window or hatches, there are rescue ropes attached to the fuselage bracket. Having opened the window or hatch, the rope is thrown out.

Rice. ___. Passengers abandoning an emergency aircraft:

a - along an inflatable ladder; b - along a canvas gutter

For emergency evacuation of passengers and crew members, the Il-86 and Yak-42 have emergency doors with inflatable slides built into them. During the emergency opening of the door, the inflatable ladder is automatically released from the container and filled with air from the cylinder.

On the Il-86 there is a two-track stairway; 4 people can leave the aircraft and be on the staircase at the same time. The Yak-42 has a single-track ladder; 2 people can be on the ladder at the same time.

During an emergency evacuation, rescuers together with the crew provide assistance to passengers and their insurance. First of all, children, women, elderly people are evacuated, and only then everyone else. People cannot be evacuated along a damaged inflatable ladder or chute, or in case of other dangerous factors that threaten their life and health.

Passengers who are unconscious or seriously injured are carefully carried out on stretchers, tarpaulins, shields and lowered to the ground using ropes

After the evacuation is completed, rescuers check hidden areas in the passenger compartments and cockpit, as well as kitchens, wardrobes, hygiene and baggage areas to ensure that there are no people on board. If there is information about the number of passengers and the composition of the crew, then they are compared with the data on the rescued and, if there are discrepancies, the search continues until the victims are found. Aviation accidents accompanied by fire pose a particular danger. This is facilitated by:

Presence of aviation fuel and other flammable liquids on board,

The use of flammable and combustible materials as decorative, finishing and construction materials for passenger cabins, which have a significant combustion rate, high smoke-generating ability and emit highly toxic products of incomplete combustion;

Low fire resistance of the fuselage skin, which, if aviation fuel spilled around the aircraft ignites, leads to rapid burnout of the body and the penetration of fire into the cabins.

Fires inside passenger compartments are classified as fires in confined spaces. They are characterized by a high smoke density, a small size of the combustion zone, a high temperature gradient along the height of the room and a low (compared to external fires) fire temperature, as well as the presence of significant concentrations of highly toxic substances in the combustion products. A fire in passenger cabins can occur as a result of accidents, careless handling of fire, short circuit of electrical wiring, transportation of flammable substances by passengers, etc.

One of the main causes of injury to people inside cabins during fires is poisoning by combustion products. 2-3 minutes after the fire spreads, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches a lethal concentration. The air temperature increases sharply with the height of the cabin: if at floor level it is 50° C, then at a height of 1.3-1.5 m from the floor it is already 250° C.

In these conditions, only quick and coordinated actions of rescuers can help passengers evacuate.

Extinguishing fires inside the cabins and rescuing passengers and crew begin with opening the doors, overwing hatches and fuselage skins, and the rescuers entering the emergency vessel. When the fuselage is opened, the intensity of combustion increases, the volume of space engulfed in flames and the temperature of the fire increase sharply.

Rescuers must be equipped with personal means of thermal and smoke protection, a working hose line filled with a foaming agent solution, and a shut-off barrel (RS-B, RSK-50, KR-B with an NRG-5 attachment, etc.).

Rice. ___. Extinguishing polish on an airplane

The presence of a large amount of dense smoke and toxic substances in the cabins significantly complicates the situation of both the victims and the rescuers themselves. Therefore, rescuers must act in a coordinated manner in conditions of limited visibility, increased concentrations of toxic substances and high temperatures

Since during a fire inside an aircraft, as already mentioned, the temperature increases sharply along the height of the passenger cabins, rescuers must, in the initial stage of extinguishing, until the average volume temperature is reduced, work crouched, cooling the upper high-temperature layer of the air volume of the passenger cabin

When operating in a smoky atmosphere, one rescuer must be located outside the fuselage and have the same protective equipment as rescuers working inside the ship. His responsibilities include maintaining constant communication with rescuers located in smoky cabins, providing immediate assistance to both victims and, if necessary, to other rescuers

In case of fires inside the passenger cabins, a situation is created that is so difficult and life-threatening for people that saving them becomes possible only with immediate evacuation. This should be carried out simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, and through all doors, openings and hatches, preferably on the windward side. It is most advisable to begin opening the fuselage from the doors, since they have a higher throughput capacity than the holes made in the casing. These holes should be used when evacuation through the doors is impossible

Some plane crashes do not occur in the airport area, which necessitates the organization and prompt search of the aircraft. Search and rescue operations are organized in cases

Receiving a distress signal from an aircraft,

If within 10 minutes after the estimated time the aircraft has not arrived at its destination and there is no radio contact with it,

If the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the prescribed time, and radio contact with them ceased,

If, during a flight along the highway, communication with the crew of the aircraft is lost and its location could not be established within 20 minutes, as well as in all other cases when the crew of the aircraft requires assistance.

