Time delay attachment PVL. Time delay prefix pvl Structure of the symbol

General information, purpose of the press

Hydraulic assembly and pressing press 40 tf, model 2135-1M, is designed for pressing, pressing out, straightening and bending various car parts when repairing them in motor transport enterprises.

The hydraulic assembly and pressing press is a welded frame consisting of 2 racks and an adjustable table.

All components and assemblies of the press are mounted on the press frame. The design of the press provides for climatic version “U”, placement 4 according to GOST 15150-69.

Technical specifications

	stationary hydraulic vertical two-post with individual drive and adjustable table
Maximum force, tf
	a) eccentric piston type N-400E driven by an electric motor; b) manual single plunger
Electric motor	M 101; 2.2 kW; 1430 rpm; 220/380 V
Working pressure in the hydraulic cylinder, kgf/cm 2
Working fluid	industrial oil I-20A, I-30A, I-40A, I-50A, GOST 20799-75 depending on the room temperature
Maximum plunger stroke, mm
Maximum screw stroke, mm
Speed ​​of movement of the plunger during working and x/x mm/s, not less
Maximum distance between table and plunger, mm
Maximum table repositioning value, mm
Size of gaps between racks, mm, not less than: a) left - right b) front - back
Table base plate dimensions, mm
Press plunger	with plug-in mechanical jack
Rearranging the table	mechanized
Amount of oil poured into the system, l, no more
Dimensions, mm, no more: a) fuller height b) height without pressure gauge d) width (without handle and starter)
Weight (without oil), kg, no more

The device and principle of operation of the press

The press (Fig. 1) consists of the following prefabricated units: welded frame 2, hydraulic cylinder 3, pressure gauge 4, oil tank 5, magnetic starter 1, eccentric pump 6 and electric motor 7.

A distribution pump 9 and a control button 8 are mounted on the right frame post.

The press has an adjustable table 10 with a base plate 11. The position of the table relative to the racks is fixed with two fingers 12. Rearranging the table is carried out using chains attached to the table and hook 1 (Fig. 2), screwed into the shank of the screw.

The cylinder has a plunger 7 with a self-sealing rubber cuff 5 and a rubber ring 4, which serve to create a tight seal.

To guide the plunger, there is a nut 8 with a self-sealing collar 5 and a rubber ring 2 at the bottom of the cylinder. Cuffs, plungers and nuts are interchangeable.

Rice. 1. Hydraulic assembly and pressing press

A mechanical jack is built into the plunger, the screw 9 of which moves when the nut 10 is turned.

At the bottom of the screw there is a threaded hole into which a mandrel is screwed for pressing or pressing out parts. A hook for rearranging the table is also screwed into this hole.

A plunger stroke indicator 3 with ring marks every 10 mm is mounted on the plunger. A threaded fitting 6 for a pressure gauge is welded into the upper part of the cylinder.

Rice. 2. Electrical circuit diagram

The distribution pump is a single-acting manual piston pump and a distributor combined in one housing.

The distributor is designed to change the supply of liquid to the upper or lower cavity of the cylinder.

A hand pump is used when it is necessary to ensure very small movement of the press rod or in the absence of electricity.

Working progress. When handle 9 is turned down, spool 6 moves to the left under the action of spring 8, and oil under pressure from the drive pump flows through the pipeline through fittings 7 and 3 into the upper cavity of the cylinder. The cylinder plunger moves downwards. From the lower cavity of the cylinder, oil flows through a pipeline through fittings 2 and 1 into the oil tank.

Reverse move. When handle 9 is turned upward, the spool under the action of cam 5 takes the extreme right position. Oil flows through fittings 7 and 2 into the lower cavity of the cylinder. The plunger moves upward. From the upper cavity of the cylinder, oil flows through a pipeline through fittings 3 and 1 into the oil tank.

Rice. 3. Hydraulic schematic diagram

When the load increases above 40 tons, safety valve 4 is activated, adjusted to a pressure of 280+10 kgf/cm 2 .

Safety requirements for operation

Persons who have studied the operating instructions, undergone safety training and are familiar with the features of its operation are allowed to work on the press. operation.

The press must be assigned to the person responsible for its operation.

Before using a new press, the consumer must conduct a full technical inspection of the press in accordance with safety requirements. In the future, a complete re-examination of the press must be carried out annually.

Statistical tests are carried out by creating a pressure of 350 kgf/cm 2 in the hydraulic cylinder with holding for 5 minutes with the pump turned off. A smooth decrease in hydraulic pressure up to 200 kgf/cm 2 is allowed.

The dynamic test is carried out by creating a pressure of 310 kgf/cm 2 in the hydraulic cylinder.

Simultaneously with testing the press, adjust the safety valve springs to a working pressure in the hydraulic system of 280+10 kgf/cm 2 .

Installation of electrical equipment and grounding must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the “Safety Rules for Consumer Electrical Installations (PTB)”.

Do not leave the press running for a long time under load.

Pressing, pressing, straightening and bending should only be done using special tools.

Installation of vehicle units in which pressing or pressing is carried out should only be done on a plate; for larger sizes, on a table. The use of any pads is prohibited.

While the press is operating, it is prohibited to carry out any adjustment work or eliminate leaks in the press connections.

When working, set the table in such a position that the stroke of the plunger and the overhang of the screw are minimal.

When operating the press, the hand pump lever must be in the upper extreme position.

It is prohibited to hold the distributor handle in the middle position, as this will block the pump discharge line.

