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Presentation on the topic: Soil as a habitat

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What is soil? Soil is a very complex natural formation. With a layer ranging from 2 cm to 2 m thick, it almost completely covers the land of our planet. The process of soil formation is very long. It took place on Earth for millions of years, and continues today. New soils are currently being formed, for example, on loose sand, gravelly placers, and volcanic ash. * *

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Soil composition Soil consists of solid particles (mineral and organic substances), it always contains moisture, air and living organisms. Soil minerals are clay, sand, water with salts dissolved in it. Depending on the content of clay particles, sandy, sandy loam, loamy and clayey soils are distinguished. They differ in their properties. * *

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Sandy soils consist mainly of grains of sand. They are free-flowing, especially dry, because the grains of sand are not held together. Remember how easily the Easter cakes you “baked” from sand as a child crumbled. Air and rain moisture easily penetrate into sandy soils. Clay soils are denser, there is less air in them, they are soaked with water more slowly, but water evaporates from the surface quickly. Sandy soils are also called light, and clay soils are called heavy. * *

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The air in the soil * * changes as a result of the vital activity of soil microorganisms, animals and plants. It contains more water vapor, less oxygen (7-12%) and more carbon dioxide (0.2-8%). Soil air also contains gases that are formed during the decay of animal and plant remains - hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane (swamp gas).

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Soil organic matter * * Mainly these are undecomposed, semi-decomposed solid remains of plants and animals, as well as humus, or humus. Humus is found in the surface layer of soil. It gives it a dark color. Microorganisms process humus into mineral salts. Therefore, humus serves as a kind of reserve of mineral salts in the soil. The more humus, the more fertile the soil. There is little humus in podzolic soils and desert gray soils (1-3%). Chernozem soils are the richest in humus (7-12%). The founder of Russian soil science V.V. Dokuchaev considered black soils the main wealth of the country and called black soil the “king of soils.” The substances contained in humus, together with plant roots and some other substances, create a certain structure in the soil: lumpy, nutty, granular, etc. Soils with a well-defined structure are more fertile.

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Living organisms For many organisms, soil is their habitat. It is inhabited by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa), small invertebrates (earthworms, beetle larvae, mole crickets, etc.), as well as large vertebrates (moles, mole rats, etc.). The soil also contains living underground parts of plants - roots, rhizomes, stolons, bulbs, tubers, as well as spores, fruits and seeds. In terms of quantity, the soil contains the most microorganisms, among which bacteria predominate. One gram of soil can contain hundreds of millions, and sometimes billions, of microorganisms! Not surprisingly, they decompose soil organic matter quite quickly. But their life requires a sufficient amount of heat, moisture and oxygen. * *

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Why do plants need soil? Soil is a substrate for anchoring plants. The roots of almost all plants are in the soil, and the soil serves as their support. Plants are well “anchored” in the soil, and only a very strong hurricane wind can uproot some plants. * *

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Soil as Shelter Soil helps plants survive adverse conditions. Individual parts of plants hide in the soil to survive drought, heat or frost in a state of summer or winter dormancy. Aboveground shoots die, and roots, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers with buds on them remain in the soil. After summer or winter dormancy, above-ground shoots again develop from the buds. Remember the desert ephemeroids, whose underground organs hide in the soil from the summer heat and drought. Light-loving forest ephemeroids survive strong summer shading and winter cold in the soil. * *

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Stock of seeds in the soil There is always a stock of living seeds in the soil. Most of them are found in the surface layer at a depth of 0 to 5 cm. But they can go deeper when plowing the soil, they are carried into cracks by streams of water, or animals drag seeds deep into the soil. In the northern steppes, plant seeds were found at a depth of 3 m. For seed germination, certain conditions are necessary: ​​moisture, heat, air. If they are absent, the seeds do not germinate, but can remain viable for a long time - tens and hundreds of years. When suitable conditions occur, the seeds germinate. * *

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Improvement of soils by humans For a long time, humanity has existed thanks to agriculture. People plow the soil and grow on them the cultural plants necessary for life: food (cereals, vegetables, etc.), fodder (clover, alfalfa, etc.), technical (cotton, flax, etc.). A person is interested in obtaining high yields, therefore he strives to maintain and increase fertility. The famous soil scientist Vasily Robertovich Williams (1863-1939) wrote that the farmer must fully and constantly provide cultivated plants with the water and food they need. This means that if there is little rain, the plants need to be watered. And the food necessary for plants is mineral salts. If there are few of them in the soil, fertilizers must be applied. You know organic and mineral fertilizers. But there is also the so-called green fertilizer. * *