Search and rescue operations are carried out with the involvement of airplanes and helicopters equipped with search equipment and sets of rescue equipment, as well as off-road ground vehicles and rescue boats. If necessary, the means of the international space system for searching for aircraft and ships in distress "COSPAS-SARSAT" can be used.

The search for aircraft in distress by search aircraft is carried out using radio equipment (search direction-finding equipment, a radar station with a special search attachment, on-board VHF radio stations) using the following methods: “comb”, “parallel tack”, “given route”, “expanding square” "

When an aircraft is detected, its coordinates are determined, communication is established with it, the state of people’s health and the extent of necessary assistance are clarified. The possibility of landing and routes of advance to the location of the aircraft of ground vehicles are determined. If it is impossible to land search aircraft, then a search and rescue team (SRT) and the equipment necessary for the work will be dropped at the site of the SRP.

After disembarking, the rescue team immediately begins evacuating and moving the passengers of the distressed aircraft to a safe distance. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary living conditions for them that protect them from bad weather, and to provide them with first aid. It is also necessary to calm people down and prevent panic.

If the disaster area is inaccessible, rescuers set up a temporary camp with the necessary life support system.

If passengers and crew require immediate and serious medical care, and there is no possibility of transporting them to a medical facility, then a temporary field hospital is deployed in the disaster area.

A peculiarity of carrying out rescue work in field conditions is the absence of powerful special equipment at the initial stages. Therefore, the requirements for the actions of rescuers are increasing.

Circumstances at the location of the distressed aircraft may be such that rescuers will not be able to use power tools; then the fuselage is opened using hand tools (axe, crowbar, sledgehammer, shovel, etc.).

If a fire breaks out on board during an emergency landing of an aircraft at a distance from the airport and populated areas, it is unlikely that even upon arrival at the disaster site it will be possible to extinguish the flames with portable fire-fighting equipment. In this case, the number of passengers saved will depend only on the efficiency of the evacuation. If the aircraft remains on its landing gear during an emergency landing and there is no time to deploy on-board rescue equipment, then passengers must be taken out to the surface of the wings through the emergency doors, and then immediately, using ropes and ropes, lowered to the ground, while insuring them. After this, people should be taken to a safe distance. Rescue operations cease only after the evacuation of all people on board the aircraft. Then, if possible, they begin to rescue the aircraft itself and the cargo it carries.

An emergency landing can also be made on a water surface. While remaining intact, the aircraft has sufficient buoyancy to allow time to save people. If there is a danger of water entering through the entrance doors when they are opened, the evacuation of passengers and crew members is carried out through emergency exits (if they are above the water level) or upper hatches (astro hatches) and a window in the cockpit. During evacuation, rescue boats moored to the aircraft are also used.

When the emergency landing site is far from the shore, aviation equipment (helicopters, seaplanes, ekranoplanes) is used to save people. It is also permissible to launch inflatable rafts if the capabilities of aviation rescue equipment are insufficient for complete evacuation.

During an emergency landing on water, an aircraft may sink entirely or, if it breaks up, in parts. In the sunken aircraft there remains a supply of air, which should be enough for passengers and crew members for some time. Then special diving teams that have the appropriate training to conduct emergency rescue operations are involved in rescuing people. If the location of a sunken aircraft is only approximately known, divers use floating buoys to mark the areas explored. When carrying out RPS on a sunken aircraft, its fuselage should be opened in such a place that the air remaining in the cabins does not evaporate.

After removing the victims from the disaster zone, it is necessary to begin collecting the remains of the victims for their further identification. Only after this, work begins to save the aircraft and the cargo it carries. The exception is cases when goods have great material and artistic value, as well as dangerous goods (explosives and radioactive substances, explosives, etc.). In such cases, rescue of people and cargo is carried out simultaneously.

