Lesson topic: PROTECTING THE POPULATION FROM TSUNAMI

Target: assistance in developing students' basic knowledge about tsunamis and population protection

Tasks:

Educational– learn the concept of a tsunami, the main characteristics of the cause of its occurrence

Developmental– develop children’s ability to highlight the main points in the text, draw conclusions, be able to compare, improve their computer skills

Educating- instill responsibility in children for their lives and the health of others;

Equipment:

cards with texts and tasks (for individual work);

success card;

video for lesson “Tsunami”

Educational electronic presentation

Progress of lessons

Class organization.

Greetings. Checking the class roster.

- Reflection. In order to start working on the assignments, I suggest you put in your notebook the grade you would like to earn in class today.

Updating knowledge.

1. What is a tsunami, and what natural phenomena cause a tsunami?

2.What consequences of a tsunami pose a danger to human life?

2.Checking homework.

Listening to several students' answers to homework (as chosen by the teacher).

3. Goal setting

Watching videos.

What consequences of the tsunami were observed?

(- flooding of the area, destruction of buildings, loss of life)

What do you think we should talk about today?

4. Setting goals and objectives for the lesson

5.Work on new material. (Presentation)

Protection of the population from tsunamis is carried out through a set of measures, which includes:

tsunami forecast;

construction of breakwaters at the entrance to the bays, and at the top of the bays - coastal dams and other protective hydraulic structures.

Note that tsunami forecasts are carried out by the International Tsunami Warning Service, headquartered in the city of Honolulu (Hawaii Islands, USA) and by national services of countries with tsunami-prone coasts. In our country, such a service was created in 1958.

To take early measures to protect the population from tsunamis, in addition to the official tsunami forecast, the main signs (precursors) of the approach of a tsunami are widely used. A warning about the possibility of a tsunami can be a strong earthquake that occurs in the ocean. The approach of a tsunami is in most cases accompanied by a retreat of sea waters from the shore. This “low tide,” when the bottom is exposed, can last from 5 to 35 minutes, and then a destructive wave quickly rolls in.

Animal behavior can indicate the threat of a tsunami. It has been established from experience that cats, dogs and other free-ranging animals hastily retreat to the slopes of mountains and hills surrounding populated areas.

To protect against tsunamis, it is of no small importance to prepare the population for safe behavior in the event of a tsunami threat, during a tsunami and after a tsunami.

For this purpose, security specialists, and primarily specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, have developed general recommendations on rules of behavior during a tsunami. Let's list some of them.

5.Problem!!! Do you think our life depends on ourselves? How? Why do you think we need to know the rules of behavior? I wish you never to find yourself in an emergency situation, but we must know and be able to behave. Now let's try to save our lives on paper.

6.Independent work

I have three options for assignments. Let's try to deal with them.

Assignment “3”: find answers to questions in the textbook and read them.

Assignment for “4” in the envelope there are three groups of events, you need to put them in order.

The task for “5” events is divided into 3 groups, name these groups.

How to prepare for a tsunami

Follow the tsunami forecast messages and be aware of their harbingers. Remember the tsunami alerts for your area.

Remember!

The most dangerous places during a tsunami are river mouths, narrowing bays, and straits. Know the boundaries of the most dangerous areas and the shortest routes to safe places.

Have a list of documents, property and medications that you should take with you in case of evacuation. It is advisable to place property and medicines in a suitcase or backpack in advance.

Consider evacuation procedures in advance. At home and at work, do not clutter the corridors and exits with bulky things, cabinets, bicycles, strollers. Make sure all passages are clear for quick evacuation.

What to do during a tsunami

When you receive a danger signal, respond immediately. If you are in a room, leave it immediately, after turning off the lights and gas, and taking the prepared documents and things. Try to take the shortest route to an elevated place 30-40 m above sea level or move 2-3 km from the seashore as quickly as possible.

If it is impossible to take refuge in a safe place, when there is no time left, go to the upper floors of the building, close the windows and doors. If possible and necessary, move to the most reliable building.

If you decide to shelter from a tsunami indoors, remember that the safest places are considered to be near solid internal walls, near columns, and in corners formed by solid walls.

If you find yourself outdoors, try to take cover behind a natural rock barrier, behind a solid concrete wall, or climb a tall, sturdy tree.

If you find yourself in water, try to get rid of wet clothes and shoes, try to cling to objects floating on the water.

Be prepared for the fact that one wave may be followed by several more. If possible, leave the dangerous area.