The push-button station must be connected in such a way that the electric motor is turned on only when the button is held down by hand.

It is prohibited to work on the press without guarding the press table.

The press table guard is made by the consumer according to the drawing given in the press passport.

Check and tighten all threaded connections monthly.

These requirements must be posted in a conspicuous place in the press operating area.

Operating procedure

The press is simple in design and reliable in operation, however, as with any mechanism, proper care and operation of the press are the key to its safe and trouble-free operation.

Before starting work, turn on the electric motor and make sure that the press is working properly.

Lowering the plunger (stroke). The distributor handle is placed in the lower position, and by pressing the button the electric motor is turned on. When the button is released, the plunger stops.

Lifting the plunger (reverse stroke). The distributor handle is placed in the upper position, and by pressing the button the electric motor is turned on.

If there is no electricity, you can use the hand pump built into the distribution pump.

Maintenance

Check and tighten all threaded connections monthly.

Check the oil level in the oil tank regularly. If the oil level drops, top it up and eliminate the cause of the leak.

During operation, prevent the presence of air in the press system and if air is detected (absorbing stroke of the rod), release it by pumping the hydraulic system.

Keep the mesh filter clean. During operation, clean and rinse the filter at least once every six months.

To remove the strainer, remove the oil tank cap and unscrew the filter.

Place the strainer in place in the reverse order.

Simultaneously with cleaning the filter, clean the oil tank of sediment and change the oil.

The oil tank drain plug is located on its bottom.

Lubricate the plunger screw, pins and other rubbing and corrosion-prone parts periodically, as necessary, with grease.

Electronic platform scales PVE, mod. PVE-500, PEV-1T

The product is registered in the State Register under number 16983-98

Purpose and scope

Scales are designed for static weighing of various cargoes during accounting and technological operations at industrial, agricultural and commercial enterprises.

Description

The principle of operation of the scales is based on measuring the deformation of the elastic element that occurs under the influence of the mass of the load being weighed, with subsequent processing and indication of the weighing result.

The scales have a load receiving device consisting of a frame, a lever mechanism, a stand with a control and display unit and a network cable with a power supply. An elastic element is installed in the rack - a strain gauge load cell, connected to the lever mechanism through a rod.

The scales are produced in two modifications: PVE-500, PVE-1T, which differ in the largest weighing limits and values ​​of standardized metrological characteristics.

Scales are optionally supplied with an output connector for communication with a computer, with a function for calculating the number of products in pieces, as well as with an autonomous power source (battery) in any combination.

The main technical characteristics of electronic PVE platform scales are given in Table 1

Characteristic name	Characteristic value
Weighing limits, kg:
largest (ШШ)
smallest (NmPV)
Readout resolution (da) and calibration price divisions (e), kg from 2 to 250 kg incl. from 250 to 500 kg incl. from 4 to 500 kg incl. from 500 to 1000 kg incl.
Accuracy class according to GOST 29329-92	average W
Limits of permissible error, kg,
during initial verification at enterprises: manufacturer and repair from 2 to 200 kg inclusive. from 200 to 400 kg incl. from 400 to 500 kg incl. from 4 to 400 kg incl. from 400 to 500 kg incl. from 500 to 1000 kg incl.	±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.4	±0.2 ±0.4 ±0.5
in operation and after repair at the operating enterprise from 2 to 50 kg inclusive from 50 to 200 kg inclusive. from 200 to 250 kg incl. from 250 to 400 kg incl. from 400 to 500 kg incl. from 4 to 100 kg incl. from 100 to 400 kg incl. from 400 to 500 kg incl. from 500 to 1000 kg incl.	0.1 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.4 ±0.6	±0.2 ±0.4 ±0.6 ±1.0
Maximum sampling limit of tare weight, kg
Electrical power parameters:
from AC mains voltage, V
frequency Hz
from battery, V
Power consumption, VA, no more

specified intervals for GROSS mass.

End of table 1

End of table 1

Type approval mark The type approval mark is applied to a plate attached to the body of the load receptor.

Completeness

1.PVE scales

2. Packaging

3. Battery

4. Passport

5. Operating instructions

1 PC. 1 PC. 1 PC. 1 copy 1 copy

Modifications of scales upon request upon request

Verification of scales is carried out in accordance with section of the passport 6579-2500 PS "Verification Methodology", agreed upon with ROSTEST-MOSCOW.

The main means of verification are IV-ro weights of the GOST 7328 category. The inter-verification interval is 1 year.

Regulatory documents GOST 29329, 6579-2500 TU.

Conclusion

Electronic platform scales of the PVE type comply with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation.

Final qualifying work

On the topic

"Rectifier unit PVE -5A-U1"

N purpose……………………………………………………………..3

Technical data………………………………………….…….3

Product composition………………………………………………………...5

Design and operation of the converter…………………………......6

Cabinet RC……………………………………………………………………………….7

Overall dimensions of the converter……………………….…....11

Warranty obligations…………………………………..…..13

General instructions, Safety instructions………………..……13

Preparing for work……………………………………………..…..14

Maintenance…………………………………………...…..14

Rules for storage and transportation……………………………15

Currently the unit has been modernized………………………....16

References…………………………………………………….18

Purpose

Rectifier converter type PVE-5A-U1 for outdoor installation, designed to convert alternating current into rectified current and power the contact network of electrified railways.

