Cause of fire in a public place. Fire safety in public places

When a fire occurs in public places and large crowds of people, improper management can lead to a dangerous situation such as panic. Its most frequent manifestation is mass unorganized flight from the smoke zone. The human flow, quickly moving towards the exit, becomes denser and increases in bottlenecks - doorways of the main and emergency exits. Insufficient training of personnel and the lack of necessary means of notification, disrupted procedures in case of fire lead to a crush that injures the weakest members of the group.

Remember that under no circumstances should you stop and try to pick up a fallen thing from the floor; a couple of seconds are enough for the crowd to knock down and trample a person.

If possible, it is necessary to maintain a sober mind, lean back slightly, creating a small free space in front of you, and move at the same speed as the crowd.

The algorithm of actions in case of fire is determined by the place or object where it occurred, as well as the presence or absence of primary fire extinguishing means. Here is a recommended procedure for the most frequently visited areas.

Actions in case of fire in a residential apartment building

Rules of conduct in case of fire in factories

Actions in case of fire at an enterprise are as follows:

• Notify superiors about the nature of the fire and its causes;
• Evacuate workers from the affected area;
• De-energize the room;
• Proceed to eliminate the source of fire, as provided for in the fire safety instructions developed at this enterprise;
• Persons not participating in the fire extinguishing operation evacuate material assets from premises or buildings located in the neighborhood.

Rules of conduct for teachers and students in case of a fire at school

Actions in case of a fire in a school are carried out in accordance with previously developed and approved. According to the instructions, fire evacuation training should be carried out at least once a year.

1. If the first signs of a fire are detected, the fire service, the management of the educational institution and the person responsible for fire safety should be notified;
2. Unlock and open all main, emergency and emergency exits and begin evacuating students;
3. Personnel taking part in containing the fire must ensure that no students are left in the classrooms;
4. During evacuation, class teachers should be in front of the column indicating a safe route. It is necessary to place the physically strongest children behind so that, if necessary, they can help the weaker ones. After the evacuation, teachers must take a roll call using the register and determine which of the children is missing. Immediately report the incident to the management and fire department representative.

If the fire has blocked the corridor, then evacuate through the window if the classroom is on the first floor. Or close the door and seal the cracks to prevent smoke, open the window slightly. If there are protective bars on the windows, open them. After the fire brigade arrives, give a signal from the window, after attracting attention, act on the fire brigade’s command and evacuate along the fire escape.

Rules of conduct for personnel in entertainment establishments

The actions of personnel in the event of a fire in crowded places are somewhat specific:

• First of all, you need to remain calm and cool. You should avoid panic at all costs.
• Notify the fire department about the fire;
• Evacuate visitors;
• If panic begins in the crowd, try to calm it down;
• After leaving the building, organize passage for special transport that has arrived to respond to the call;
• If possible, inform firefighters about the location and nature of the fire, the possible cause, and the expected number of visitors. Follow the commands of the fire brigade chief.

Report on the topic

« Fires in residential and public buildings, their causes and consequences ».

Daria Belova, 8th grade B student

Municipal educational institution Gymnasium No. 4, Kstovo

Fires. Causes and types of fires .

Fire - uncontrolled, unauthorized combustion of substances, materials and gas-air mixtures outside a special source, and causing significant material damage, damage to people on objects and rolling stock, which is divided into external and internal, open and hidden;

This is the combustion of substances, characterized by significant spread, high temperatures and duration, which poses a danger to people.

The most common causes of fires are:

Careless handling of fire;

Failure to comply with the rules for operating production equipment;

Spontaneous combustion of substances and materials;

Static electricity discharges;

Lightning discharges;

Poor quality construction of buildings and structures;

Neglect of safety rules;

Arson.

Depending on the place of origin there are:

Fires on vehicles;

Steppe and field fires;

Underground fires in mines and mines;

Peat and forest fires;

Fires in buildings and structures.