What to do after a tsunami

If you waited out the tsunami in a safe place, then do not rush to return home; you need to wait 2-3 hours after the first wave passes.

Only after receiving the all clear signal can you be sure that the waves s no longer.

When you return to the house, make sure it is strong, check for cracks in the walls and ceilings, check for damage to the foundation, as well as for the integrity of the windows and doors. Wait to check the condition of the electrical wiring and gas pipeline.

7.Work on the studied material.

Questions and tasks:

Name the safest places during a tsunami and justify your answer.

In your safety diary, write down the definition of a tsunami, its main characteristics and possible consequences for the population living in tsunami-prone areas.

9. Lesson summary.

Teacher. Draw a conclusion from the lesson.

Students: Protection of the population from tsunamis is carried out through a set of measures, which includes:

tsunami forecast;

continuous monitoring of the occurrence and propagation of tsunamis;

warning the population about the threat of a tsunami;

organization of evacuation of the population;

systematic transfer of existing residential, industrial and cultural buildings to safe places;

protection with the help of special hydraulic structures of important and non-transferable buildings and other objects;

advance preparation of routes and special places (sites) on hills to accommodate the population during a tsunami;

construction of breakwaters at the entrance to the bays, and at the top of the bays - coastal dams and other protective hydraulic structures;

training the population in measures to prepare for a tsunami, measures of safe behavior during and after a tsunami.

10. Motivation

- Have you achieved the goal of the lesson? What tasks did you complete? Which ones need to be decided? What needs to be done for this?

11.End of the lesson.

Homework. Situational task. Make a personal safety plan for tsunami threats and events, taking into account the characteristics of this phenomenon.

Giving and commenting on ratings.

Annex 1( Additional material)

The biggest wave in the last 80 years

The tsunami that hit Japan on March 11 is the most powerful since 1933, the American Tsunami Research Center said. Scientists note that a 10-meter wave that covered the northeastern coast of Japan poses a greater danger to life than the earthquake that caused it. Tsunami experts and seismologists predict new tremors, both off the coast of Japan and in the Russian Far East.

“Within 20 minutes after the first shocks, we received data from our deep-sea sensors and were able to adjust the magnitude from 7.9 to 8.8 and 8.9, and also sent data to all regional tsunami research centers about how it would gowave,” said Vasily Titov, director of the Tsunami Research Center.

According to him, the alarm has been declared across most of the Pacific coast, for example on the West Coast of the United States and in California. Evacuation has already been announced in Hawaii, and states such as Samoa and French Polynesia are under threat.

“The consequences of the tsunami will affect several dozen countries, even South America. The Far Eastern coast of Russia will not be affected. A deep-sea sensor installed off the coast of the Southern Kuril Islands immediately showed that there would be no major destruction. Moreover, as a rule, the wave hits sparsely populated areas,” said the tsunamist.

According to the American Tsunami Research Center, Japan was hit by a wave the likes of which had not been seen since 1933. “This is the largest wave that has covered Japan in the last 80 years,” the scientist noted.

“The cause of the powerful earthquake and the resulting tsunami is obvious. There was a shift of tectonic plates in a seismically active zone. This is a classic. The tremors may continue. Although it is a large tsunami that represents the most destructive force, as in the case of the March 11 earthquake,” noted Vasily Titov.

The story of the reunion of a 15-year-old Indonesian woman named Wati with her family is called nothing less than a miracle. Seven years ago, during the devastating tsunami in Southeast Asia, it was washed away by the wave. Relatives were sure all these years that she had died, the Indonesian news agency Antara News reports.

The girl showed up in the city of Meulbo in the Indonesian province of Aceh. She sat silently at a table in one of the local cafes until they noticed her. Vati said that she was looking for her relatives, but she only remembered the name of her grandfather - a minor religious leader named Ibrahim.

Seeing his granddaughter, he immediately contacted her parents, who, in turn, recognized the girl as their daughter by the characteristic mole and scars on her elbow that Vati received in childhood.

According to the girl’s mother, during a natural disaster she tried to escape with her children, but Vati was washed away by the wave. The girl herself claims that a woman sheltered her, but she had to beg on the street for a roof over her head and food. In the end, the woman released the captive, and a compassionate taxi driver took her to her native land.