Technical data

Technical data of the converter are given in the table

Main settings	Norm
Rated rectified voltage, V Maximum permissible straightened voltage, V Rated rectified current, A Permissible overloads: a) for 15 minutes, A b) for 2 minutes, A c) for 10 s, A Rated power, kW Permissible overvoltage amplitude: a) on rectified current buses B, no more 6) on AC buses, V, no more Duration of overvoltage in both cases, ms, no more Efficiency, % not less Rectification circuit Cooling	3300 4000 3000 3750 4500 6000 9900 9000 18000 99 % Two reverse stars with surge reactor Air natural

The converter is designed for operation at nominal values ​​of climatic factors in accordance with GOST 15150-69 and GOST 15543-70, manufactured in a climaticperformance in category 1 GOST 15150-69.

Overall dimensions of the converter, mm, no more

a) cabinet with valves

Height…………………………..3070

Width…………………………1500

Depth………………………...1000

b) cabinet R C

height…………………………...2240

width………………………….1500

depth………………………… 900

c) cabinet with arresters

height…………………………...2240

width………………………….1500

depth ………………………… 838

d) cabinet with earth protection relay

height…………………………...400

width………………………….330

depth…………………………202

e) converter frame with stands

height…………………………. 3930

width…………………………3026

depth…………………………996

Weight, kg, no more:

a) cabinet with valves………..760

b) cabinet R C ………………… 600

c) cabinet with arresters…….430

d) cabinet with earth protection relay…….15

e) converter frame with stands….. 345

Product composition

The converter consists of an uncontrolled rectifier (made in six cabinets with valves)" cabinet R C, a cabinet with arresters and a cabinet with earth protection relays installed on frames. The converter is designed to be placed in the open part of the substation.

Design and operation of the converter

The rectifier is structurally designed in the form of six cabinets with valves.

The rectification circuit is two reverse stars with a surge reactor.

Each cabinet is a group of series-parallel silicon avalanche valves of the type B L5-200 or VL-200 single phase.

The cabinet is a double-sided design.

The side walls are voluminous, all doors are equipped with mechanical locks and electromagnetic locks of the ZB- type. I . There are also limit switches on each door to ensure that the converter is turned off when the doors are opened.

The input and output of power circuits is carried out through bushings located on the roof of the cabinet. For correct connection, insulators are marked with indexes (-) and (+)

insulator (-) is connected to the power winding of the traction transformer, the insulator (+) is connected to the positive bus.

Inside the cabinet, on the side channel, there are two sockets for powering a portable lamp used in repair work.

For convenience and for carrying out repair work, as well as preventive inspections, two lamps (^220 V) are installed in the cabinet (in the upper part), and there is a light switch on the right front pillar.

In the lower part inside the cabinet there are terminal blocks to which auxiliary circuits of secondary switching are routed (power supply to sockets, lighting lamps, power supply to electromagnetic locks and contacts of door lock limit switches).

At the top of the cabinet there is a diffuser that allows heated air to escape outside and protects the cabinet elements from precipitation in the form of rain and snow..

Cabinet R C

Electrical circuit diagram of the cabinet R C consists of 3 chains of series-connected resistances and capacitors. Each chain is protected by two PK6/30 fuses. A three-pole disconnector is also provided for short-circuiting the capacitors before a routine inspection of the cabinet R S.

Each chain R C is connected to the terminals of two transformer windings located on one rod.

Chains R C limit possible overvoltages on the valves to levels safe for avalanche valves.

The cabinet has one-way service, the right door of the cabinet is locked with a mechanical lock, locked with an electromagnetic lock type ZB- I and has blocking contacts of the MP2302 type, which should disconnect the converter from the power supply when the doors are opened.

The left door has only MP2302 locking contacts and is closed with latches from inside the cabinet through the opening of the right door.

The cabinet doors are equipped with inspection windows through which the condition of fuses and other cabinet elements is monitored. Input and output into the cabinet is carried out through bushings in the roof of the cabinet.

The disconnector drive is located on the front side of the cabinet, which serves to short-circuit the capacitors before carrying out preventive inspections. The disconnector drive is blocked by the ZB-1 lock in the open position of the disconnector (drive handle down), and when the disconnector is turned on (drive handle up), the blocking contacts of the MP 2302 drive are activated, located inside the cabinet.

One of these contacts must be inserted on the day the oil switch is turned on in order to exclude the possibility of turning on the converter when the capacitors are short-circuited by the disconnector,

The second contact is connected to the voltage supply circuit to the door lock ZB-1 in order to exclude the possibility of opening the cabinet door before the capacitors are short-circuited by the disconnector.

Cabinet with arresters

The electrical circuit of the cabinet with arresters consists of six circuits, each consisting of a series-connected extinguishing chamber, a resistance (RBC-type arrester) and a arrester operation recorder.

The output buses of the recorders are combined and output to the seventh bushing insulator located on the roof.

Structurally, the damping chambers, resistors and regiotrators are located in the cabinet on three horizontal electrical insulating panels (two sets on each panel).

The cabinet is equipped with electrical insulating plates that prevent arc transfer to the cabinet body and between the extinguishing chambers when the arresters are triggered. In all other respects, except for the absence of a disconnector, the cabinet design is similar to the cabinet design R S.

As a guide when operating RBK type arresters, you should use the “Technical Description and Operating Instructions” TB 5.740.001 TO.

Cabinet with earth protection relay

The earth protection relay cabinet is a design with an opening door to accommodate the earth protection relay.