The latter, in turn, are divided into external (open), in which flame and smoke are clearly visible, and internal (closed), characterized by hidden paths of flame propagation. The risk of fatalities from fires is approximately 8×10 – 5 people/year. The standard probability of fatalities in a fire is 10 – 6. The main characteristic of the destructive effect of a fire is the temperature that develops during combustion. For residential buildings and public buildings, indoor temperatures reach 800-900 °C. As a rule, the highest temperatures occur during external fires and on average range from 1000-1350 °C, and when burning thermite, electron, magnesium, the maximum temperature reaches 2000-3000 °C. The space around the combustion zone, in which the temperature as a result of heat exchange reaches values ​​that cause a destructive effect on surrounding objects and are dangerous to humans, is called the thermal impact zone. It is generally accepted that the thermal impact zone surrounding the combustion zone includes an area where the temperature of the mixture of air and gaseous combustion products is not less than 60-80 °C.

Factors that pose a danger to people during fires .

In case of fires, the following factors pose a danger to people:

Open fire and sparks;

Increased temperature of the environment and objects;

Toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;

Reduced oxygen concentration;

Fragments, parts of destroyed apparatus, units, installations, structures;

Electric current resulting from the transfer of high voltage to conductive parts of structures, devices, and units;

Hazardous factors of an explosion resulting from a fire;

Fire extinguishing agents.

Increased intensity of heat flow and air temperature can cause burns of the skin, respiratory tract and burn shock (excitement or inhibition, up to confusion or loss of consciousness). Toxic combustion products released during fires contain from 50 to 100 chemical compounds that can have a toxic effect on humans. The most toxic and frequently encountered are carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO 2. The danger of CO lies in the fact that it interacts with hemoglobin in the blood 200–300 times better than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin HbCO. In this case, oxygen starvation occurs.

The danger of CO 2 is that it replaces oxygen in the blood, speeds up breathing, which leads to the inhalation of large amounts of other gases in dangerous concentrations. A reduced concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air during fires, even in the absence of toxic combustion products, can impede evacuation and lead to death.

Causes of fires in buildings .

The residential sector accounts for 70 to 80% of the total number of fires that occur annually in the Russian Federation. The majority of fires in housing occur due to the fault of people who are in a state of limited legal capacity (state of intoxication, mental illness, age-related infirmity, etc.). Residential buildings account for about 90% of the total fire deaths nationwide. The main causes of death in fires are the effects of combustion products (up to 76% of the total number of deaths) and high temperature (up to 19% of the total number of deaths). Objective reasons include a high degree of deterioration of the housing stock, and here we are talking about the structures of buildings and their engineering support; lack of economic opportunities to maintain the fire safety condition of buildings, low provision of residential buildings with means of fire detection and warning, as well as modern primary fire extinguishing means. The presence of flammable items, synthetic products and various household appliances in apartments and residential buildings, on the one hand, increases the potential for fires, and on the other hand, makes even the smallest fire dangerous to the life and health of people due to the release of toxic gases when burning synthetic materials. materials. Other sources of fire hazard are: basements, attics, sanitary and kitchen units. Low-rise buildings made of fireproof materials (brick, reinforced concrete) are the least dangerous in terms of fire, but buildings made of wooden structures pose the greatest danger. In addition, the use of combustible heat and sound insulating materials (sawdust, leaves, peat, etc.), especially polymer ones (expanded polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, etc.), is of great danger. Most low-rise residential buildings have stove heating. According to statistics, approximately every tenth fire in a residential building and outbuildings occurs from malfunctioning stoves and chimneys , their improper design or operation. Multi-storey buildings are usually the main type of housing in large settlements. A feature that aggravates the fire danger of residential buildings is the presence of premises built into them for other purposes: trade, communication, public utility, catering, etc. If a fire occurs in a built-in room, there is a threat to the lives of people living on the upper floors.

Buildings over five stories high have garbage chutes and elevators, which can also pose a smoke hazard.