Another lucky one is fellow countryman Vati. A resident of Aceh province named Zahrul Faudi managed to survive both the tsunami in Southeast Asia in 2004 and the same natural disaster in Japan in 2011

The destructive power of a tsunami depends on the speed of the wave, the direction of its movement relative to the shore, the contour of the coastline, the topography of the coast, the coastal slope and the shelf.

Lowland coasts are most affected by tsunamis. Although when approaching a gently sloping shore its impact decreases, the flood zone is very large.

The main damaging factors of a tsunami are wave impact, erosion and flooding.

Tsunamis, having high speed, high density of matter and enormous mass, have a colossal destructive effect. Running into an obstacle, the wave unleashes all its energy on it, rising above it like a huge wall, crushing, destroying and destroying it.

Tsunamis can cause massive casualties of people, destroy buildings and other structures, throw heavy objects, including ocean-going ships, over considerable distances from the shore, overturn trains, demolish homes, move houses, destroy rocks, and sometimes the concrete foundations of lighthouses. Even weak tsunamis damage ships, port facilities and equipment. Significant damage is also caused by floating objects (including small vessels and cars) and debris, which become dangerous ramming objects.

Tsunamis are especially dangerous for villages, cities and buildings located on the low-lying shores of the ocean, as well as those located at the tops of bays and bays, wide open to the ocean and tapering wedge-shaped towards land.

The air wave that the water mass carries in front of it also has a dangerous effect on people, buildings and structures. She breaks out windows, doors, demolishes roofs and houses. The impact of an air wave on people is to a certain extent similar to the impact of an explosive shock wave.

Secondary consequences of the destructive effects of a tsunami can be fires resulting from damage to oil storage facilities, fire-hazardous enterprises, and sea vessels. The destruction of chemically and radiation-hazardous objects, as well as utility systems, can cause chemical, radiation or other contamination over vast areas. The secondary consequences of a tsunami in terms of severity and extent of damage can be many times greater than its direct consequences.

In areas where there is a constant threat of tsunamis, measures are taken in advance to help somewhat reduce the damage from them. Such measures include:

Tsunami Forecast;

Continuous monitoring of the occurrence and propagation of tsunamis;

Warning the population about the threat of a tsunami;

Organization of evacuation of the population;

Systematic transfer of existing residential, industrial and cultural buildings to safe places;

Protection with the help of special hydraulic structures of important and non-transferable buildings and other objects;

Advance preparation of routes and special places (sites) on hills to accommodate the population during a tsunami;

Construction of breakwaters at the entrance to the bays, and at the top of the bays - coastal dams and other protective hydraulic structures, planting trees and, if possible, pine groves on tsunami-dangerous coastlines.

Note that tsunami forecasts are carried out by the International Tsunami Warning Service, headquartered in the city of Honolulu (Hawaii Islands, USA) and by national services of countries with tsunami-hazardous coastlines. In our country, such a service was created in 1958.

To take early measures to protect the population from tsunamis, in addition to the official tsunami forecast, the main signs (precursors) of the approach of a tsunami are widely used. A warning about the possibility of a tsunami can be a strong earthquake that occurs in the ocean.

The approach of a tsunami is in most cases accompanied by a retreat of sea waters from the shore. This “low tide,” when the bottom is exposed, can last from 5 to 35 minutes, and then a destructive wave quickly rolls in.

threat hurricane storm tornado

| Tsunami forecasting and measures to reduce damage from them. Rules for safe behavior during a tsunami

Basics of life safety
7th grade

Lesson 19
Tsunami forecasting and measures to reduce damage from them. Rules for safe behavior during a tsunami

Tsunami forecasting and measures to reduce damage from them

In case of advance information about the possibility of a tsunami occurring or approaching, measures can be taken to prevent losses among the population and reduce damage from them.

Tsunami forecasting is carried out by the International Tsunami Warning Service in the city of Honolulu (Hawaii Islands) and the national services of countries with tsunami-prone coasts. In Russia, the tsunami warning service was created in 1958. It is part of the international service.

The system for operational tsunami forecast and early warning is based on the analysis of the results of seismic observations of earthquake sources under the ocean floor. The pause between an earthquake and the tsunami generated by it for the Far Eastern coast ranges from several minutes to a day. This time reserve allows one to predict the occurrence and moment of arrival of a tsunami, as well as notify residents of coastal areas about its danger.

Warning about a possible tsunami may cause a strong earthquake. However, not every strong earthquake causes a tsunami.