In some aviation accidents, everyone on board the aircraft is killed. At the scene of such disasters, the work of rescuers comes down to searching for the remains of the dead, fragments of the aircraft and “black boxes” to recreate the picture of the development of the emergency.

Forecast data on the medical consequences of transport accidents are presented in the table.

Accidents and catastrophes of aircraft can occur from the moment the engines are started, and then during the run along the runway at takeoff, during the flight and during landing, until the engines are turned off. World statistics show that almost half of the accidents and disasters occur on the airfield and half in the air at various flight altitudes of the aircraft, often over sparsely populated (hard-to-reach) areas of the earth or over the water surface.

Aircraft accident –This is an aircraft accident that did not lead to casualties, but caused significant destruction of the aircraft, when restoration work seems impossible or impractical.

Sub-air disaster means an aircraft accident that resulted in the death of at least one crew member or passenger, the complete or partial destruction of an aircraft or its disappearance without a trace.

Every year there are an average of 60 plane crashes, 35 of which kill all passengers and crew. The causes of air accidents may be the failure or malfunction of individual equipment elements, exposure to unfavorable external conditions, shortcomings in ground support for the flight, non-compliance with operating and piloting rules. Sometimes aircraft accidents occur as a result of collisions between aircraft in the air and on the ground, or collisions with birds.

The fall of an aircraft that has crashed can cause casualties, both on board and on the ground (if it falls on residential buildings). Aircraft crashes at nuclear power plants and chemical industry facilities are especially dangerous, since this can result in the release of radioactive substances or toxic substances into the external environment. Consequently, an aircraft accident may be aggravated by a disaster on the ground.

Types of disasters

The main types of damage to passengers and crew are injuries and thermal burns, and, less commonly, oxygen deprivation due to depressurization of the aircraft cabin. Injuries can be complicated by burns.

The size of sanitary losses can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft. The maximum number of victims may be: on the AN-2 plane - 12 people, AN-24 - 47 people, YAK-42 - 113 people, TU-154 - 168 people, IL-86 - 324 people.

Among the victims, 90% may be those with mechanical injuries, including 10% in a state of shock, 40% with traumatic brain injury, and 10-20% may have combined injuries and burns. About half of the victims may have severe or extremely severe injuries. Due to the injuries received, about 40% of the victims will need bandages on the wounds, 50-60% - the administration of painkillers, 35% - immobilization of fractures, 60-80% - evacuation on a stretcher and shield.

In the event of an aircraft accident on airport territory, the dispatch service raises the alarm. The communications officer transmits an alarm signal to the city’s emergency medical care station and to the medical facility serving the airport. EMT medical teams in ambulances arrive at the airport medical center, which becomes a medical reception center. The organization of medical assistance in case of a plane crash at the airport is led by the line control doctor, and in his absence, by the doctor of the first arriving ambulance.

Rescue and emergency operations during aviation accidents can be divided into two types: those carried out by members of the aircraft crew and those carried out by ground services. One of the important features of the crew’s actions in the event of a disaster is the extremely limited time for assessing the situation, making decisions and for the actions themselves.

In these conditions, the crew, as a rule, issues distress signals and reports via radio to the airport about what happened, the assistance needed, the location and the decision made. In the event of an emergency landing, measures are taken to improve passenger safety. Just before boarding, all entrance doors and hatches are opened and passages to them are cleared. After landing, immediate evacuation of people to a safe distance is organized in case of a possible fire or explosion of the aircraft.

A platform for providing first aid is deployed here, which is provided in the form of self- and mutual aid, as well as by the crew. The medical supplies contained in the aircraft's first aid kit are used. The movement of any ambulance towards an aircraft (helicopter) is permitted by the person responsible for the movement of transport.

The victims are provided with first aid at the scene. Their sorting is carried out taking into account the severity of the condition. In this case, persons with life-threatening conditions and seriously injured are evacuated to the airport first aid station. Victims in a condition of moderate severity are evacuated on stretchers or in a sitting position in the second place. Slightly injured people are evacuated to the first aid station on their own or sitting in a car.

At the airport first aid station (or on the site near it), the EMP medical team examines patients, identifies from among them those in need of emergency first aid, provides assistance, registers patients and determines the order of their evacuation to a medical facility.

