Fire safety of educational institutions. Extinguishing fires at facilities with large numbers of people. Good condition of electrical equipment.

The course project on fire safety of objects and settlements is the most important stage in mastering the course; course design provides the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to solving specific practical problems related to the development of engineering solutions, recommendations for ensuring fire safety of production processes. Great importance in the development of any industry should be given to production safety, especially in those industries where the conditions of technological processes, the use of flammable and flammable liquids, flammable gases and substances create an increased fire and explosion hazard, sometimes causing material damage to production. Fires at industrial facilities are a disaster that is often accompanied by loss of life and irretrievable material losses. In this regard, the role of fire protection in the prevention and extinguishing of fires at industrial enterprises is increasing. The design and construction of woodworking enterprises poses certain tasks for specialists in terms of improving design, improving technology and introducing promising technological processes based on new materials, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes. Workshops of woodworking enterprises that have the same purpose by the nature of the technological process, usually located in the same building, separated by walls or partitions into separate rooms. The fire hazard of workshops of woodworking enterprises is characterized by the fire hazardous properties of flammable substances and materials circulating in production, their quantity, as well as the possibility of the formation in some cases of flammable dust-air concentrations, the presence of ignition sources and the speed of fire spread.

The most fire and explosion hazards at woodworking enterprises are the processing, finishing, drying of wood, as well as finished product warehouses due to the high fire load. At the same time, the fire hazard is due to the fact that wood itself is a flammable material, and materials and vapors of synthetic finishing materials are fire and explosive due to their physical and chemical properties. According to statistics, in 9 out of 10 cases of fire, a person is to blame, mainly due to careless handling of fire - 29%, operation of faulty equipment - 21%, improper operation and use of homemade heating devices - 12%, violation of safety regulations in the production of fire and welding work - 6%, etc.

1. Fire hazard analysis and development of fire protection systems

General fire safety requirements for production processes are ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems and a systematic approach to organizational and technological measures. The development of such systems is carried out based on an analysis of fire hazards and process protection.

Fire hazard analysis and protection of production processes is carried out in stages. It includes the study of production technology, assessment of the fire hazardous properties of substances and materials used in production: identification of possible causes of the occurrence and formation of a flammable environment in production conditions, ignition sources and fire spread paths, development of fire protection systems, as well as organizational and technical measures for ensuring fire safety

The helplessness and defenselessness of children determines increased requirements for the safety of preschool institutions. Safety in kindergartens must be given special attention and increased requirements. Failure to comply with rules and fire regulations in kindergartens entails the imposition of penalties on the manager.

General requirements

Requirements for fire safety in preschool institutions are enshrined in the rules PPB-101-89. These rules regulate the conditions of maintenance not only of the building, but also of the surrounding area. After the introduction of Resolution No. 390, these rules became advisory in nature. significantly reduced the requirements for firefighting activities. But most inspections carried out in kindergartens are focused specifically on PPB-101-89.

Every year the commission inspects preschool institutions for compliance with fire safety standards. The commission must include a representative of the fire department. Fire safety in kindergarten consists of a diverse set of measures and requirements.

Territory requirements

Requirements for the condition of the kindergarten territory are aimed at reducing the risk of fire and reducing the negative consequences of a fire. All essential conditions for maintaining the territory are spelled out quite clearly and are subject to mandatory compliance. The main requirements include:

Requirements for the building and premises

Inside the kindergarten building, fire safety rules establish a number of measures and requirements:

1. junior groups should be located no higher than the 2nd floor;
2. The maximum number of seats is calculated depending on the type of fire resistance of the building. It is permissible to accommodate up to 50 children in buildings with IV and V degrees of fire resistance. The number of seats over 50 can only be in buildings of fire resistance class III;
3. the arrangement of furniture and equipment in the room should not impede access to emergency exits and fire extinguishing means. All exits must not be obstructed by any objects;
4. It is mandatory to have signs and safety signs;
5. serviceable door closers are required on corridor and vestibule doors;
6. rugs, carpets, etc. must be securely fastened to the floor;
7. The attic premises of the kindergarten are subject to special attention. In addition to the fact that storing objects in attics is unacceptable, floor insulation should be carried out with non-flammable types of insulation. Attic doors must be locked and marked with appropriate signs indicating the purpose of the room and where the key is stored. Dormer windows must be glazed and closed;
8. windows in the building should not be covered with metal bars;
9. kindergartens must be equipped;
10. The use of irons is allowed only in a specially designated room. This room cannot be used for other purposes (including storing linen). The iron must be in good condition;
11. premises must be provided with fire extinguishers;
12. At the end of the working day, kindergarten employees are required to inspect the premises and turn off the power supply.

Actions and measures prohibited in preschool educational institutions

Increased fire safety requirements in kindergartens determine a strict list of prohibited actions. For example, redevelopment of a preschool educational institution building should not violate basic building codes.

When carrying out repairs, the use of building materials with a low fire safety class is prohibited. The ban on the use of open fire does not only apply to the kitchen. In the event of a power outage, do not use candles or kerosene lamps. Lamps and luminaires must be covered with a diffuser.

Any electrical appliances can be connected to the network only under the supervision of personnel. As for boilers, electric kettles, etc., their use is permissible, but only in specially designated areas. Homemade heaters cannot be used in any room of the kindergarten.

Closing, let alone blocking, emergency exits is prohibited under any circumstances. It is prohibited to hang mirrors on the paths to these exits (to avoid a misleading visual effect).

Water supply system

To ensure safety, the head of the preschool educational institution is obliged to ensure that the fire-fighting water supply is in good condition. For this purpose, inspections and maintenance of fire hydrants are carried out periodically. The results of the inspection are recorded in the act.

The same requirements apply to water reservoirs. In case of failure of pumps, water supply network or repair work, the head of the kindergarten is obliged to notify the fire department.

The design of fire-fighting water supply should be carried out taking into account the minimum water flow during a fire. The flow rate for buildings up to 2 floors high is 10 liters per second. Consumption for buildings with more than 2 floors is 15 liters per second.

Automatic fire protection

The fire safety package includes the mandatory presence of automatic protection. The responsibility for installing and operating fire alarm systems rests entirely with the administration of the preschool institution.

If it is impossible to independently monitor the technical condition of the automatic system, the kindergarten administration must enter into an agreement with specialized organizations that provide these services.

Kindergartens must be equipped with a public warning and control system in the event of a fire hazard. The voice notification is aimed at notifying preschool employees and should help reduce the occurrence of panic. The presence and condition of visual detectors and signs should be strictly monitored. After repairs have been carried out (painting, whitewashing), painting over them is unacceptable.

In the event of a fire alarm, the signal must be output to the security room or fire department. When carrying out work that caused its shutdown, the head of the preschool educational institution is obliged to notify the fire department about this.

Requirements for employees

Fire safety in preschool educational institutions, in addition to technical measures, includes measures to inform staff and children about the rules of conduct to reduce the risk of fires. Any employee in a kindergarten, before starting to perform their job duties, must undergo training and training.

Every year, the head of the kindergarten appoints a person responsible for fire safety.

The person in charge conducts one-time briefings (for newly hired employees), planned (every six months) and targeted (before holding a major organizational and leisure event).

The responsible person must know:

• all internal rules, instructions;
• legislative acts and standards governing fire safety issues;
• all equipment located in the building and its operating features.

The above list is not complete. Detailed responsibilities and requirements are regulated in each preschool educational institution by the job responsibilities of the person responsible for fire safety.

Ryabov Maxim

This work is an educational research project.

The purpose of the projectis to study the state of fire safety as a subsystem of the comprehensive safety of the technical school.