The door is equipped with a rubber seal and a mechanical lock.

Converter frames

Cabinets with valves, cabinet R C, a cabinet with arresters and a cabinet with earth protection relays are placed on four metal frames.

Racks are attached to the frames and cabinets, which are used to fasten support insulators and current-carrying busbars.

The converter must withstand the following overloads during long-term operation:

25% within 15 min. once every 2 hours;

50% within 2 min. once every 1 hour;

100% for 10 s. 1 time every 2 minutes.

In this case, during the operation of the converter in overload mode, the root mean square value of the current for any 30 minutes (averaging time) should not exceed the rated current of the converter, and if a 100% overload occurs during these 30 minutes, then the averaging time should be 5 minutes.

Overall dimensions of the converter, mm, no more:

A) cabinet with valves:

height 3070

depth 1000

width 1500;

B) RC cabinet:

height 2240

depth 900

width 1500

B) cabinet with arresters:

height 2240

depth 838

width 1500

D) cabinet with earth protection relay:

height 400

depth 202

width 330

D) converter frame with stands:

height 3930

depth 3026

width 996

2.4 weight, kg, no more:

cabinet with valves 760

cabinet RC 600

cabinet with arresters 430

cabinet with earth protection relay 15

converter frame with racks 345

Contents of delivery.

The package includes:

cabinet with valves, 6 pcs.;

RC cabinet, 1 piece;

cabinet with arresters, 1 pc.;

cabinet with earth protection relay, 1 pc.;

converter frames with stands, set 1;

insulator ONSH 6, GOST 8608 71, 31 pcs.;

insulator ONSH 10, GOST 8608 71, 15 pcs.;

Spare parts, set 1;

Operational and technical documentation, 1 copy.

Spare parts kit according to TV.613.006.ZI.

The converter is accompanied by one copy of operational documentation in accordance with 1TV.613.006 OP.

Test data.

Insulation resistance between:

Current-carrying parts of the power circuit and the housing in a cold state, M Ohm, not less than 10;

Secondary switching targets and the housing, as well as between electrically unconnected secondary switching circuits, in a cold state, M Ohm, not less than 5.

The insulation of current-carrying parts of the power circuit relative to the housing and secondary switching purposes lasted for 1 minute. Without breakdown and overlapping on the surface, the test voltage is 15 kV alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz.

The insulation between the secondary switching circuits and the housing, as well as between electrically unconnected secondary switching circuits, lasted for 1 minute. Without breakdown and overlap on the surface, the test voltage is 1 kV alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz.

The uneven distribution of current across parallel valves in phase at rated current does not exceed +\- 10% of the arithmetic mean value of the current through the valve in phase.

The converter passed the acceptance and return tests.

Warranty obligations.

The manufacturer guarantees that the converter meets the requirements of the technical specifications provided that the consumer complies with the operating, transportation and storage conditions established by the technical specifications and the “Operating Instructions” of the converter.

The warranty period is 2 years from the date of commissioning, but not more than 2.5 years from the date of receipt by the customer.

The specified warranty period does not apply to used components (purchased) products. Their service life is guaranteed within the limits established by the relevant standards or technical conditions for them.

General instructions, Safety precautions.

1. Carefully inspect the valve cabinets, RC cabinet, arrester cabinet, earth protection relay cabinet to identify loose bolted connections and damage that may have occurred during transportation.

2.Check the fastening of the valves in the coolers using the wrench included in the spare parts kit. If necessary, tighten the valves.

3. Check all valves of the converter.

4.Check the reliable operation of all converter locking devices.

5.Opening cabinet doors while the converter is operating is strictly prohibited, as it is under high voltage.

6. To inspect the converter and carry out preventive and repair work, it is necessary to disconnect the converter from the supply voltage and from the load in accordance with the requirements of the “Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations”

7. Personnel should be allowed to service the converter only after studying the “Technical Description” and this “Operating Instructions”.

Preparing for work

2.1. Connect the cabinets with valves (phases) to each other, connect the RC cabinet and the cabinet with arresters according to the electrical circuit diagram

2.2. Ground the frames of the converter cabinets, connect interlocking devices in accordance with the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE).

2.3 Short-circuit the valves and measure with a 2500 V megohmmeter the insulation resistance between live parts and the housing does not comply with the technical specifications for the converter.

2.4 Short-circuit the secondary switching and interlocking circuits and measure the insulation resistance between these circuits and the housing with a 1000 V megohmmeter to ensure compliance with the technical specifications.

2.5. Short-circuit the valves and test the insulation relative to the housing and secondary switching circuits with a test voltage of 15 kV, alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz for compliance with the technical specifications.

Maintenance

When operating the converter, it is necessary to systematically monitor its operation.

According to the schedule of preventive inspections (PO), it is necessary to eliminate dust from the insulating gaps of the converter, including the glass insulators of the valves themselves.

Preventive examinations should be carried out at least once a month

With each software, check the fastening of the busbars, flexible valve leads, the presence of reliable contact of the interlocking wiring wires.

In order to ensure reliable thermal contact between the valve base and the cooler, it is necessary to check the tightness of the valves at each operation.

When replacing failed valves, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the contact surface of the cooler. In the presence of irremovable stains, traces of oxide

etc. The cooler needs to be replaced.