Fires in multi-storey residential buildings can spread through cable communications if the openings where the pipes pass are not sealed with mortar or concrete. High-rise buildings are characterized by rapid vertical fire development and greater complexity of rescue operations. Combustion products move towards stairwells and elevator shafts. The speed of their vertical propagation can exceed 10 or more meters per minute. Within a few minutes the building is completely filled with smoke, and it is impossible to stay in the premises without respiratory protection. The most intense smoke occurs on the upper floors, especially on the leeward side.

High temperatures cause elevator control to fail and the cabins become blocked in the shafts. It is not possible to quickly determine the location of the elevator when the power supply is turned off and the people in it die. In case of a fire on the upper floors, it is very difficult to conduct fire reconnaissance, rescue people and supply extinguishing agents.

It should also be added that a factor that significantly increases the fire danger of multi-storey buildings and high-rise buildings is the high probability of late detection of a fire in the absence or failure of the corresponding fire automatic systems. Taking into account the increase in the volume of construction of residential buildings of excess height and taking into account the relevance of issues of their fire protection, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations decided to inspect these buildings with the involvement of specialists from other departments. The group of public buildings includes a very wide range of buildings, differing in the number of people present in them, in the amount of fire load, as well as in the nature (mode) of operation. In addition, within each of the listed characteristics there are significant differences that require a differentiated approach to solving problems of ensuring fire safety. Thus, when deciding the issue of ensuring the safety of people in the event of a fire, it is necessary to take into account the psychophysiological characteristics of the contingent present in the building, the degree of their familiarity with the planning features of the building, as well as the level of readiness to perceive a signal about a fire and perform the necessary actions to evacuate the building. From the point of view To ensure the protection of material assets located in the building, it is necessary to take into account not only the amount of expected material damage, but also the social significance of possible losses from a fire. This applies primarily to buildings of museums, archives, libraries, as well as buildings that are historical and architectural monuments. For such buildings, the possibility of damage caused by fire extinguishing agents during the work of operational units, as well as during false alarms of automatic fire extinguishing systems, should also be taken into account. About 7% of fires of the total number of fires in the Russian Federation occur in public buildings. On average, 6 to 7% of all fire fatalities occur in fires in public buildings. Among the conditions contributing to the death of people, alcohol (or drug) intoxication still ranks first. Factors contributing to the death of people include such phenomena as the increasing saturation of the premises of public buildings with materials that emit particularly dangerous substances during combustion (HCl, HCN, etc.), as well as an increase in the number of various energy sources used in everyday life. In terms of causes of fires in public buildings, on average in recent years, the main place is occupied by fires from careless handling of fire - 36.5% of all fires in public buildings. Due to violation of the rules for operating electrical equipment and household electrical appliances, 32.4% of all fires occurred. Arson accounts for 10.2% of all fires in public buildings.

Thus, in residential and public buildings, fire mainly occurs due to:

Malfunctions of the electrical network and electrical appliances;

Gas leaks;

Fires of electrical appliances left energized unattended;

Careless handling and pranks of children with fire;

Using faulty or homemade heating devices;

Furnace doors (stoves, fireplaces) left open;

Release of burning ash near buildings;

Carelessness and negligence in handling fire;

Smoking.

But significant material damage is caused by fires in residential and public buildings, especially in high-rise buildings, for electrical reasons. According to statistics, among the total number of fires that occurred for electrical reasons, the share of fires in residential and public buildings exceeds 50%. Most of these fires occur during the operation of cables, wires, electrical installation products and electrical appliances. According to statistics, the largest number of fires registered in 2004 (72.4%) and losses from them (34.4%) occurred in the residential sector. The spread of fire in residential buildings most often occurs due to the supply of fresh air, which provides an additional supply of oxygen, through ventilation ducts, windows and doors. That is why it is not recommended to break glass in the windows of a burning room and leave doors open. In residential and public buildings, fire quickly spreads through equipment and furniture, decoration and cladding made from combustible materials, combustible structures, ventilation ducts and other plumbing communications.

