Basic human rights belong to the citizen of the Russian Federation. Basic human and civil rights according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation

In Russia, human and civil rights and freedoms are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The main ones are:

• recognition of human rights and freedoms as the highest value, they belong to a person from birth;
• the exercise of rights and freedoms by a person without violating the rights and freedoms of others - equality of all before the court and the law;
• equality between men and women;
• priority of generally recognized international norms over Russian laws;
• strictly defined conditions that allow for the restriction of rights by law;
• prohibition of the use of rights and freedoms for violent change of the constitutional order, incitement of racial, national, religious hatred for the promotion of violence and war.

Citizen's rights- this is the collective will of society, which is designed to ensure.

The city approaches guarantees related to labor activity differently than Soviet constitutions. Previously, the right to work was established, the content of which included the right to receive a guaranteed job with wages in accordance with its quality and quantity, as well as the right to choose a profession. But the state ceased to be the sole owner, private property appeared, and the individual acquired the right of ownership of property. This does not mean that the state has withdrawn itself from guarantees of the right to work, but its approach to how citizens manage their abilities and opportunities to work freely or have another source of livelihood within the framework of current legislation has changed. The role of the state comes down to the following constitutionally established areas of activity in this area:

• forced labor is prohibited;
• the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements, to remuneration for work without any discrimination and not lower than the minimum wage established by federal law is established;
• the right to protection from unemployment is affirmed;
• the right to individual and collective labor disputes is recognized using the methods for resolving them established by federal law, including the right to strike (Article 37).

Social human rights

Social rights are closely related to economic rights.

Social rights ensure a standard of living and social security worthy of a person. These include the rights: to social security (, pensions and medical care), housing, the right to rest; the right to motherhood and protection of childhood; the right of disabled parents to care for their adult able-bodied children.

Has a special role right to social security, reflecting the social character of the state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. Everyone is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. At the same time, state pensions and social benefits are established by law. Fundamental social rights include those rights without which the existence and development of a civilized society, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and the further development of human civilization are impossible. This is first of all right to housing(v. 40). The state guarantees that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of housing, but does not undertake the obligation to provide everyone with housing, although it creates the conditions for this by encouraging housing construction.

Everyone has right to health, including for medical care (Article 41). For this purpose, not only federal programs are financed, but also compulsory health insurance is introduced, along with the state and municipal ones, the development of a private healthcare system is allowed, activities that promote human health, the development of physical culture and sports, environmental and sanitary-epidemiological well-being are encouraged. From this follows the constitutional right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to health or property by an environmental offense (Article 42).

The right to education is guaranteed by the universal availability and free of charge of preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state or municipal educational institutions and enterprises. A network of private educational institutions is also developing in Russia. At the same time, the state establishes federal state educational standards that make it possible to impose the same requirements on all types of educational institutions.

Cultural human rights

Cultural rights provide spiritual development of a person. These are the rights: to education, access to cultural values, free participation in the cultural life of society (including freedom of literary, artistic, scientific and other types of creativity), enjoyment of the results of scientific progress, etc.

Among the fundamental cultural rights and freedoms, the Constitution guarantees freedom of creativity in all spheres of human activity: literary, artistic, scientific, technical, etc., as well as freedom of teaching. Intellectual property as a product of creative activity is protected by law.

Human rights and freedoms in Russia enshrined in Chapter 2 of the Russian Constitution “Rights and freedoms of man and citizen.” A citizen of the Russian Federation has all rights and freedoms on its territory and bears equal responsibilities provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Russian Constitution guarantees the following human rights:

1. Personal(most of these rights are natural, that is, they are not linked to a person’s affiliation with the state):
   • right to life (Article 20)
   • right to dignity (Article 21, Part 1)
   • right to security (Article 21, Part 2)
   • right to freedom and personal security (Article 22)
   • the right to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of one’s honor and good name (Article 23)
   • the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages (Article 23, Part 2)
   • the right to familiarize yourself with documents and materials that directly affect his rights and freedoms (Article 24, Part 2)
   • right to inviolability of home (Article 25)
   • the right to determine and indicate one’s nationality (Article 26)
   • the right to use one’s native language (Article 26, Part 2)
   • the right to move freely, choose a place of stay and residence (Article 27)
   • the right to freely travel outside the Russian Federation and return without hindrance (Article 27, Part 2)
   • freedom of conscience and religion (Article 28)
   • freedom of thought and speech (Article 29, Part 1)
   • right to information (Article 29, Part 4)
2. Political(arise as a result of the state of citizenship; some of these rights may be limited for foreigners):
   • the right to participate in the management of state affairs (Article 32)
   • right to association, freedom of unions, parties (Article 30)
   • the right to meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions, pickets (Article 31)
   • the right to elect and be elected (Article 32)
   • the right to appeal to government bodies (Article 32)
   • right to information (Article 29)
3. Economic
   • right to private property (Articles 35, 36)
   • freedom of entrepreneurial activity (Article 34)
   • freedom of labor, the right to work in normal conditions (Article 37)
   • right of inheritance (Article 35)
   • right to protection from unemployment (Article 37)
4. Social(including socio-economic):
   • right to rest (Article 37)
   • right to social security (Article 39)
   • right to health protection and medical care (Article 41)
   • right to education (Article 43)
   • right to a favorable environment (Article 42)
   • right to motherhood, childhood and paternity (Article 38)
5. Cultural:
   • freedom of creativity and teaching (Article 44)
   • the right to participate in cultural life; for the use of cultural institutions (Article 44)
   • access to cultural property (Article 44)
6. Environmental(are distinguished from among the socio-economic ones, but the classification is not recognized by all researchers):
   • right to a healthy environment
   • the right to reliable information about her condition

All human rights and freedoms are protected equally; the Constitution does not establish a hierarchy of rights and freedoms.

Rights come with responsibilities. Responsibilities of a citizen of the Russian Federation:

Basic UN documents	Russian participation
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	Ratified in 1969, application for admission of individual complaints made in 1991.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Ratified in 1973
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Joined in 1991
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Not subscribed
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Ratified in 1973
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Ratified in 1981
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Ratified in 2004
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Ratified in 1987, application for admission of individual complaints made in 1991.
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Not subscribed
Convention on the Rights of the Child	Ratified in 1990
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict	Ratified in 2008
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography	Signed in 2012
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	Not subscribed
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Ratified in 2012
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Not subscribed

Basic documents of the Council of Europe	Russian participation
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	Ratified in 1998
Protocol No. 1 ECHR	Ratified in 1998
Protocol No. 4 ECHR	Ratified in 1998
Protocol No. 6 ECHR	Signed in 1997
Protocol No. 7 ECHR	Ratified in 1998
Protocol No. 12 ECHR	Signed in 2000
Protocol No. 13 ECHR	Not subscribed
European Social Charter	Not subscribed
Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter 1988	Not subscribed
Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter 1995	Not subscribed
Revised European Social Charter	Ratified in 2009, no application for admission of individual complaints made
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Ratified in 1998
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages	Signed in 2001
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities	Ratified in 1998
Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings	Not subscribed

Labor rights in Russia

Social security in Russia

Health care in Russia

Right to education in Russia

Freedom of religion in Russia

In Russian legislation, the right to freedom of conscience is enshrined in Article 28 of the Constitution, which establishes that “everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or together with others, any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them." The same norm is reproduced in the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” (Article 3, paragraph 1). The same article of the law reveals a number of other important aspects of the right to freedom of conscience: no one is obliged to report their attitude to religion and cannot be subjected to coercion in determining their attitude to religion, to profess or refuse to profess religion, to participate or not to participate in religious services , other religious rites and ceremonies, in the activities of religious associations, in teaching religion. It is prohibited to involve minors in religious associations, as well as to teach religion to minors against their will and without the consent of their parents or persons in their stead. Obstruction of the right to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion is prohibited and prosecuted in accordance with federal law. Holding public events, posting texts and images that offend the religious feelings of citizens near objects of religious veneration are prohibited. The secret of confession is protected by law. A clergyman cannot be held accountable for refusing to testify on circumstances that became known to him from confession.

freedom of speech

The right to vote and be elected

At the end of September 2011, the Russian Human Rights Council called on the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to recognize the elimination of the institution of democratic elections in Russia. “We are forced to admit that the state of the institution of elections in Russia at present as a whole does not comply with either international obligations or even national legislation,” the appeal says. The authors of the appeal note that in Russia a number of opposition parties have been denied registration and the right to participate in elections and access to the main media.