3.6. When screwing the valve, you need to ensure that the device does not warp.

3.7 Do not twist the flexible valve terminals tightly, because this may lead to a violation of their tightness.

3.8. The converter allows replacement of failed valves.

When replacing valves, it is necessary to replace them with devices of a class not lower than that specified in the technical documentation, with a spread of total classification voltage drops in parallel branches of no more than 0.1 V.

Rules for storage and transportation

Transport the converter in accordance with RTM 0AA.687.001-70. At the same time, transportation conditions in terms of the influence of environmental climatic factors according to the group of storage conditions Zh 1 GOST 15150-69.

Store the converter at the manufacturer and at the consumer in transport packaging, in premises that meet the requirements of RTM OAA.687.001-70. At the same time, storage conditions in terms of exposure to environmental climatic factors according to the group of storage conditions L GOST 15150-69.

The unit is currently being modernized

Currently, a three-phase twelve-pulse rectification circuit is used to reduce the ripple (alternating component) of the rectified voltage compared to six-pulse rectification circuits, which is very important for direct current electric traction: the operation of the device for smoothing out the pulsation of the rectified voltage is facilitated, which reduces the interfering effect of electric traction on wired communication lines; the cos φ of the substation increases. Twelve-pulse rectification circuits are formed from two three-phase six-pulse bridge rectification circuits connected in parallel or in series, in which the amplitudes of the rectified voltage are shifted in phase by an angle of π/6.

When connecting three-phase six-pulse bridge circuits in parallel, it is necessary to use an equalizing reactor, as in the rectification circuit “two reverse stars with an equalizing reactor,” which complicates the converter unit. In addition, with such bridge connections, a voltage “peak” may occur when the rectified voltage drops to zero.

A rectification circuit with a series connection of two six-pulse bridge circuits.

Three-phase twelve-pulse rectification circuit (a) and graphs of voltages (b) and current flow (c)

does not require a surge reactor and is therefore preferable. One of the secondary windings of the converter transformer is connected in a “star”, the other in a “triangle”. Cathode K1 of the star bridge is connected to anode A2 of the delta bridge, load R d connected to the cathode K2 of the “triangle” and the anode A1 of the “star”. In each bridge, two diodes operate simultaneously: one from the cathode group, the other from the anode group. The rectified voltage for the period of each bridge is six-pulse (see Udу and Ud∆ in Fig. 214, b). When bridges work together, four diodes operate simultaneously, as can be seen from the diagram in Fig. 214, o. The voltage of one bridge is superimposed on the voltage of the other bridge (see Fig. 241, b), as a result of which a twelve-pulse rectified voltage with a smaller amplitude of the alternating component is supplied to the load. At U2∆ = √2 U2Y, the open-circuit voltage at the rectifier terminals is Ud0 = 4.68 2у, and the repeated maximum voltage at the diodes Urepeatedmax = √6U 2 γ = 0.52Ud0.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Prokhorsky A.A. Traction and transformer substations
2. Operating book for rectifying unit PVE 5A-U1

The main equipment of converter units are converter (traction) transformers and rectifiers.
Converter transformers are designed to power rectifiers. Converter transformers differ from conventional step-down transformers in the connection diagram of the secondary windings, the presence of an equalizing reactor in the “two reverse stars with an equalizing reactor” scheme, and specific operating conditions: significant fluctuations in load currents; possibility of breakdown of phase diodes; relatively frequent short circuits to ground, switching and atmospheric overvoltages. All these features must be taken into account when designing, constructing and operating converter transformers. To increase the electrodynamic resistance of transformer windings in emergency modes, increase the radial size of the secondary windings, reduce the current density in them to 2.5...3 A/mm 2 instead of 3...4.5 A/mm 2 for step-down transformers. The secondary windings are made externally in relation to the primary (network) windings from parallel-connected disk coils, which are pressed with special segments or rings. This fastening and arrangement provides high electrodynamic strength and is more technologically advanced.

Rice. 1. Twelve-pulse rectification circuits with the connection of six-pulse circuits:
a - sequential; b - parallel; vig - diagrams of rectified voltages; due - diagrams of currents in diodes of secondary windings of transformers

Various converter transformers are in operation for six-phase zero rectification circuits with an equalizing reactor of the types TMPU-16000/10ZHU1, TMPU-6300/35ZHU1 and for three-phase bridges - TDP-12500/10ZHU1, TMP - 6300/35IU1. For a twelve-pulse circuit based on the TDP-12500/10ZHU1 transformer, the TRDP-12500/10ZHU1 converter transformer was developed. The type of transformer is deciphered as follows:
T - three-phase, M - oil, D - with blow cooling, p - with a split secondary winding, P - for semiconductor rectifiers, U - with an equalizing reactor; the number after the letter designation is typical power; the number separated by a fraction is the rated voltage of the primary winding; F - railway; U - for moderate climates, 1 - for outdoor placement. Technical characteristics of converter transformers are given in table. 1.
Table 1.