The most common causes of fires at public enterprises are:

Violations committed during the design and construction of buildings and structures;

Failure to comply with basic fire safety measures by production personnel and careless handling of fire;

Violation of fire safety rules of a technological nature during the operation of an industrial enterprise (for example, when carrying out welding work);

When operating electrical equipment and electrical installations;

Use of faulty equipment in the production process. The spread of fire in industrial enterprises is facilitated by:

Accumulation of a significant amount of flammable substances and materials in production and warehouse areas;

The presence of paths that create the possibility of spreading flame and combustion products to adjacent installations and adjacent rooms;

The sudden appearance of factors during a fire that accelerate its development;

Late detection of a fire and reporting it to the fire department;

Absence or malfunction of stationary and primary fire extinguishing means;

Incorrect actions of people when extinguishing a fire.

Conclusion .

Fires cause significant economic damage and often result in injury and death. The formation and development of fire safety requirements is based on an analysis of real and potential fires, the extent of material damage, possible loss of life, as well as taking into account the main factors influencing these indicators. In countries with a fairly high population density, there is one fire per year for every 10–15 people. Nine out of ten fires are extinguished by civilians and remain unknown. Direct and indirect material damage caused by fires across national economies ranges from hundreds of millions to tens of billions of dollars. Analysis of fires in all countries indicates a continuous increase in their number, accompanied by great material damage and human casualties. Analysis of static data from a number of countries allows us to identify the approximate distribution of the number of fires and losses from them in buildings of three main purposes:

1) the number of fires in residential buildings is 55%, in public buildings - 10%, in industrial and warehouse buildings - 30%;

2) material damage in residential buildings is 35%, in public buildings - 20%, in industrial and warehouse buildings - 45%;

3) the death rate in fires in residential buildings is 80%, in public buildings - 10%, in industrial and warehouse buildings - 10%.

Fire statistics for Russia show that 80% of fires occur in residential premises. Here, the death and injury of people from smoke and fire is 9 cases out of 10. According to the Center for Fire Statistics CTIF, per 1 million people in Russia, more than 100 people die in fires, which is 6 times more than in the USA. At the same time, the number of fires per year per 1 million people in Russia is about 2000.

One of the most dangerous disasters is fire in
in public places. There are different types of fires. In most cases, they are caused by the negligent attitude of workers, neglect of basic safety rules, or in cases of deliberate arson or explosion
gas or terrorist attack. Also, the cause of a fire may be a simple unextinguished cigarette, which will cause irreparable damage not only to the building, but can also cause death.
Fires exist in several degrees. Fires of the first and second degrees of complexity do not pose a great threat to people. The source of such a fire ignites very quickly
is localized, and in some cases it can be extinguished with improvised means. Such fires are usually quickly detected by vigilant citizens and immediately alert the relevant authorities.
...
"STATISTICS"
The worst air disaster occurred on March 27, 1997, when two Boeing 747s, belonging to Pan America and KLM airlines, collided on the runway. As a result of this collision, 583 people died.
* * *
But the fires of the third, fourth, fifth and especially the sixth
degrees of difficulty pose the greatest threat to people
including firefighters. As a rule, fires appear in several places and spread throughout the building with great speed. Often the situation is aggravated by strong
wind, broken fire alarms that cannot turn off the electricity in time, as well as outdated wooden floors and load-bearing structures of the building that do not meet fire safety standards.
How should you behave in this extreme situation? First of all, when in crowded areas, you should always remember where the fire extinguisher is located, the location of the rooms and the presence of an emergency exit. All these observations can provide you with invaluable service in the event of a fire.
If you smell smoke and burning in a public place, you need to quickly find the source of the fire and as quickly as possible
localize it using available means. At this time, one of the passers-by should definitely call the fire department. You should not rely on your own strength, even a small fire can turn into an all-consuming flame.
First of all, you should learn the golden rule: never panic! Unreasonable panic can create a stampede, which will lead to even greater casualties. Find a reasonable person who can take control of everything. Evacuation of people should come first, then you need to think about saving things. If a fire occurs inside a building and the routes to the street are open, it is necessary to line up in organized columns and leave the building as quickly as possible. First of all, release the children, the elderly and women.
If the exit routes are blocked, then you can exit through the window, but only if you are on the first or second
floor. You need to jump from higher floors only if there is an awning below. Well, what if there is still no way out? In this case, try to move to a safe distance from the source of the fire. It is best to sit on the floor, as the smoke always rises. Look for towels or rags. If there are none, then
You can use elements of your own clothing. Wet them and apply them to your face from time to time so as not to choke on carbon smoke.
In order for firefighters to detect you in time, you should give them a signal notifying you of your location. This could be a small pocket mirror or a bright rag, some shiny object that can be visible from afar. If the fire is near you, do not try
break or open windows, the flow of air will fan the flames even more.
If one of the people around you has been burned, then before qualified doctors arrive, first aid should be provided to the victim. Compresses with cold water, which should be applied to the burned area, have a good effect. It is advisable to cut off excess clothing. If
the burn is not very strong, then apply a gauze bandage soaked in alcohol, vodka or diluted cologne to the burned surface.