According to a Levada Center survey conducted on August 19-23, 2011, 54% of Russians were confident that there would be an imitation of elections in the State Duma elections in Russia. More than half of the respondents believed that the actual distribution of seats in the State Duma will take place according to the decision of the authorities. In December 2011, numerous protest rallies were held in different cities of Russia against the falsification of the results of the State Duma elections. According to a Levada Center poll, almost half of Russians support rallies against massive election irregularities.

Cases of torture and ill-treatment

In the organization's official 2005 report, the organization obtained evidence and medical evidence of more than 100 torture cases in 11 of 89 Russian regions (excluding Chechnya and other hot spots).

Amnesty International also describes cases where prison inmates were used for torture. One example of these human rights violations is the beating of about 30 suspects by criminals in Yekaterinburg. Some victims spoke of special cells where suspects were raped.

According to the director of the movement “For Human Rights in the Republic of Bashkortostan” Ildar Isangulov, in Bashkortostan in 2007, dozens of criminal cases are not being investigated, in which victims or relatives of the murdered suspect police officers of involvement. Among such cases are the murders of 17-year-old Svetlana Karamova and 15-year-old Elena Alexandrova.

Mass beating in Blagoveshchensk

Allegations of kidnappings in the North Caucasus

Violation of the rights of sexual minorities

Combating cases of human trafficking

Russian law enforcement agencies periodically suppress international channels of human trafficking.

Opinions of human rights activists

Freedom House Evaluation

The main reasons for changing the category for Russia were:

• increasing trends towards concentration of political power;
• intimidation and intimidation of the media;
• politicization of the country's law enforcement system;
• increased presidential control over national television and other media;
• limiting the powers of local leadership;
• introducing significant changes to the electoral legislation.

Opinions and ratings

The political system of modern Russia in Western European and American media is often assessed as authoritarian, as well as " soft, liberal authoritarianism" .

The opinion is often expressed that human rights issues in Russia are often used by politicians in some Western countries in order to put pressure on the Russian authorities and defend their own interests. [ specify] [unreputable source?]

The abolition of direct elections of governors in 2004 caused sharp criticism. Many socio-political forces accused the authorities of using the terrorist attack in Beslan to attack democratic freedoms

The rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable. They determine the meaning, content and application of laws, the activities of the legislative and executive powers, local self-government and are ensured by justice.

1. Everyone is equal before the law and the court.

2. The state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited.

3. Men and women have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation.

1. Everyone has the right to life.

2. Until its abolition, the death penalty may be established by federal law as an exceptional measure of punishment for especially serious crimes against life, providing the accused with the right to have his case heard by a court with the participation of a jury.

1. Personal dignity is protected by the state. Nothing can be a reason to belittle him.

2. No one should be subjected to torture, violence, or other cruel or degrading treatment or punishment. No one can be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without voluntary consent.

1. Everyone has the right to freedom and personal security.

2. Arrest, detention and detention are permitted only by court decision. Pending a court decision, a person cannot be detained for more than 48 hours.

1. Everyone has the right to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of their honor and good name.

2. Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages. Restriction of this right is permitted only on the basis of a court decision.

1. Collection, storage, use and dissemination of information about the private life of a person without his consent is not permitted.

2. State authorities and local self-government bodies, their officials are obliged to provide everyone with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents and materials that directly affect their rights and freedoms, unless otherwise provided by law.

Home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter a home against the will of the persons living there, except in cases established by federal law, or on the basis of a court decision.

1. Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.

2. Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity.

1. Everyone who is legally present on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to move freely, choose their place of stay and residence.

2. Everyone can freely travel outside the Russian Federation. A citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to freely return to the Russian Federation.

Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or together with others, any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and to act in accordance with them.

1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

2. Propaganda or agitation that incite social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity are not permitted. Promotion of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited.

3. No one can be forced to express or renounce their opinions and beliefs.

4. Everyone has the right to freely seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information by any legal means. The list of information constituting a state secret is determined by federal law.

5. Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited.

1. Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions to protect their interests. Freedom of activity of public associations is guaranteed.

2. No one can be forced to join or remain in any association.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and picketing.

1. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives.

2. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and be elected to government bodies and local self-government bodies, as well as to participate in a referendum.

3. Citizens declared incompetent by a court, as well as those held in prison by a court sentence, do not have the right to elect or be elected.

4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to public service.

5. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of justice.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to apply personally, as well as send individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local governments.

1. Everyone has the right to freely use their abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law.

2. Economic activities aimed at monopolization and unfair competition are not allowed.

1. The right of private property is protected by law.

2. Everyone has the right to own property, own, use and dispose of it, both individually and jointly with other persons.

3. No one can be deprived of his property except by a court decision. Forced alienation of property for state needs can only be carried out subject to prior and equivalent compensation.

4. The right of inheritance is guaranteed.

1. Citizens and their associations have the right to own land in private ownership.

2. Possession, use and disposal of land and other natural resources are carried out by their owners freely, if this does not cause damage to the environment and does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of other persons.

3. The conditions and procedure for using land are determined on the basis of federal law.

1. Labor is free. Everyone has the right to freely use their ability to work, choose their type of activity and profession.

2. Forced labor is prohibited.

3. Everyone has the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements, to remuneration for work without any discrimination and not lower than the minimum wage established by federal law, as well as the right to protection from unemployment.

4. The right to individual and collective labor disputes is recognized using the methods for resolving them established by federal law, including the right to strike.

5. Everyone has the right to rest. A person working under an employment contract is guaranteed the length of working hours established by federal law, weekends and holidays, and paid annual leave.

1. Motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state.

2. Caring for children and raising them is an equal right and responsibility of parents.

3. Able-bodied children who have reached the age of 18 must take care of their disabled parents.

1. Everyone is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

2. State pensions and social benefits are established by law.

3. Voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charity are encouraged.

1. Everyone has the right to housing. No one can be arbitrarily deprived of their home.

2. State authorities and local self-government bodies encourage housing construction and create conditions for the exercise of the right to housing.

3. Low-income people and other citizens specified in the law who need housing are provided with it free of charge or for an affordable fee from state, municipal and other housing funds in accordance with the norms established by law.

1. Everyone has the right to health care and medical care. Medical care in state and municipal health care institutions is provided to citizens free of charge at the expense of the corresponding budget, insurance premiums, and other revenues.

2. In the Russian Federation, federal programs for the protection and promotion of public health are financed, measures are taken to develop state, municipal, and private health care systems, activities that promote human health, the development of physical culture and sports, environmental and sanitary-epidemiological well-being are encouraged.

3. Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances that pose a threat to the life and health of people entails liability in accordance with federal law.

Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by environmental violations.

1. Everyone has the right to education.

2. General accessibility and freeness of preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state or municipal educational institutions and enterprises are guaranteed.

3. Everyone has the right to receive higher education free of charge on a competitive basis at a state or municipal educational institution and enterprise.

4. Basic general education is mandatory. Parents or persons replacing them ensure that their children receive basic general education.

5. The Russian Federation sets federal state educational standards and supports various forms of education and self-education.

1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creativity and teaching. Intellectual property is protected by law.

2. Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural values.

3. Everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical and cultural monuments.

1. State protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation is guaranteed.

2. Everyone has the right to protect their rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.

1. Everyone is guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms.

2. Decisions and actions (or inaction) of state authorities, local governments, public associations and officials may be appealed to the court.