The approach of a tsunami is in most cases accompanied by a retreat of waters from the coast, which indicates the occurrence of a wave trough before the arrival of its crest. This low tide, when the bottom is exposed and the sound of the surf subsides, lasts from 5 to 35 minutes, after which a destructive wave rolls onto the shore extremely quickly.

Occasionally, before the arrival of the main wave, there is not just a retreat of water from the shore for a short time, but a strong ebb. The seabed is exposed hundreds of meters and sometimes several kilometers away. The further the ocean retreats from the shores after an earthquake, the greater the strength of the tsunamis reaching the land.

Animal behavior can also indicate the threat of a tsunami. As many years of experience have shown, anticipating the emergence of such a threat, cats, dogs, rats and other free-ranging animals, without paying attention to each other, hastily retreat to the slopes of mountains and hills surrounding populated areas.

The intensity of the impact of a tsunami can be reduced by forests and rugged coastal terrain. Closed bays are well protected from tsunamis, fenced by narrow rocky gates, where during a disaster there is only an increase in the water level (for example, Avachinskaya and Vladivostokskaya bays).

In areas where there is a constant threat of tsunamis, measures are taken in advance to help somewhat reduce the damage from them. Such measures include: the creation of surveillance, forecasting and warning systems for the population; placement of new settlements and facilities on the coast, taking into account the threat of a tsunami on a particular coast, prohibition, except in special cases, of new construction in tsunami-hazardous zones; systematic transfer of existing residential, industrial and cultural buildings to safe places; advance preparation of routes and special places (sites) on hills to concentrate the population and ensure their safety; construction of breakwaters at the entrance of the bays, and at the top of the bays - coastal dams and other protective hydraulic structures; planting trees, if possible pine groves, on tsunami-hazardous coasts.

Rules for safe behavior during a tsunami

Residents of tsunami-prone areas should be informed in advance about the potential danger of a natural disaster to their coastline. The actions of the population in the event of a tsunami threat come down to the implementation by everyone in the disaster zone of rules and norms of behavior that are in many ways similar to those that must be followed during earthquakes and floods. Speed ​​of action is especially important here.

When personally observing tsunami harbingers or receiving information about them from other people, you need to remember that there is very little time left for rescue: minutes, or at best tens of minutes. At the same time, it is important not to lose composure and not cause panic. It is necessary to quickly head to the nearest hill, mountain or other elevated place with a height of at least 30-40 m.

Signs of an imminent tsunami: an earthquake you notice in your home; a more intense ebb than usual; the appearance of cracks in coastal ice in winter; unusual drift of ice floes in calm weather; splashes of water at the edge of the ice.

A tsunami can be warned by the “Attention everyone!” signal transmitted by sirens, intermittent beeps of enterprises and vehicles. When you hear the signal, turn on the radio, television (on a local program) and listen to the information and instructions.
It usually reports the estimated time of arrival of the tsunami and specific coastal settlements that are in danger, the procedure for action and evacuation of the population, travel routes and collection points.
Proceed in accordance with the instructions given.

With such signs, you should under no circumstances hesitate. Trouble can occur in 5-20 minutes. It is impossible to stop a tsunami. His strength is colossal.

When receiving a timely forecast of a tsunami threat, there is usually more time for rescue measures than when observing precursors.

If a tsunami takes you by surprise, without losing your composure, take protective measures on the spot. Do not run out of a building that is strong enough. The wave raging outside and the debris floating next to the building pose a great danger. If the occupied space is obviously of low strength and is likely to be destroyed by a wave, if you have time, move to a more durable building.

When meeting a wave outside a building, try to be on the trunk of a strong tree, behind a natural rock barrier, or a strong separate concrete wall and cling to them. If you have time and cannot use it to move to a safer place, you should use it to remove clothes and shoes.

Having left on your own or been evacuated to a safe place, remain there for 2-3 hours after the first wave, until all waves have passed and the signal for permission to return is received.

When returning, before entering the building, make sure that there is no threat of its collapse due to damage and erosion, as well as gas leaks and short circuits in electrical circuits.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Tell us what a tsunami is?

2. What causes a tsunami?

3. Show the most tsunami-prone areas on the map.

4. Why is a tsunami dangerous? Talk about famous examples of tsunamis.

5. Talk about the signs of an approaching tsunami.

6. Tell us about the rules of conduct when declaring a tsunami threat.

7. Tell us about tsunami watch services.

8. Tell us what you would do if you find yourself in school during a tsunami.

9. Explain why, when moving away from a tsunami to a safe place, you cannot move along the valleys of streams and rivers flowing into the sea, or meet the wave in an area with a large number of structures.