Evacuation of victims to a medical facility is carried out by ambulance (lying, sitting), and they must be accompanied by a medical worker (doctor, paramedic, nurse). Along the way, if necessary, medical care continues and intensive therapy is provided. If patients are accompanied by nursing staff, the latter receives instructions from the doctor in whose team he is a member. The speed of the vehicles depends on the condition of the victims. The main accompanying documents are the primary medical cards of the transported persons and the general list of patients (evacuation passport). Immediately after delivering the victims to a medical facility, the ambulance returns to the airport first-aid post.

In the event of a disaster outside the airport area, the organization of EMF for victims largely depends on local conditions. However, in all cases, after first aid is provided, the victims are transferred (transported) to collection points, stay in which should exclude repeated exposure to damaging factors, for example, in the event of an airplane explosion, fire, fuel spill, etc. Collection places for victims are determined taking into account the access of vehicles and conditions for the work of EMT medical teams. First aid is provided here.

The principle of providing medical care to victims, their medical and evacuation support remains the same as in the event of a plane crash in the airport area.

The survival of passengers and crew members in an aviation accident that occurs over a sparsely populated (hard-to-reach) territory or over a body of water largely depends on the preparedness of the crew for such situations, the speed of search and the correct organization of rescue of those in distress. In deserted areas, the external environment often becomes a source of danger to life (lack of water, food, cold, heat, etc.). In the event of an emergency landing, the crew must inform passengers about this and recommend that they take the correct position in the seat, require them to fasten their seat belts, remove removable dentures from the mouth, untie their tie, and remove high-heeled shoes. Immediately after an emergency landing, the crew should quickly (within 1.5-3 minutes) evacuate passengers and carry out victims, using all exit doors and emergency hatches. If possible, remove food, water, medicine and an emergency radio. Due to the possibility of explosion and fire, passengers must be kept at a safe distance from the injured aircraft.

CONTENT

Introduction………………………………………………………… …..……………3

Plane crashes. Essence, reasons and prerequisites…………………… 5
Actions of participants in the event of a plane crash …………………………………8
Major air disasters………………………………………… ...….11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...... 14
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..…15

INTRODUCTION

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main area of ​​application of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Freight transport is also carried out, but their share is very low. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In many hard-to-reach areas (in the mountains, regions of the Far North), there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), they use not airplanes, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip. At the end of the 20th century, there was renewed interest in airships, which were popular before the advent of the first airplanes: today, inert helium is used instead of explosive hydrogen.
However, the scope of their application remains narrow: advertising and pleasure flights, traffic monitoring. Airships are also proposed as a climate-friendly alternative to airplanes.
In aviation accidents, the aircraft is destroyed to varying degrees; in disasters, there are casualties. And quite a lot of them happen. Thus, in 2012, about 687 people died as a result of plane crashes in the world.
Serious consequences are caused by the destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, and interruptions in life support for the crew and passengers. Today, perhaps the most dangerous and common tragedy on board an aircraft is fire and explosion.
Today, aviation is considered the safest mode of transport, although plane crashes occur every year around the world. The probability that a passenger boarding a plane will die in a plane crash is approximately 1/8,000,000. If a passenger boards a random flight every day, it will take him 21,000 years to die.
The issue of plane crashes is relevant all over the world, in connection with this the author sees the relevance of this work.
The goal is to update the problems of civil aviation and air accidents.
Tasks:

Identify and systematize the causes of aviation accidents.
Consider the actions of passengers and personnel during an aircraft crash.
Identify the world's largest aviation accidents.

Sources. When performing this work, various materials were taken from the Internet, such as the official website of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and a website dedicated to plane crashes in the world, as well as from scientific works, from books on aviation accidents, natural phenomena and meteorological conditions.