Project objectives:

1. Analyze the tactical and technical characteristics of the technical school building.

2. Analyze the state of the notification and warning systems.

3. Characterize the availability of primary fire extinguishing and protective equipment.

4. Characterize the effectiveness of fire safety measures.

The project was presented at the interuniversity regional student conference "Youth and Science 2013" at the Volga Region Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation and received a Diploma for a meaningful analysis of the problem under study.

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Analysis of the fire safety state of the Engels Polytechnic

M. Ryabov , State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Engels Polytechnic"

Leaders – T.I.Ulyanova , Master of Industrial Training I

Qualification category

D.S. Petrakova , fire safety engineer and

Labor protection

Comprehensive security of an educational institutionis a set of measures and activities of an educational institution, carried out in cooperation with local governments, law enforcement agencies, other support services and public organizations, to ensure its safe functioning, as well as the readiness of employees, students and students to act rationally in emergency situations.

The goal of my projectis to study the state of fire safety as a subsystem of the comprehensive safety of our technical school.

Project objectives:

1. Analyze the tactical and technical characteristics of the technical school building.
2. Analyze the state of the notification and warning systems.
3. Describe the availability of primary fire extinguishing and protective equipment.
4. Describe the effectiveness of fire safety measures.

Tactical and technical condition of the building of the educational building Poltavskaya

17 has the following characteristics: the building building is 3-storey, third degree of fire resistance, with a total area of ​​2749.8 m 2. . Year of construction: 1966. External walls are brick, 380 mm thick. Plasterboard panels, floors and coverings made of reinforced concrete slabs, roofing - slate over wooden lathing with attic space, prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs, plank, linoleum, ceramic and concrete floors. There are 3 fire hydrants, 1 hydrant located at 19 Poltavskaya St., 16 fire extinguishers. There is an automatic fire alarm system with a warning system for people in case of fire. The building has 6 emergency exits.

The building's warning and warning systems consist of:

1. optical smoke detector IPD-3.1M
2. siren "Orpheus"
3. control panel system "Signal - 20"

The building has a redundant power supply unit BIRP.

The availability of primary fire extinguishing equipment is sufficient. It includes fire extinguishers OP-4 (powder fire extinguisher, extinguishes all types of fires), tools (shovels, hooks, buckets, sand). For the work of the fire service, the building is equipped with PC fire hydrants (one on each floor of the building), a hydrant (a column ten meters from the entrance to the building) and a vertical staircase (on the north side of the building, that is, at the entrance to it).

Work on fire safety for the 2012-2013 academic year showed a sufficient level of preparedness of students, teachers and technical equipment in case of an emergency. The following activities were carried out:

1. Familiarity with different types of instructions.
2. Conducting practical training sessions on evacuation.
3. Organization of an object voluntary fire brigade.

Thus, as a result of the analysis of the state of fire safety

Engel Polytechnic, we came to the conclusion that it complies with state standards and norms.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 69-FZ
   "About fire safety"
2. Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements "Adopted by the State Duma on July 4, 2008. Approved by the Federation Council on July 11, 2008
3. Order of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief of June 18, 2003 No. 313. Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 27, 2003. Registration No. 4838 ON APPROVAL OF FIRE SAFETY RULES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (PPB 01-03 )
4. Safety in emergency situations: Textbook" edited by N.K. Shishkin. - M., State University of Management, 2000.

5. V.E. Anofrikov, S.A. Bobok, M.N. Dudko, G.D. Elistratov "Life Safety: A Textbook for Universities" / State University of Education. – M.: ZAO "Finstatinform", 2009..

6. V.G. Atamanyuk "Civil Defense: Textbook for Universities" ed. D.I. Mikhailika. – M.: “Higher School”, 2007..

7.E.P. Pyshkina, V. S. Kluban “Fire safety in

enterprises.”

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The equipment room contains:

Electronic equipment;

The fire load in the equipment room is distributed over the entire area.