More on the topic of FIRE IN PUBLIC PLACES:

1. 3.8.1. Socially dangerous act (action or inaction)
2. 2.2. MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC SECURITY POLICE EMPLOYEES AND OTHER DIVISIONS OF THE ATS FOR CRIME PREVENTION
3. 2.2 MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC SECURITY POLICE EMPLOYEES AND OTHER DIVISIONS OF THE ATS FOR CRIME PREVENTION
4. 1.1 Legal status of local governments for the protection of public order and the safety of citizens

Report on the topic

« Fires in residential and public buildings, their causes and consequences ».

Daria Belova, 8th grade B student

Municipal educational institution Gymnasium No. 4, Kstovo

Fires. Causes and types of fires .

Fire - uncontrolled, unauthorized combustion of substances, materials and gas-air mixtures outside a special source, and causing significant material damage, damage to people on objects and rolling stock, which is divided into external and internal, open and hidden;

This is the combustion of substances, characterized by significant spread, high temperatures and duration, which poses a danger to people.

The most common causes of fires are:

Careless handling of fire;

Failure to comply with the rules for operating production equipment;

Spontaneous combustion of substances and materials;

Static electricity discharges;

Lightning discharges;

Poor quality construction of buildings and structures;

Neglect of safety rules;

Arson.

Depending on the place of origin there are:

Fires on vehicles;

Steppe and field fires;

Underground fires in mines and mines;

Peat and forest fires;

Fires in buildings and structures.

The latter, in turn, are divided into external (open), in which flame and smoke are clearly visible, and internal (closed), characterized by hidden paths of flame propagation. The risk of fatalities from fires is approximately 8×10 – 5 people/year. The standard probability of fatalities in a fire is 10 – 6. The main characteristic of the destructive effect of a fire is the temperature that develops during combustion. For residential buildings and public buildings, indoor temperatures reach 800-900 °C. As a rule, the highest temperatures occur during external fires and on average range from 1000-1350 °C, and when burning thermite, electron, magnesium, the maximum temperature reaches 2000-3000 °C. The space around the combustion zone, in which the temperature as a result of heat exchange reaches values ​​that cause a destructive effect on surrounding objects and are dangerous to humans, is called the thermal impact zone. It is generally accepted that the thermal impact zone surrounding the combustion zone includes an area where the temperature of the mixture of air and gaseous combustion products is not less than 60-80 °C.

Factors that pose a danger to people during fires .

In case of fires, the following factors pose a danger to people:

Open fire and sparks;

Increased temperature of the environment and objects;

Toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;

Reduced oxygen concentration;

Fragments, parts of destroyed apparatus, units, installations, structures;

Electric current resulting from the transfer of high voltage to conductive parts of structures, devices, and units;

Hazardous factors of an explosion resulting from a fire;

Fire extinguishing agents.

Increased intensity of heat flow and air temperature can cause burns of the skin, respiratory tract and burn shock (excitement or inhibition, up to confusion or loss of consciousness). Toxic combustion products released during fires contain from 50 to 100 chemical compounds that can have a toxic effect on humans. The most toxic and frequently encountered are carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO 2. The danger of CO lies in the fact that it interacts with hemoglobin in the blood 200–300 times better than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin HbCO. In this case, oxygen starvation occurs.