AIR ACCIDENTS. ESSENCE AND PREREQUISITES

Airplane accidents began to occur from the moment a person first took to the air in an aircraft thanks to the development of technological progress. At the same time, science has never stood still, constantly improving both in the production of flying machines - airplanes, and in analyzing the reasons why airplanes fell to the ground. One of the main factors in unsuccessful flights is traditionally considered to be natural factors - weather conditions, but there are also a number of other factors that influence plane crashes.
Our country has always attached great importance to the prevention of aircraft accidents by analyzing the meteorological conditions in which aircraft flights are carried out. Throughout the country, in every remote corner, weather stations were equipped that analyzed weather conditions for the needs of the airline industry. After all, the greater the number of meteorological stations, the more accurately it is possible to determine weather conditions and, accordingly, the higher the flight safety.
The first plane crashes occurred almost immediately after the beginning of the era of aeronautics, that is, at the end of the 19th century. Both the number of air accidents themselves and the number of their victims were relatively small before the massive use of aircraft in combat and as civilian transport. With the development of international air transportation, a system for recording and classifying aircraft accidents was formed, and the development of international aviation safety standards began.
With the advent of the era of mass air travel in the second half of the 1940s, the number of plane crashes and casualties began to skyrocket. Increased aircraft reliability and improved safety standards led to a decline in these rates in the first half of the 1950s. However, the beginning of the jet age and the expansion of air transport into third world countries led to a new increase in the number of accidents, which only stopped in the mid-1960s. By this time, new, more reliable jetliners had been introduced to the market, and relatively safe aviation operations had been established in all countries of the world.
The annual number of plane crashes peaked in the mid-1970s (the highest number of fatalities occurred in 1972). This was due both to the increase in the number of air travel and to the increase in the average capacity of airliners. Terrorism became a new factor in the decline in aviation safety in the 1970s. After a series of major plane crashes, a systematic tightening of standards for monitoring the condition of aircraft, their maintenance, crew training and passenger screening began. As a result, the average number of deaths in plane crashes dropped by more than half by the mid-1980s. Over the next decade and a half, however, it increased again, with 1,000 to 1,500 people losing their lives each year in plane crashes.
In the last decade, despite a significant increase in air travel, both the number of air crashes and the number of people killed in them has been declining.
Let's look at the causes of plane crashes today.
Table 1.1. Causes of plane crashes

When compiling table 1.1. accounted for 1,300 fatal commercial aircraft crashes worldwide from 1950 to 2008. Air crashes involving aircraft with fewer than 10 people on board, military aircraft, private aircraft and helicopters were not included.
Thus, having examined this table, we can conclude that the first place among the causes of plane crashes is pilot error, followed by technical problems and weather conditions. Other reasons are less common.
Let's look at the statistics for the flight phases.
Table 1.2. Air crash statistics by flight phase

Data calculated for a flight of more than 1.5 hours.
Based on statistics, we can conclude that most plane crashes happen during landing, but during landing, however, the largest number of casualties occurs in crashes during climb. The fewest number of plane crashes and casualties occur when the plane is descending.
ushDespite the fact that safety issues in aviation transport are given top priority, emergency situations still occur.
Emergency situations in air transport have a number of specific features. This is due to the high speed and movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of fuel that can ignite or explode, the presence of people in a confined space in the cabin, high flight altitudes, the lack of effective and reliable measures to influence and help people who are in distress in the air, the suddenness and transience of events.

ACTIONS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE EVENT OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT

Rescue and emergency operations can be divided into two types: the first - carried out by crew members, the second - organized by ground services. The crew usually does not have enough time to take action. Everything happens extremely quickly. The crew issues a distress signal and lands at the nearest airport. Just before boarding, all entrance doors and hatches are opened and passages to them are cleared. As soon as the plane stops, an immediate evacuation of people to a safe distance is organized.
The victims are immediately provided with first aid. All work is supervised by the ship's commander. His orders are binding on both the crew and all passengers.
Damaging factors in air transport:
the force generated by the impact of an aircraft during a fall;
fire, explosion, poisonous gases;
decompression.
An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. Therefore, it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of their occurrence, and to skillfully use the emergency rescue equipment that is on board the aircraft.
If there is an emergency on the plane:
quickly take a safe position: group yourself, clasp your hands under your knees, place your head on your knees;
Do not straighten your legs and place them under the chair in front - they may be injured at the moment of impact;
remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic, act quickly and skillfully.
Safety requirements for aviation transport:
you cannot go to the aircraft parking area without being accompanied by airport workers, without permission to enter the aircraft cabin, enter the cockpit, touch or open the locks and handles of the exits, open doors and hatches;
It is strictly prohibited to transport flammable and explosive materials, spontaneously combustible objects, cylinders with compressed and liquefied gas, poisonous, poisonous, caustic substances;
It is prohibited to carry bladed weapons or firearms;
People with health contraindications are prohibited from using air transport;
It is prohibited to get up from your seats or walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving on the ground, taking off and landing.
In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the primary task of rescuing people is to quickly evacuate through the main, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, holes made by rescuers, and breaks in the fuselage.
The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their rapid opening both from inside the cabin and from the outside. This operation does not require much physical effort - the locations of emergency exits are indicated with stencils, the lock handles are painted with bright colors.
Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Rescuers must evacuate injured people using special means. After leaving the vehicle, you must move away from it to a safe distance. A safe distance is considered to be at least 100 m.
Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuating people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, and rescue ropes. Their locations, activation order and operating methods are indicated on the stencils. Detailed information about emergency rescue equipment will be provided by the flight attendant during the flight.
An explosion or fire on an airplane necessitates the prompt evacuation of people, since one of the main causes of injury to people inside the cabin during a fire is rapid poisoning by combustion products and, first of all, carbon dioxide - a few minutes after the start of combustion, its concentration reaches a lethal level.
High temperature in the cabin is no less dangerous. During a fire, you should not take off your outerwear and shoes - they will protect you from burns and broken glass.
An emergency landing can be made on a water surface. In this situation, inflatable boats with emergency supplies of food, drinking water, medicine, and alarm systems are used to rescue people.
Air terrorism. It's been a fairly common occurrence lately. Hundreds of people die in plane crashes due to sabotage. Air terrorism involves the commission of crimes primarily against civil aviation and on board aircraft, such as hijacking aircraft, hijacking them, taking hostages, disabling air navigation equipment, etc.; it threatens a significant number of people and creates a climate of fear among large sections of the population. Since the time of the greatest intensification of air terrorism, that is, since the 60s, the participation of terrorist groups of all main ideological and political trends has been recorded in its implementation.

BIGGEST AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

May 18, 1935 - in the area of ​​the Central Aerodrome of Moscow, the fighter pilot Nikolai Blagin crashed into a huge eight-engine giant propaganda aircraft ANT-20 “Maxim Gorky”, which was performing a demonstration flight with leading production workers. Killed were 11 crew members of the aircraft and 38 (according to other sources - 50) shock passengers consisting of engineers, technicians and workers of TsAGI and members of their families and a fighter pilot (from 50 to 62 people in total).
March 27, 1977 - two Boeing 747s collided at Los Rodeos airport (Tenerife, Canary Islands), killing 583 people. This plane crash was the largest in terms of casualties in the history of civil aviation and the largest in the collision of two aircraft on the ground and the largest, not counting those killed outside the aircraft.
August 11, 1979 - two Tu-134A collided in the Dneprodzerzhinsk area, 178 people were on both sides (including the Pakhtakor football team), all died. The cause of the collision was an error by the air traffic control service.
September 1, 1983 - in the Sakhalin region, a South Korean Boeing 747 was shot down by fighters, violating USSR airspace. The downed Boeing fell in international waters. According to the official version, there were 246 passengers and 23 crew members on board, all of whom died.
October 11, 1984 - plane crash at Omsk airport. During landing, the Tu-154 collided with snowplows on the runway. 178 people died (including 4 people on the ground), 5 out of 9 crew members and 1 passenger out of 170 survived.
July 10, 1985 - as a result of an error by the crew of the Aeroflot Tu-154 (flight Tashkent - Karshi - Orenburg - Leningrad), it went into a tailspin and crashed near the city of Uchkuduk (Uzbekistan). All 200 people on board were killed.
June 23, 1985 - an Air India Boeing 747 crashed (most likely exploded) off the coast of Ireland. 329 people died. To date, this is the largest disaster of a single aircraft over the sea.
August 12, 1985 - a Boeing 747 of a Japanese airline crashed into a mountain. 520 people died. This is the largest single aircraft disaster to date.
July 3, 1988 - Iran Air flight IR655 Bandar Abbas - Dubai (UAE) A300 was shot down over the Persian Gulf by an anti-aircraft missile fired from the US Navy guided missile cruiser Vincennes. 290 people died, including 15 crew members and 66 children. The largest number of casualties in one downed plane.
November 12, 1996 - near the Charki Dadri airport (Delhi), a Boeing 747 of Saudi Arabian Airliners and a cargo Il-76 of Kazakhstan Airlines collided in the air. 312 people died on planes and at least 37 on the ground. To date, this is the largest accident of two aircraft in the air.
On July 25, 2000, during takeoff at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, a piece of debris from the American DC-10 aircraft of the Continent company
etc.................