Note: TRDP-12500/10ZHU1 has a rating = 2.61 kV with parallel connection of bridge rectification circuits; C/2nom = 1.305 kV - in series.
The typical power of converter transformers is the power of a conventional step-down transformer, the tank and magnetic circuit of which are used in the manufacture of the converter transformer. The typical power is usually greater than the rated power, since a magnetic circuit with reinforced windings and an equalizing reactor are installed in the tank of the corresponding typical power of the step-down transformer.
The primary windings of transformers have branches, with the help of which, by turning off the transformer, you can change its transformation ratio within ± 5%. Switching of branches is carried out by three single-phase non-excited switches (SWB), that is, when the load current is switched off. The switch has three stages of regulation: position I corresponds to the highest, position II to the nominal and position III to the lowest voltage value on the primary side of the transformer with a constant voltage on the secondary windings.
Rectifiers based on power semiconductor devices (PSD) have been used in traction substations since 1965. In the initial period of introduction of rectifiers based on PSD, several types with different types of cooling were developed.
Rectifiers with forced air cooling of types UVKE-1, PVE-2, PVE-3, PVE-ZM, PVK-6 were installed in rooms, and their cooling was carried out by supplying air with fans. The first rectifier UVKE-1 used non-avalanche diodes of the V-200-8 type in the amount of 720 pieces. In subsequent developments of rectifiers, they followed the path of reducing the number of diodes by increasing their class and using VL-200 avalanche diodes. Rectifiers with natural air cooling are most widely used at traction substations due to their ease of maintenance and high technical and economic indicators.
The rectifier type PVE-5AU1 (rectifier converter for electric traction, modification 5 A, climatic version U, for outdoor placement) was at one time quite widely used at traction substations. Two modifications of the rectifier are used: for a three-phase bridge rectification circuit and for a six-phase zero rectifier. The kit includes: a rectifier consisting of six cabinets with diodes, a cabinet with RC circuits, a cabinet with RBK-3 arresters and a cabinet with ground protection relays.

Rice. 2:
a - rectifier cabinet PVE-5AU1; 6 - location of diode blocks with coolers in it
In Fig. 2, a shows a cabinet 11 with diodes 7, connected into serial branches of 14 pieces, located vertically, 7 pieces on both sides of the cabinet, and 5 parallel branches. Diodes, type VL-200 from class 10 to 20 with coolers 8, are installed on insulators 10, mounted on a metal frame 4. The anode and cathode terminals of the diode group of the phase cabinet are connected to bushing insulators A and K, mounted on the roof 1. Double-sided service cabinet has doors 5 with electromagnetic locks 6. In the upper part of the cabinet there is a diffuser 12, which ensures the exit of heated air to the outside and protects the cabinet elements from precipitation. Grids 2 and 9 protect the cooling holes. For inspections and repair work, the cabinet is equipped with two lamps 3. The diode blocks with coolers are located in the same vertical plane (Fig. 2, b). To prevent heating of the coolers 1 of the upper blocks by air heated by the lower ones, inclined screens 2 are installed between adjacent rows of coolers, directing the flow of warm air into the channel between the coolers. This made it possible to significantly reduce the dimensions of the rectifier cabinets.
Rectifier cabinets are installed in the open part of the substation on reinforced concrete structures at a height of at least 1 m from the surface level, which ensures good access of cooling air to the cabinet.
To use the PVE-5AU1 rectifier as part of a twelve-pulse series-type rectifier unit, an additional horizontal row of diodes with coolers is installed on each side of the cabinet. Then on one side of the cabinet the direction of the diodes is changed. The same-name terminals, anode A and cathode K, are combined and connected to bushings. In the middle of the half-phases, jumpers are installed that connect all five branches of the diodes and connect them to one of the phases of the secondary winding of the converter transformer. In the middle of the phase, a jumper is also installed and connected to the cathode terminal. The half-phase anodes are combined at the anode terminal. Thus, each of the six rectifier cabinets after reconstruction represents two arms of the bridge circuit, three cabinets are connected to one three-phase secondary winding of the transformer, and three to the other. This reconstruction of the PVE-5AU1 makes it possible to extend its operation under new operating conditions.
The rectifier TPED-3150-З,3к-У1 (three-phase converter with natural cooling diode) is manufactured for a rated current of 3150 A and a rated voltage of 3.3 kV for operation in a temperate climate and is intended for placement in the open part of the substation. The rectifier is assembled from tablet diodes DL133-500-14 (avalanche diode 500 A class 14) with coolers that provide a clamping force of 10 kN due to a clamping device. The rectifier consists of six cabinets, each of which houses 48 diodes with coolers, as well as capacitors and resistors. On the roof of each cabinet there are six bushings through which connections are made to the buses (positive and negative) and the secondary windings of the converter transformers. The cabinets are serviced from both sides. The front and rear doors are equipped with mechanical locks, electromagnetic locks and limit switches to ensure that the rectifier is disconnected from high voltage when the doors are opened.
The main electrical connections of rectifiers depend on the rectification circuit. In Fig. 3, a shows the connection of the rectifier cabinet outputs with a twelve-pulse serial circuit. Arresters that protect the rectifier from overvoltages are connected between the terminals of the secondary windings of the transformer. The RVKU-1.65 A01 arresters are equipped with a series rectifier. In Fig. Figure 3, b shows a diagram of the connection of rectifier cabinets with a twelve-pulse parallel rectification circuit, the cabinets of which have four terminals on the roof. Cabinets of the described design can also be used with other rectification schemes (six-pulse bridge and zero).