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Green manure is a special type of fertilizer. Living plants are lightly rolled and plowed into the soil. Crushed parts of plants are a desirable food for many soil inhabitants, who convert the plant's organic substances into minerals. In our country, different types of lupine are most often used as green fertilizer. Lupines have large shoots, a lot of proteins, and make excellent green fertilizer. Plants used as green fertilizer are plowed before sowing winter crops or in late autumn. Green fertilizer is used on poor soils - sandy and sandy loam. * *

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Loosening the soil improves the breathing conditions for roots and soil inhabitants. Water penetrates better into loose soil. In meadows, when grazing in one place for a long time, the soil becomes very compacted, and the roots, experiencing significant pressure, suffocate in the dense soil. Plants wither and die. In the meadows, the most trampling-resistant but low-nutrient plants remain, such as turfgrass or pike grass. By changing grazing areas, the soil can restore its fertility, but this will take many years. Therefore, on pastures, the soil must be plowed and sown with valuable meadow grasses - meadow timothy, meadow fescue, hedgehog grass, meadow clover, etc. Fertilizing and liming - adding crushed lime to the soil - will greatly help restore soil fertility. * *

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How to protect the soil Chernozem soils first of all need protection. Both man and the natural forces of nature are to blame for this. The first problem is dust storms. Chernozem soils are found in the steppe zone. These are open spaces where strong hurricanes occur. A strong wind lifts particles of fertile black soil from the arable land and carries away these black clouds. This phenomenon is called wind erosion. Dust storms occur during long periods of drought. * *

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The second problem is the consequences of excessive watering. Excess water penetrates into underground waters, their level approaches the surface. Water evaporates and salts accumulate on the soil surface. At the same time, the lumpy structure of chernozem soils, which largely determines their fertility, is disrupted. Lumps of soil become soaked and destroyed, the soil becomes structureless, becomes compacted, and the amount of air in it decreases. After watering stops, such soils evaporate more water, dry out more, and a dense crust forms on the surface. * *

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The third problem is water and gully erosion. Melt and rain water flows into ravines, erodes the soil on the slopes of ravines, making deep furrows, deepens potholes, especially during heavy rains, and washes away black soil from fields. This is water erosion. It leads to the appearance and growth of ravines (gully erosion). Growing ravines take away large areas from arable land. To stop the growth of ravines and preserve black soil in the fields, it is necessary to secure the upper reaches of the ravines with stones, fences, etc. The slopes of the ravines need to be planted with trees and shrubs, and sowed with herbs. You cannot plow the soil along the edge of the ravine. Furrows on arable land should only be located across the slope. All of these actions can prevent further growth and the formation of new gullies. * *

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Consolidation of sands. Loose moving sands must be stabilized. Moving dunes exist in hot, dry deserts on all continents (except Antarctica). Shifting sands in the form of riverine and coastal dunes are also found in the northern regions - in the forest zone and even the tundra. In the deserts of Central Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula, villages, large cities, irrigation canals, and entire oases were covered with sand. It is useless to sow dry sand, but seeds can germinate on moist sand. Therefore, in the spring, plant seeds are scattered over the wet sand (for example, from a helicopter). There is no soil on shifting sands. But if plants settle on them, desert soil begins to form - serozem. * *

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The sands are also stabilized by planting Scots pine. Planting pine forests on sand dunes along the banks of the Volga at the beginning of the 20th century. saved the city of Kamyshin from sand drifts. There they also used branches of willow-shelyuga, or willow, to secure the sand. The branches are stuck into the wet sand. Adventitious roots form on the stems. The young plant turns into a large bush with roots up to 30 m long extending to the sides; they hold the sand together well. * *

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Questions: What is included in the soil? Where does organic matter come from in the soil? How do clay soils differ from sandy soils? What is humus, from what is it formed in the soil? Why is humus a kind of reserve of mineral salts? How does soil air differ from atmospheric air? * *

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How does soil nourish plants? What can soil save a plant from? How do you understand the expression: soil serves as a support for plants? Which soil layer accumulates more seeds? What is called green manure? How is it used? Why did chernozem soils suffer? How should they be protected? Why is it necessary to fix quick sand? How can this be done? * *

Habitat Habitat is the place where a given species of animal or plant lives. The habitat provides that species with everything it needs to survive, such as food, water, shelter from predators. There are many thousands of different habitats around the world, including grasslands, swamps, forests, deserts, rivers, lakes and oceans. Habitat is the place where a given species of animal or plant lives. The habitat provides that species with everything it needs to survive, such as food, water, shelter from predators. There are many thousands of different habitats around the world, including grasslands, swamps, forests, deserts, rivers, lakes and oceans.