The danger of CO 2 is that it replaces oxygen in the blood, speeds up breathing, which leads to the inhalation of large amounts of other gases in dangerous concentrations. A reduced concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air during fires, even in the absence of toxic combustion products, can impede evacuation and lead to death.

Causes of fires in buildings .

The residential sector accounts for 70 to 80% of the total number of fires that occur annually in the Russian Federation. The majority of fires in housing occur due to the fault of people who are in a state of limited legal capacity (state of intoxication, mental illness, age-related infirmity, etc.). Residential buildings account for about 90% of the total fire deaths nationwide. The main causes of death in fires are the effects of combustion products (up to 76% of the total number of deaths) and high temperature (up to 19% of the total number of deaths). Objective reasons include a high degree of deterioration of the housing stock, and here we are talking about the structures of buildings and their engineering support; lack of economic opportunities to maintain the fire safety condition of buildings, low provision of residential buildings with means of fire detection and warning, as well as modern primary fire extinguishing means. The presence of flammable items, synthetic products and various household appliances in apartments and residential buildings, on the one hand, increases the potential for fires, and on the other hand, makes even the smallest fire dangerous to the life and health of people due to the release of toxic gases when burning synthetic materials. materials. Other sources of fire hazard are: basements, attics, sanitary and kitchen units. Low-rise buildings made of fireproof materials (brick, reinforced concrete) are the least dangerous in terms of fire, but buildings made of wooden structures pose the greatest danger. In addition, the use of combustible heat and sound insulating materials (sawdust, leaves, peat, etc.), especially polymer ones (expanded polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, etc.), is of great danger. Most low-rise residential buildings have stove heating. According to statistics, approximately every tenth fire in a residential building and outbuildings occurs from malfunctioning stoves and chimneys , their improper design or operation. Multi-storey buildings are usually the main type of housing in large settlements. A feature that aggravates the fire danger of residential buildings is the presence of premises built into them for other purposes: trade, communication, public utility, catering, etc. If a fire occurs in a built-in room, there is a threat to the lives of people living on the upper floors.

Buildings over five stories high have garbage chutes and elevators, which can also pose a smoke hazard.

Fires in multi-storey residential buildings can spread through cable communications if the openings where the pipes pass are not sealed with mortar or concrete. High-rise buildings are characterized by rapid vertical fire development and greater complexity of rescue operations. Combustion products move towards stairwells and elevator shafts. The speed of their vertical propagation can exceed 10 or more meters per minute. Within a few minutes the building is completely filled with smoke, and it is impossible to stay in the premises without respiratory protection. The most intense smoke occurs on the upper floors, especially on the leeward side.

High temperatures cause elevator control to fail and the cabins become blocked in the shafts. It is not possible to quickly determine the location of the elevator when the power supply is turned off and the people in it die. In case of a fire on the upper floors, it is very difficult to conduct fire reconnaissance, rescue people and supply extinguishing agents.