Rice. 3. Connecting rectifier cabinets TPED-3150-3.3 to:
a - with twelve-pulse sequential; b - parallel rectification circuit
The result of further development of rectifiers of this series is a rectifier of the VTPED-3.15k-3, Zk-21-U1 type with a rated current of 3.15 kA and voltage of 3.3 kV, made on DL153-2000-20 UHL2 diodes. A diode with a current of 2000 A with two coolers is a separate unit, the heat from which is removed by distilled de-aired water. The rectifier is made of 48 blocks (8 pieces per phase), protected from overvoltages by arresters of the type RVKU-3.3 AO 1.
The diagram of the converter unit is shown in Fig. 4. The unit consists of a conversion (traction) transformer G type TDP-12500/10 ZHU1 and a rectifier UD type TPED-3150-3.3 k-U1. The converter is connected to the RU-10 kV busbars through an oil switch of the VKE-10-20/1000 UZ type or a VVE-10 vacuum switch. The current transformers TA and TA2 type TLM-10-1UZ are connected to: ammeter, relay protection (overcurrent and current misfire), automatic switching devices for the backup converter unit. QSG grounding knives are used to ensure the safety of repair work. The transformer has protection: gas (RG) - from internal damage associated with violation of the insulation of the windings; from a decrease in oil level, conservator (RUR); thermal. - from the maximum increase in oil temperature (temperature alarms TC and TC2).


Rice. 4. Diagram of a converter unit with a rectifier type TPED-3150-3, Zk-U1

The UD rectifier type TPED-3150-3.3 k-U1 is connected to the secondary winding of transformer T, connected in a delta. The bridge rectification circuit, according to which the converter unit is assembled, provides a 3.3 kV pulse rectified voltage on the buses. The rectifier is protected from switching overvoltages by arresters FV, ​​FV2, FVy type RVKU-3.3AO 1, and the diode branches of the bridge arms are protected by resistor-capacitor LS circuits, which also reduce the rate of rise of the reverse voltage applied to the diodes. The rectifier is connected to the RU-3.3 kV busbars with a high-speed switch QF and a disconnector QS. A VAB-43 (VAB-49) type switch protects the rectifier and transformer from reverse currents arising during insulation or diode testing. A disconnector type RVRZ-1-10/4000 with a drive type PR-ZUZ or PCh-50 is used for repair work, and its grounding knife QSG, in addition to grounding the QF switch and the UD rectifier, provides the discharge of capacitors C (2 capacitors included) type FSTN-16U2 through a discharge resistor R, type PE-75. Capacitor C, protected by fuse FU] type PK-1-20/20-20УЗ, is used to filter out high-frequency harmonics arising during the rectification of alternating current so that they cannot spread beyond the traction substation and create high-frequency radio interference in the traction network. The rectified voltage and current of the converter are measured using a voltmeter P V and an ammeter PA. The M-151 type voltmeter is calibrated in kilovolts (0-4 kV) taking into account the R-10U type resistor R3, which limits the current in the device circuit. The PV voltmeter is protected by fuse F U% type PKTN-10UZ. An ammeter of type M-151 is connected to the rectified current circuit using a shunt resistor R 2 and is calibrated in kiloamperes (0-4 kA).

Switching on the converter unit under load is done by alternately switching on the switches QF, on the 3.3 kV side and Q on the 10 kV side, with the QS disconnector turned on (grounding blades QSGl and QSG2 are disabled). Protection of the rectifier from insulation breakdown on the rectifier grounding circuit is carried out by a set of earth protection A K, connected to the grounding circuit of the rectifier equipment (cabinets, rectifier insulator flanges) and to the external grounding circuit of the substation. Insulation breakdown protection acts on tripping of Q and QF switches on the side of 10 and 3.3 kV buses.