3. Everyone has the right, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, to apply to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms if all available domestic remedies have been exhausted.

1. No one can be deprived of the right to have his case considered in the court and by the judge to whose jurisdiction it is assigned by law.

2. A person accused of committing a crime has the right to have his case examined by a court with the participation of a jury in cases provided for by federal law.

1. Everyone is guaranteed the right to receive qualified legal assistance. In cases provided for by law, legal assistance is provided free of charge.

2. Every person detained, taken into custody, or accused of committing a crime has the right to have the assistance of a lawyer (defender) from the moment of detention, detention, or presentation of charges, respectively.

1. Everyone accused of committing a crime is considered innocent until his guilt is proven in the manner prescribed by federal law and established by a court verdict that has entered into legal force.

2. The accused is not required to prove his innocence.

3. Irremovable doubts about a person’s guilt are interpreted in favor of the accused.

1. No one can be convicted twice for the same crime.

2. In the administration of justice, the use of evidence obtained in violation of federal law is not permitted.

3. Everyone convicted of a crime has the right to have the sentence reviewed by a higher court in the manner prescribed by federal law, as well as the right to ask for pardon or commutation of punishment.

1. No one is obliged to testify against himself, his spouse and close relatives, the circle of whom is determined by federal law.

2. Federal law may establish other cases of exemption from the obligation to give testimony.

The rights of victims of crimes and abuses of power are protected by law. The state provides victims with access to justice and compensation for damage caused.

Everyone has the right to compensation from the state for damage caused by illegal actions (or inaction) of state authorities or their officials.

1. The law establishing or aggravating liability does not have retroactive effect.

2. No one can be held responsible for an act that at the time of its commission was not recognized as an offense. If, after the commission of an offense, liability for it is eliminated or mitigated, the new law applies.

1. The enumeration in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of fundamental rights and freedoms should not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of other generally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

2. In the Russian Federation, laws should not be issued that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

3. The rights and freedoms of man and citizen may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of other persons, to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state.

1. In a state of emergency, to ensure the safety of citizens and protect the constitutional order, in accordance with the federal constitutional law, certain restrictions on rights and freedoms may be established, indicating the limits and duration of their validity.

2. A state of emergency throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation and in its individual localities may be introduced in the presence of circumstances and in the manner established by federal constitutional law.

A citizen of the Russian Federation can independently exercise their rights and obligations in full from the age of 18.

1. A citizen of the Russian Federation cannot be expelled from the Russian Federation or extradited to another state.

2. The Russian Federation guarantees its citizens protection and patronage outside its borders.

1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may have citizenship of a foreign state (dual citizenship) in accordance with federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.

2. The fact that a citizen of the Russian Federation has citizenship of a foreign state does not detract from his rights and freedoms and does not relieve him of the obligations arising from Russian citizenship, unless otherwise provided by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.

3. Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy rights in the Russian Federation and bear responsibilities on an equal basis with citizens of the Russian Federation, except in cases established by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.

1. The Russian Federation provides political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless persons in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law.

2. In the Russian Federation, the extradition to other states of persons persecuted for political beliefs, as well as for actions (or inactions) not recognized as a crime in the Russian Federation, is not allowed. The extradition of persons accused of committing a crime, as well as the transfer of convicted persons to serve their sentences in other states, is carried out on the basis of federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.

The provisions of this chapter constitute the basis of the legal status of an individual in the Russian Federation and cannot be changed except in the manner established by this Constitution.

The Constitution as the fundamental law is the printed embodiment of such a contract. The Russian Federation, by right of birth, provides its citizens, as well as citizens of other states and stateless persons residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, with inalienable rights, the limitation of which is possible in a strictly regulated manner. An example is imprisonment, used by the judiciary as a punishment for committing a crime.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, rights and freedoms are granted to every person equally, regardless of “gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, or membership in public associations.”
Different authors classify the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation into several groups (from 3 to 6), these are:
personal, political, socio-economic, cultural and environmental.