Soil Environment The soil environment is home to a variety of bacteria and protozoa. The mycelium of mushrooms and plant roots are also located here. The soil was also populated by a variety of animals - worms, insects and animals adapted to digging, such as moles. The inhabitants of the soil find the conditions necessary for them in this environment. The soil environment is home to many bacteria and protozoa. The mycelium of mushrooms and plant roots are also located here. The soil was also populated by a variety of animals - worms, insects and animals adapted to digging, such as moles. The inhabitants of the soil find the conditions necessary for them in this environment.

Living in the soil environment leads to the fact that different living organisms develop similar adaptations. The limbs are adapted for digging (flat with large claws). Powerful front teeth (for digging and biting roots). Underdeveloped eyes and ears. The body is oval with a short neck and short tail (for convenient movement through underground passages). Short fur (for less friction with the soil). Special mouth structure (so that soil does not get in). Articulated body (promotes movement in the soil). Secretion of mucus (promotes movement in the soil).

What animals are useful for the soil environment? Animals that are useful for the soil environment, for example: springtails, earthworms. Animals that are beneficial to the soil environment, for example: springtails, earthworms. Springtails do important work. They eat and process dead plants and thus participate in the formation of soil. Springtails do important work. They eat and process dead plants and thus participate in the formation of soil. The mucus that worms secrete contains nitrogen. Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plants. Sticky mucus helps to hold soil particles together, which contributes to good structure. The mucus that worms secrete contains nitrogen. Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plants. Sticky mucus helps to hold soil particles together, which contributes to good structure.

“Organism and environmental factors” - Individual environmental factors in natural conditions do not act in isolation, but collectively. 5-6 hours after removing the pressure of 1000 atm, the sea anemones returned to normal life, and after 10-12 hours, the starfish. Oligotypes of the listed factors have values ​​below the given values, polytypes - above. Thus, the littoral crustaceans Zupenshelst respond to changes in pressure up to 0.01 atm, which corresponds to a depth difference of 10 cm.

"Environmental biology" - Organismal environment. Ground-air environment. Task 1 Which habitat would you classify the following organisms as? Hydrobionts. 3. Endobionts. Abiotic factors (inanimate nature). Soil environment. Task 2 Which habitat would you classify the following organisms as? Aquatic environment. Aerobionts. Study of different habitats of organisms.

“Aquatic environment” - Look for water where cattails grow. Today we will learn: Angustifolia cattail. Bulrush. Questions for review: Lesson topic: Aquatic environment. Comparison of living conditions in different environments. Inhabitants of the aquatic environment.

“Abiotic factors” - Humidity. Cold-blooded organisms (invertebrates and many vertebrates). The optimal temperature regime for organisms is from 15 to 30 degrees. However,... Temperature. Main abiotic factors. Plants: drought-resistant - moisture-loving and aquatic Animals: aquatic - there is enough water in food. Abiotic environmental factors.

“Communities of water” - 2. Natural history, 5th grade. In the ocean: Community of the water column. 7. Algae. Nekton are active swimmers. Plankton. Raymen. 6. Crustaceans. 5. Portuguese man-of-war and sailboat. How to stay on the surface of the water? Crab. 8. Pisces. 4. Sea duck. Flat body like a raft. 3.

“Organism and habitat” - Lesson plan: Definition: Habitat is the set of conditions in which an organism lives. How will you behave in the forest? Give your examples of the negative impact of humans on living organisms. Exercise. Questions for discussion. Abiotic (Light, water, temperature). Aquatic habitat. What about in another natural area?

There are 7 presentations in total

“Habitat” - Soil environment. Exercises for the eyes. What is the habitat of organisms? Alive. Ground-air environment. How do different habitats of organisms differ? What kingdoms of organisms do you know? Why are all living organisms different? Select the circuit model. Work in groups. Habitat -. "Life Environments of Organisms."