In the air Thousands of aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, hot air balloons, hang gliders) are constantly on the ground. They transport passengers, cargo, and perform scientific, military and special missions. Annual statistics indicate that air transport emergencies number in the thousands. Thus, in 1996, the number of people killed in plane crashes in the world was the highest in the last 10 years and amounted to 1,187 people, excluding those killed in terrorist attacks and plane crashes Soviet made. In Russia, 1996 was also marked by plane crashes. There were only 18 major ones, and 249 people died in them.The peculiarity of the occurrence and development of emergencies in air transport lies in the high speeds of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of flammable and explosive substances, and the presence of people | in a confined space of cabins, lack of effective measures to influence an aircraft in distress.

Main factors Injuries and deaths in air transport emergencies are caused by impact forces and fire. The causes of emergencies in aviation include explosions, fires, runway derailments, and aircraft crashes.

Flight safety provided:
- strict regulation of the design, construction, testing and certification of aircraft, aircraft engines and equipment;
- a complete list of technical requirements and standards for the characteristics of aircraft, their elements, systems, units and equipment;
- a system for the technical operation of aircraft with a list of mandatory rules for their preparation and maintenance;
- technical requirements and standards for airports, airfields, air routes;
- rules for organizing air traffic control;
- the operating procedures of meteorological services providing air traffic;
- aircraft accident investigation system.

Despite the constant work to reduce emergency situations in air transport, accidents and disasters involving aircraft are not uncommon. They occur during parking, during takeoff, during cruising flight, during approach, during landing.

Main part Air transport emergencies (about 80%) occur in the airport area (parking, takeoff, approach, landing). Emergency rescue operations are carried out here emergency rescue teams(ASK), which includes calculations from each service: dispatch, launch, fire and rescue, fire and rifle, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, ACC. After receiving information about an accident on an aircraft, ASC are obliged to immediately begin work. The number of victims of a plane crash is directly dependent on the degree of destruction of the aircraft, thermal injury and suffocation in a fire, on the injury of people leaving the board through high hatches, on the organization and coherence of the actions of passengers, crew, and rescuers. Prompt rescue operations are hampered by panic, which can make evacuation completely impossible.

Priority measures on rescuing people during emergencies in air transport related specifically to the evacuation. The evacuation capabilities of aircraft of different classes differ from each other. They depend on the layout of the cabins, the number of passengers, the presence of emergency and emergency exits, and the time required to prepare them for operation. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft in the event of an emergency on board through exits located on one side within 90 seconds. In an emergency, all main, service, and emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. It can be carried out through breaks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, and windows in the cockpit. The design of emergency exit locks ensures that they can be opened both from inside and outside the vehicle. The exits are opened from the inside by crew members or passengers. Rescuers do this work outside. They drive a mobile ladder and a special vehicle to the emergency exit, and hang rope systems. The lock handles on emergency exits are designed simply, they are visible and do not require much effort when opening.

And emergency rescue operations (ASR) in case of plane crashes put the priority task of rescuing people, providing them with the necessary medical care and evacuating them from the scene of the disaster. Then (or, if possible, simultaneously) operations are carried out aimed at localizing the consequences of the disaster, extinguishing the resulting fires, eliminating undesirable environmental consequences and preventing possible material damage.
In aviation incidents, as in other cases of accidents involving a threat to the life and health of people, the number of rescued directly depends on the speed of response of the rescue services.
These services must be ready to bring personnel, the required equipment and machinery to full combat readiness as quickly as possible.

Aircraft accidents can occur at a considerable distance from the airport and the stationary base of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. In this situation, it is necessary to organize measures to search for the crash site of the aircraft as quickly as possible. In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft on water, rescue divers are involved in carrying out emergency rescue operations. It is necessary to provide seasonal diving equipment.
When localizing the crash site of a plane, search and rescue teams need, in addition to taking measures to rescue and provide first aid to the victims, to prevent the emergence and spread of panic, which will significantly complicate rescue operations.
If the crash site is located in a hard-to-reach area (mountainous, forested, swampy, etc.), a base camp and headquarters for coordinating the ASR are deployed at the minimum possible distance. This base must have all the necessary equipment and equipment to provide medical care to victims.