It should also be added that a factor that significantly increases the fire danger of multi-storey buildings and high-rise buildings is the high probability of late detection of a fire in the absence or failure of the corresponding fire automatic systems. Taking into account the increase in the volume of construction of residential buildings of excess height and taking into account the relevance of issues of their fire protection, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations decided to inspect these buildings with the involvement of specialists from other departments. The group of public buildings includes a very wide range of buildings, differing in the number of people present in them, in the amount of fire load, as well as in the nature (mode) of operation. In addition, within each of the listed characteristics there are significant differences that require a differentiated approach to solving problems of ensuring fire safety. Thus, when deciding the issue of ensuring the safety of people in the event of a fire, it is necessary to take into account the psychophysiological characteristics of the contingent present in the building, the degree of their familiarity with the planning features of the building, as well as the level of readiness to perceive a signal about a fire and perform the necessary actions to evacuate the building. From the point of view To ensure the protection of material assets located in the building, it is necessary to take into account not only the amount of expected material damage, but also the social significance of possible losses from a fire. This applies primarily to buildings of museums, archives, libraries, as well as buildings that are historical and architectural monuments. For such buildings, the possibility of damage caused by fire extinguishing agents during the work of operational units, as well as during false alarms of automatic fire extinguishing systems, should also be taken into account. About 7% of fires of the total number of fires in the Russian Federation occur in public buildings. On average, 6 to 7% of all fire fatalities occur in fires in public buildings. Among the conditions contributing to the death of people, alcohol (or drug) intoxication still ranks first. Factors contributing to the death of people include such phenomena as the increasing saturation of the premises of public buildings with materials that emit particularly dangerous substances during combustion (HCl, HCN, etc.), as well as an increase in the number of various energy sources used in everyday life. In terms of causes of fires in public buildings, on average in recent years, the main place is occupied by fires from careless handling of fire - 36.5% of all fires in public buildings. Due to violation of the rules for operating electrical equipment and household electrical appliances, 32.4% of all fires occurred. Arson accounts for 10.2% of all fires in public buildings.

Panic (unaccountable fear) is a psychological state caused by the threatening influence of external conditions and expressed in a feeling of acute fear that engulfs a person or many people, uncontrollably and uncontrollably trying to avoid a dangerous situation.

Panic can arise even when there is no real threat, and people still succumb to mass psychosis. At the same time, many people’s consciousness becomes dulled and they lose the ability to correctly perceive and assess the situation. Panic reactions in children, adolescents, women and the elderly manifest themselves in the form of severe relaxation, lethargy, general lethargy to the extreme - complete immobility, when a person is physically unable to act and follow commands. Other people, as a rule, move chaotically, trying to quickly escape from real or imaginary danger.

Panic is scary because people, trying to quickly leave the danger zone, accumulate at the exits and block them. Many of the fleeing people are, in principle, capable of an objective assessment of the situation and reasonable actions, however, by experiencing unaccountable fear and infecting others with it, they themselves hinder their own evacuation.

That is why it is important in this situation that there is a person who can take charge of the actions of panic-stricken people.

YOUR ACTIONS

• * When entering any public place, try to remember your path; pay attention to the location of the main and emergency exits; don’t lose your bearings; hold children's hands.
• * When you hear shouts of “Fire!”, remain calm and self-possessed, call on people nearby, especially women, to do so. Assess the situation, make sure there is a real danger (perhaps someone wants to attract people’s attention with this cry).
• * Standing still, look around carefully; When you see a phone or fire alarm button, report the fire to the fire department (don’t assume that someone will do this for you) and begin to calmly move towards the nearest exit. If it is possible to control the fire, immediately notify others about it; extinguish the fire, attracting help from nearby people, using improvised and special means.
• * When the room is filled with smoke or there is no lighting, try to walk towards the exit, holding on to the walls, handrails, etc.; breathe through a handkerchief or sleeve of clothing; Lead the children in front of you, holding them by the shoulders.
• * In any situation, maintain restraint and composure, calming those around you with your behavior, and do not let panic grow. Take charge of saving people! When moving in a crowd, let children, women and the elderly pass ahead, and together hold back the distraught people. Help those who are constrained by fear and cannot move; to bring them to their senses, slap them in the face, speak calmly and clearly, support them by the arms.
• * Once in a crush, bend your elbows and press them to your sides, clenching your fists; protect the sides from compression. Lean your body back with your feet in front and try to hold back the pressure with your back, making space in front and moving as slowly as possible. Help people who have been knocked down get up. If you are knocked down, try to get on your knee and, leaning on the floor with your hands, sharply push off with your other leg and straighten your body with a jerk. Shield your children with your back or place them on your shoulders.
• * If you are in a multi-story building, do not try to use the elevators, go down the stairs; Resist the urge to jump out of a window from a great height. If it is impossible to go outside, retreat to rooms not occupied by fire and wait there for help from firefighters.
• * After getting out of the building, assist those injured due to panic, move them to fresh air, unfasten their clothes and call an ambulance.