Task 11

Remember the safest places where you can hide from a tsunami. Select them from the answer options provided and explain why they are safe.

1. Hills and other elevated places with a height of at least 30-40 m.

2. Lowlands and ravines with a depth of at least 2 m.

3. Places behind boulders and stones on the coast.

4. Places 2-3 km away from the coast.

5. Crevices of rocks and mountains on the coast.

6. A space where there are all kinds of shelter structures.

7. Rooms with closed windows and doors on the side of the tsunami movement.

8. Openings in permanent internal walls.

9. Doorways.

10. Places near columns and under beams of the building frame.

11. Openings in partitions between rooms.

12. Corners formed by main walls.

13. Basements and cellars.

14. Premises in the house on the opposite side of the coast.

Task 12

Imagine that you are a resident of the Far Eastern coast of Russia. You are near the house and helping your parents with housework. Suddenly, alarming sirens rang out. Turning on the radio, you heard a message that a tsunami was expected in three hours and your village was in danger. All residents of the village are asked to leave the danger zone and, after 20 minutes, gather at the evacuation assembly point for evacuation. Select your next actions from the proposed options and determine their priority.

1. Close the doors and hurry to the collection point.

2. Knowing that there is a farm with strong buildings 1 km from your village, you will go and wait out the tsunami there.

3. Take the necessary things and documents and immediately head to the collection point.

4. Strengthen the doors and windows of the lower floors, stock up on food and water in airtight containers.

5. Go down to the sea to see how far away the tsunami wave is.

6. Move valuables to the upper floors or attic.

7. Open all the windows so that water can flow freely through the room, causing minimal damage to the house.

8. Turn off water, gas, electricity.

9. Use a boat to sail several kilometers out to sea, where you will wait out the tsunami.

Under the flood understand significant flooding of an area with water as a result of rising water levels in a river, lake, reservoir and sea and their spilling above the normal horizon, which causes material damage, harms the health of the population, or leads to the death of people.

Preventive measures in case of threat of flooding of populated areas and territories.

Flood protection measures are divided into operational (urgent) and technical (preventive).

Operational measures do not generally solve the problem of flood protection and must be carried out in conjunction with technical measures.

Technical measures include advance design and construction of special structures. These include:

regulation of flows in the riverbed;

drainage of flood waters;

regulation of surface flow on spillways;

embankment;

river channel straightening and dredging;

construction of bank protection structures;

backfilling of the built-up area;

restriction of construction in areas of possible flooding, etc.

The choice of protection methods depends on a number of factors: the hydraulic regime of the watercourse, the terrain, engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions, the presence of engineering structures in the riverbed and on the floodplain, and the location of economic facilities subject to flooding.

The main directions of action of executive bodies

authorities in case of threat of flooding are:

analysis of the situation, identification of sources and possible timing of flooding;

forecasting types (types), timing and scale of possible flooding;

planning and preparation of a set of standard measures to prevent flooding;

planning and preparation for emergency rescue operations in areas of possible flooding.

Tsunami.

Tsunami– long sea waves that can occur as a result of underwater earthquakes, as well as volcanic eruptions or landslides on the seabed. Tsunamis are also possible due to coastal collapse.

Measures to reduce the consequences of the tsunami.

The combination of forecasting, early administrative and protective measures leads to a sharp reduction in human casualties and material damage from the consequences of a tsunami.

In the flooded zone, new construction not caused by production needs is prohibited, and existing buildings and structures are gradually moved to safe places.

To protect bays and river mouths from tsunamis, breakwaters are built in them, and dams and other protective structures are built on the shore. Planting shelterbelts along the coast is an effective means of tsunami control.

The only means of protecting the population from a tsunami is to evacuate from coastal and possibly flooded areas. Therefore, the public must know warning signals, tsunami warning signs, and evacuation routes. You must remain in a safe place until you receive a tsunami warning.

Since tsunamis can be accompanied by severe flooding, protection measures required for normal flooding must be observed.

Conclusion:

The safety of humans and their environment is becoming the most important characteristic of the quality of life and the state of the economy. Of paramount importance is the need to study the risk to individuals and society from economic and social structures and ways to prevent it, as well as respect for human rights to safe living conditions.

Bibliography:

Accidents and disasters.

Prevention and mitigation of consequences.

Book 1 /Ed. HER. Kochetkova et al. M., 1995.