Personal rights

They are also called natural, that is, they are human rights enshrined in law.
These include:
- right to life and personal integrity
- the right to privacy, confidentiality of correspondence and all types of communications
- right to privacy of home
- the right to national self-determination
- the right to use one’s native language
- the right to free movement within the Russian Federation, to travel abroad and to return back
- the right to freedom of thought and speech, conscience, religion

Political rights

Unlike personal rights, which are guaranteed to any person on the territory of the Russian Federation, political rights are granted exclusively to citizens, such as:
- the right to vote and be elected
- the right to participate in state affairs
- right of association
- the right to hold rallies, meetings, etc.
- right of access to public service
- the right to participate in the administration of justice
- the right to appeal to government bodies

Socio-economic, cultural and environmental rights

The Russian Federation guarantees to every citizen:
- the right to carry out business activities
- the right to private property, including land and other natural resources
- right of inheritance
- the right to free choice of profession, to safe and paid work
- right to rest
- right to family
- right to social security
- the right to health protection and medical care
- the right to a favorable ecological environment, the right to information about the state of the environment
- the right to education, including compulsory secondary and accessible higher education
- the right to creativity, participation in cultural life, access to cultural values
- the right to justice, to legal assistance
- the right to compensation for harm caused by illegal actions of government bodies

Responsibilities of man and citizen

The Russian Federation in its Basic Law obliges its citizens to:
- every person is obliged to respect the rights and freedoms of others, to comply with the laws of the Russian Federation
- parents have a duty to care for their children
- adult children are obliged to take care of their disabled parents
- pay taxes and other fees
- defend the Motherland, including military duty
- get secondary education
- treats culture with care, preserves cultural and historical monuments
- respects the environment

From the moment of birth, every person, regardless of citizenship, nationality, race or gender, has basic rights. As an individual grows older and integrates into social society, the volume of rights, freedoms, and responsibilities in relation to the surrounding society and people increases.

The rights of a citizen were first mentioned in the French “Declaration of Rights”, adopted back in 1789, although the idea itself has a longer history, the very first mentions of the fundamental privileges of the individual date back to 1215 (the year of the adoption of the English “Charter of Liberty”).

The most recent document and the most significant for most countries was the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”.

If we consider the issue in the context of an individual state, then the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation, for example, are enshrined and respected by the Constitution of the country.

The Constitution divided all the legal privileges and freedoms of the country's citizens into separate groups that cover all the main spheres of human life:

• personal rights and freedoms;
• political;
• socio-economic rights;
• cultural.

The person and the citizen are of primary importance.

Today, this group is given special attention, since state policy is aimed at the benefit of the people, while in the Constitution of the Soviet Union, the most important place was given to the economic stability of the country and its guarantees.

Personal rights belong to every person from the moment of his birth and are not tied to nationality or citizenship, they are inalienable.

The second chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation listed and secured the rights and freedoms of man and citizen related to his personality:

1. and to protect health implies the impossibility of taking the life of any person with impunity. Confirmation of this norm is reflected not only in the imposition of various types of punishments, but also in the prohibition of the death penalty, although it can be prescribed as a punishment in exceptional cases.
2. The right to preserve and protect the dignity of the individual implies that no person should be subjected to torture or any other form of violence or punishment that is likely to humiliate the person. This category includes not only physical punishment, but also oral statements in the form of slander and insult.
3. The right to integrity implies the inadmissibility of unlawful deprivation of liberty or property.

The law provides only as a sanction for illegal actions, and restrictions are possible only after a trial or investigation.

The Constitution enshrines such rights as inviolability and protection of private life, protection of honor and good name, personal and family secrets. In connection with these established norms, the illegal collection, storage and distribution of any information relating to private life without the consent of the person is prohibited.

An equally important personal right is the right of free movement, which provides for free movement not only within the country, but also outside its borders. It also provides for an unlimited choice of places of residence, both within the country and abroad.

Since ancient times, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen have been an unshakable value, for which both the people themselves and many rulers fought long and hard. Today, it has been formed in such a way that all the main ones are protected by law, and active measures are being taken to expand the means for their strict compliance.