Combustible gases, flammable liquids (flammable liquids) with a flash point of not more than 28 0 C in such quantities that they can form explosive mixtures, substances and materials that can explode and burn when interacting with water, air oxygen or with each other are absent. The equipment room does not belong to category “A”.

Combustible dusts and fibers, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 0 C, no flammable liquids. The equipment room does not belong to category “B”.

Determination of categories of premises "B1" - "B4" is carried out by comparing the maximum value of the specific fire load in any of the areas with the value of the specific fire load given in Table 1

Table 1 - Specific fire load and placement methods for categories B1-B4

where G i is the amount of the i-th material of the fire load, kg;

Q Hi p is the lower calorific value of the i-th fire load material, MJ/kg.

where S is the area occupied by the fire load, m 2

In accordance with Table B1 SP 12.13130.2009, the specific fire load was less than 180 MJ/m2 and located on an area of ​​less than 10 m2, therefore the equipment room belongs to the category « Fire hazard B4 ».

The assignment of the container vestibule to the categories “Fire hazard B1-B4” occurs in a similar way.

The fire load in the vestibule room is distributed over the entire area. evacuation fire safety

Fire load for materials located in the vestibule:

The total fire load value is (1):

In accordance with Table B1 SP 12.13130.2009, the specific fire load was less than 180 MJ/m2 and located on an area of ​​less than 10 m2, therefore the vestibule room belongs to the category « Fire hazard B4 ».

Since the container does not contain premises of categories A, B, B1, B2, B3, therefore, the container belongs to category B4.

3. Calculation of evacuation time from the container-hardware room

The calculation of the time for evacuation of people is carried out according to the GOST 12.1.004-91 "Fire Safety. General Requirements" method.

The movement of the human flow begins from the initial sections, the density of the human flow, which is determined by formula (3):

where is the number of people on the site;

f = 0.125 m 2 / person - horizontal projection of a person;

Section length, m;

Width of the area, m.

The first section of movement around the equipment room:

L 1 = 5 m, N 1 = 1 person, b 1 = 2 m

According to table 2 of GOST 12.1.004-91, we take the speed V 1 = 100 m/min, traffic intensity q 1 = 1 m/min.

The time of movement along the section is determined by formula (4):

Second section - movement through the doorway:

L 2 = 0.00 m, since the wall thickness is less than 0.7 m; b 2 = 0.9 m;

The intensity of traffic in each section is determined by formula (5):

Third section movement along the vestibule:

L 3 = 1.5 m, N 1 = 1 person, f 1 = 0.125 m 2, b 3 = 2.0 m.

Similarly, we take the speed V 3 = 100 m/min.

The fourth section - movement through the doorway:

L 4 = 0.00 m, since the wall thickness is less than 0.7 m; b 4 = 0.9 m;

The estimated evacuation time is:

t p = t 1 +t 2 +t 3 +t 4 = 0.05 + 0.00 + 0.015 + 0.00 = 0.065 = 3.9 sec.

According to clause 2.3 of Manual 4.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91, the time permissible filling of a room or “smoke tank” with smoke in the initial stage of a fire is determined by formula (6):

where: A is the area of ​​the room, 10 m2;

Y is the minimum average level of the lower limit of smoke from the floor, accepted for rooms Y = 2.0 m;

H p - room height, H = 2.51 m;

R p - perimeter of the fire, m.

The perimeter of the fire is determined by formula (7):

t р = 3.9<= 40,42.

Thus, the estimated evacuation time is less than the time it takes for the room to fill with smoke.

4. Measures to ensure fire safety at the facility

1. Organization of training for workers in fire safety rules at work;

2. Standardization of the number of people at the facility according to their safety conditions in case of fire;

3. Development of measures for the actions of the administration, workers, employees in the event of a fire and organization of evacuation of people;

4. Development and observance of procedures for storing substances and materials on premises;

5. Not exceeding the established fire load for premises;

6. Ensuring the free opening of doors on escape routes and in the direction of exit from the building.

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