Appendix no. 2
to the Order of the Ministry
Russian Federation
for press matters,
television and radio broadcasting and media
mass communications
dated December 4, 2002 No. 237
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY WHEN WORKING AT A CUTTING MILL
PRESS PVE-2 (FOR DIE-CUT LABELS)
TI RO 29-001-075-02
I. General safety requirements
1. Persons who have undergone a medical examination and have no contraindications to work in a given profession (specialty), induction training and on-the-job training are allowed to work. Workers are allowed to work independently after an internship, testing of theoretical knowledge and acquired skills in safe working methods. In the future, labor safety briefings are conducted at the workplace at least once every 3 months.
2. When transferring to a new job, from temporary to permanent, from one operation to another with a change in the technological process or equipment, workers must undergo training on labor protection in the workplace.
3. Conducting all types of briefings must be registered in the Briefing Log with the obligatory signatures of the person who received and conducted the briefing.
4. Each employee is obliged to comply with the requirements of this instruction, labor and production discipline, work and rest schedule, all requirements for labor protection, safe work, industrial sanitation, fire safety, electrical safety.
5. Smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas. It is prohibited to consume alcoholic beverages at work, as well as to go to work under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
6. When performing work, you must be attentive, not be distracted by extraneous matters and conversations, and not distract others from work. It is prohibited to sit and lean on random objects and fences.
7. It is prohibited to approach operating machines, installations, machines on which other workers are working, and distract them with extraneous conversations, turn on or off (except in emergency cases) equipment, transport and lifting mechanisms, work on which is not assigned, or go beyond the fences of dangerous zones , into the areas of technological passages.
8. The employer is obliged to provide workers with special clothing, safety footwear, and personal protective equipment in accordance with the work they perform and in accordance with current standards. It is prohibited to work without special clothing, safety shoes and other personal protective equipment required by the standards.
9. Each employee must:
- know the storage location of the workshop first aid kit;
- be able to provide first aid in case of industrial injuries.
10. Store and eat food only in designated and equipped places.
11. It is prohibited to wear outerwear in production premises, undress or hang clothes, hats, bags on equipment.
12. It is prohibited to block passages, passages, workplaces, approaches to panels with fire-fighting equipment, fire hydrants and a general switch.
13. Cleaning agents, water, etc. spilled on the floor. wipe immediately.
14. Place cleaning materials soaked in oil, paint, and solvent in tightly closed metal boxes. These materials must not be thrown around and must be removed from the premises at the end of the shift.
15. Store fuel, lubricants and flammable liquids only in tightly closed metal containers (boxes) or cabinets in quantities not exceeding the replacement norm. It is prohibited to leave flammable liquids and flammable liquids in passages, driveways and the working area of ​​the equipment.
16. It is prohibited to repair equipment, correct electrical equipment and the electrical network by personnel who do not have access to this work, work near unguarded live parts, touch electrical wires, general lighting fittings, open electrical cabinet doors, fencing switchboards, switchboards and control panels.
17. It is prohibited to use lubricants and washes for hand washing.
18. Finished products should be stacked carefully, on racks no more than 1.6 m high from the floor (including the height of the rack).
19. It is forbidden to use faulty racks (pallets): with a faulty coating, with broken legs, etc., lean racks (pallets) against the machine frame or wall, as well as place them on their end, carry, stack and disassemble racks from a stack alone employee.
20. It is prohibited to use faulty hand tools, as well as tools of inappropriate sizes, or scatter them around the equipment, in aisles, in driveways (store devices and tools in specially designated areas).
21. Perform only the work assigned by the supervisor. It is prohibited to entrust equipment to another person and allow persons not related to the assigned work to enter the workplace.
22. It is prohibited to remain in the production area after finishing work.
23. The employee is responsible in accordance with current legislation for compliance with the requirements of instructions, industrial injuries and accidents that occurred through his fault.
24. Monitoring the implementation of this instruction is assigned to the head of the unit.
II. Safety requirements before starting work
1. Put on overalls and put them in order. Prepare the necessary equipment and tools.
2. Inspect the equipment and workplace. Check serviceability:
- all parts of the press, their interaction;
- stopping and starting devices (limit switch, start buttons);
- grounding wire and contact connection;
- fences on the die-cutting mechanism.
3. Check the operation of the press at idle speed.
4. Report all identified problems to the work manager and do not begin work until they are eliminated.
III. Safety requirements during operation
1. Before starting the press into operation, make sure that there are no workers in the danger zone, as well as no tools, oil cans, rags, etc. left on the press and guards.
2. Keep the area around the press clean and tidy.
3. Before starting work, turn on the press by pressing the automatic switch and after the “power” light comes on, turn on the hydraulic station by pressing the “pump” button.
4. After placing the workpieces in the feed tray (until it is completely loaded), press the “pump” and “start” buttons simultaneously. The buttons must be kept pressed until the cutting is completed and the movable plate begins to move to its original position (up).
5. The press is ready for use again after moving the platen to its original position and stopping.
6. A stamp with a knife for cutting out products must be rigidly attached to the front wall of the die-cutting mechanism with bolts.
7. Systematically monitor the presence of oil in the tank through the inspection window of the front wall of the frame. If the oil level drops below the oil indicator mark, add oil to the tank.
8. Completely change the oil in the hydraulic tank and clean the tank from dirt at least once every 6 months.
9. Fill the tank with oil with the press turned off through the filter mesh located in the filler neck of the tank. After the first starts of the hydraulic system, carry out several idle strokes of the pusher to fill the hydraulic cylinder and oil line with oil and remove air from the system.
10. After filling the tank, the filler neck must be carefully closed.
11. Regularly check the condition of the cutting knife and the strength of its fastening.
12. When carving products of complex shapes, before starting work, install the marzan on the movable plate, securing it with a screw.
13. Clean the press and die cutter, adjust, and lubricate the press mechanisms when the press is turned off.
14. It is prohibited while the press is operating:
- touch moving parts of equipment, stick your hands into the danger zone;
- remove stuck workpieces, finished products and cuttings of workpieces during die cutting.
15. It is prohibited to work on equipment with removed guards and faulty interlocks.
IV. Safety requirements in emergency situations
1. In the event of a fire, immediately turn off the press, turn off the power supply, with the exception of the lighting network, call the fire brigade, inform the work manager and begin to eliminate the fire using available fire extinguishing means.
2. If voltage (sensation of current) is detected on the metal parts of the press, the electric motor hums, in case of noise and vibration, sudden heating of the electrical wires, the electric motor, a decrease in the number of revolutions of the electric motor shaft, sparking in the electrical equipment, a break in the grounding wire, turn off the equipment, report to the foreman malfunction and do not start work without his instructions.
3. Stop the equipment and disconnect it from the power supply when:
- interruption of power supply;
- traumatic situation (hands, legs, clothes getting caught in moving parts of the machine);
- foreign objects getting into the equipment;
- poor fastening of the nibbler;
- malfunction of equipment, safety, protective, blocking, starting, turning on, etc. devices;
- uneven movement of the hydraulic cylinder piston.
4. In the event of an injury, it is necessary first of all to free the victim from the traumatic factor, call for medical assistance, provide first aid to the victim, notify the work manager and preserve the traumatic situation until the causes of the incident are investigated.
V. Safety requirements after completion of work
1. Turn off the equipment, put tools and devices in designated places, and tidy up the workplace. Make an entry in the Logbook about the condition of the equipment.
2. Take off your overalls and put them in the closet.
3. Wash your hands and face with warm water and soap.