“Adaptation of organisms to their environment” - The influence of space flight on the organism. Daily rhythm. Human performance. Characteristics of the survival of animals at an altitude of 12 km at different times of the day (A) and different times of the year (B). Classification of adaptation factors. Classification of biorhythms. Average duration of some rhythmic ones. Oxygen in closed chambers.

“Animal Habitat” - The body is oval, compact. Introduce students to animal habitats. The fastest of animals. Continue training in working in dialogue and polylogue mode. The answer is “mole”. Which statements are true? Habitat game "Who's the odd one out here?" Table. The answer is “swift”. The wings are long and pointed.

“Organism and habitat” - Ground - air environment. Sad story. Lesson plan: Environmental factors. Exercise. Aquatic habitat. Habitat – the most favorable environmental conditions. Anthropogenic (Human influence). Living organisms. How will you behave in the forest? Habitat and environmental factors affecting living organisms.

“Habitat” - Place the animals or plants from the list provided in the appropriate habitat. Inhabitants of the ground-air environment are aerobionts. Distribute the animals into groups in relation to the light. Organisms that inhabit living beings are endobionts. Habitats of animals in the aquatic environment. Organismic environment.

“Ground-air habitat” - Find out the features of the adaptability of organisms to their habitat. Sun? Get to know the different habitats of organisms. Adaptation of organisms to life in the ground-air environment. What animal is encrypted in the rebus? Using the diagram, talk about the diversity of living organisms. Using the text on pages 22-23 of the textbook, fill out the table in your workbook.

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5th grade Biology Biology teacher Serko S.B.

Soil as a living environment. The role of plants and animals in soil formation The purpose of the lesson: to create conditions for students to develop ideas about soil as a habitat for living organisms; argue for the need to protect soils. Objectives: 1.introduce students to the diversity of living organisms living in the soil environment; 2. establish the correspondence of the structural features of organisms to a given habitat; 3. identify the importance of soil for all life on Earth.

Russian geologist and soil scientist, founder of the national school of soil science and soil geography. Soil is an independent natural body formed as a result of the combined activity of five soil formation factors: parent rock, plant and animal organisms, climate, terrain, and age of the country.

Task No. 1 Soil composition Soil minerals are clay, sand, water with dissolved substances Soil organic matter is the remains of plants and animals Solid particles Moisture (Water) Air Humus (humus)

Task No. 2 Using a drawing, identify the inhabitants of the soil and the fitness of individual living organisms living in the soil.

Task No. 3 Negative impact on the soil Answer Human activities and natural factors Correct (+) Incorrect (-) 1. Use of large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, soil pollution with industrial waste, garbage, glass. 2. Destruction of forests and vegetation 3. Planting trees 4. Plowing steep slopes 5. Impact of transport, earth-moving machines and agricultural machinery 6. Heavy rain 7. Neutralize garbage, contaminated waste, wastewater 8. Strong wind + - + -

Physical education minute

Task No. 4 Human activities for soil protection Answer From the instruction card Correct (+) Incorrect (-) 1. Planting trees 2. Destruction of forests and vegetation 3. Plowing steep slopes 4. Neutralize waste, contaminated waste, wastewater 5. Protection measures animals, fungi and microorganisms in the soil 6. Prohibition of parking cars on street lawns 7. Creation of protected areas + -

TASK No. 5 Living organisms living in the soil Microscopic sizes: Small sizes: Large sizes: Composition of air No. Composition of Soil (%) Atmosphere (%) 1. Nitrogen 80 78 2. Oxygen 10-19 21 3. Carbon dioxide 9 1 bacteria, fungi , insect worms, spiders, mites, woodlice, earthworm, insect larvae, mole

“Today in class” Date: FI: Lesson topic: Rating: useful interesting my work (activity) general atmosphere

K 1. K D I K S L O O R C H O V 2. P 3. G U M U V D N E E R 4. K E I K O S 5. P T R 6. Ch 7. G L N A B K

Russian geologist and soil scientist, founder of the national school of soil science and soil geography. Statement by Russian scientist V.V. Dokuchaev "Soil is more valuable than gold"

Homework Paragraph No. 8 Describe adaptations to living conditions in the soil using the example of an animal.