Procedure for emergency rescue operations

• Search and rescue activities.
• Establishing the exact location of an aircraft crash, in addition to telemetric information, special attention is paid to visual observation and the use of specialized rescue transport (aviation, land, water). The specified transport must be provided with all necessary equipment, special equipment and means for providing first aid.
• Emergency rescue plan, including detailed search and evacuation points and taking into account all possible unforeseen situations.
• The coordinates of the crash are clarified based on the data obtained as a result of search operations, the general situation is assessed in accordance with the plan, a forecast of developments and possible consequences of the accident are made.
• Priority measures are being taken to save people and localize the consequences of the crash.
• At each stage, prompt measures are taken to directly eliminate the emergency situation, eliminate its consequences and prevent additional damage.

Basic provisions when conducting ASR

1. Advance preparation of forces and means for operational actions to eliminate accidents.
2. Careful preparation and testing of special equipment, instruments and vehicles, availability of rescue equipment and medications.
3. The fastest possible response not only to the possible occurrence of an emergency, but also to its threat.
4. Continuous and systematic implementation of measures based on the adopted plan for carrying out emergency rescue operations until the final elimination of all consequences of the plane crash.
5. Using methods based on modern technologies to ensure the most effective actions when carrying out rescue operations.
6. Following all safety regulations.

If an air transport accident occurred in the area of ​​the airport, then the direct organization of search and rescue of the crew and passengers of the aircraft is entrusted to the head of the airport with the involvement of forces and resources from aviation units (enterprises and organizations) based at this airfield, regardless of their departmental affiliation.

In the event of an emergency in the immediate vicinity civil engineering enterprises(CA enterprises are state unitary enterprises that are part of the State Corporation for ATS, airports, airlines) measures to ensure emergency rescue operations are provided by the teams and duty crews of this enterprise and the corresponding services (fire and rescue, medical, dispatch, engineering, launch, transport , police, special transport, etc.)

The primary task is to save people - the crew, passengers, and persons accompanying the cargo. These measures amount to immediate evacuation from the aircraft and removal of people to a safe distance. In this case, both the possibility of fire and fuel explosion should be taken into account. According to safety standards International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) all persons on board must be able to leave through exits located on one side in no more than 90 seconds.

In case of evacuation of people, both main and service and emergency exits must be used. Evacuation must also be carried out through breaks in the fuselage, cargo and special hatches, and holes made by rescuers. Locks on emergency exit doors are designed to allow opening not only from the inside, but also from the outside. Rescuers should always remember this and take advantage of it.

In the event of a fire on board, the following must be taken into account:

1. a lethal concentration of carbon dioxide CO₂ is formed 2-3 minutes after an open fire appears;
2. inside the cabin, the temperature increases sharply with increasing altitude, so if in the floor area it can be 60 ° C, then at 1.7 meters - 300 ° C
3. All fire extinguishing work must be carried out using special heat-insulating agents.

Passengers and other people are evacuated from the ship only on the windward side simultaneously with fire extinguishing. The doors are opened first, since it is possible to get more people out through them in a unit of time than through the openings made by rescuers.

The organization, management and coordination of the actions of rescuers in search, rescue, first aid and transportation to medical facilities of crews and passengers in the event of a plane crash outside the civil aviation zone is provided by the heads of departments of the Federal Air Transport Agency. In the event of an incident with a military aircraft - the commanders of the relevant unit of the Ministry of Defense.

If there is special cargo on board, department teams must be involved
responsible for its safety.

In order to ensure the implementation of emergency rescue operations in the airfield area, in each shift, by order of the head of the civil aviation enterprise, the composition is approved emergency rescue team (ART) and a manager who coordinates the actions of ASC calculations.

ASK composition:

• starting fire and rescue crew;
• search and rescue team;
• calculation of medical services;
• calculation of special transport service;
• calculation of engineering and aviation service;
• airfield service calculation;
• transportation service calculation;
• airport police unit;

All special equipment and personnel of the ASK are at emergency rescue stations (ARS). The location of the ACC should ensure the arrival of the ACC in no more than 3 minutes to the ends of the runway. The station must have visual control towers, duty rooms, calculation rooms and stable wired or radio communications with all services.

Methods of conducting emergency rescue operations

Video lecture on the discipline “Emergency rescue”
For specialty 5B073100 “Life safety and environmental protection”

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