Capital letters are vowels and consonants. Consonants

Introduction

In Russian, all letters, both vowels and consonants, are its basis. After all, thanks to letters, syllables are formed, and with the help of syllables we compose words, from words, expressions, sentences, and so on.

But today's lesson we will start by studying the consonants of the Russian language.

Consonants

Distinguish between consonants and sounds. What are these letters that are called consonants? To understand what consonants are, let's learn about the origin of the word "consonants". And they are called so because they always go next to vowels or together with vowels.

There is a fundamental difference between consonants and vowels. If you remember that all vowels can be easily pulled or even sung, then consonants should be pronounced as short as possible. The only exceptions are hissing consonants, since they can also be pulled.

The alphabet of the Russian language has twenty-one consonants and 37 consonants.

Consonants

Voiced and deaf sounds

Consonants are divided into voiced and unvoiced sounds. Here, pay attention to the letters that are written in pairs. If you look closely, then in each pair there is one letter that has a deaf sound, and the other has a voiced sound.

Silent letters mean a dull sound, and when we pronounce them, we hear only noise, while pronouncing voiced letters, we can hear not only noise, but also a voice.

B - P, Z - S, D - T, G - K

But at the moment we see letters that have a pair. These pairs in Russian can be counted eleven pieces. But not all letters got pairs, so in the Russian alphabet there are also unpaired voiced, as well as unpaired deaf.

An exercise: Think of words for paired voiced and deaf sounds.

Soft and hard sounds

In addition to voiced and unvoiced letters of the alphabet can have soft and hard consonants.

During the pronunciation of sounds, in accordance with what sound we pronounce, the position of our tongue changes. When pronouncing soft consonants, our language takes one position, and when it is hard, it is completely different.

Now let's try to pronounce soft sounds first, and then hard ones. If you notice, then when pronouncing soft consonants, we move the tongue a little forward and at the same time its middle part slightly rises. But when we pronounce hard consonants, our tongue is slightly pulled back.

Vowels and sounds in Russian

Now we invite you to remember what vowel sounds and letters are in Russian. There are only ten of us:

Pronouncing vowels, unlike consonants, during pronunciation we can pull or sing them, and at the same time we feel how the air passes through the entire oral cavity, and we clearly hear our voice.

Exercise 1.

Write the word rose

1. Change the letter z to s in this word.
2. What word did you get?
3. What has now changed in the third sound, and how did it begin to sound?
4. What are all the vowels in this word?
5. What are the consonants in this word?

Exercise 2.

Cat, juice, small, feast, bow, ball

1. Replace the vowels in these words with other vowels.
2. What kind of words did you get?
3. Write down the new words you come up with.
4. How are vowels read in previous words?
5. How should sounds be read, hard or soft, in newly formed words?

Homework

1. Vowels and consonants - what is their difference?
2. What is the difference between letters and sounds?
3. Does the number of letters of the Russian alphabet match the number of sounds?
4. Why are there fewer vowels in Russian than vowels?
5. How can you explain why there are more sounds than letters?
6. What types of consonant sounds are divided into?

The most important part of speech is words, we pronounce them, write and read them, we add phrases and sentences from them. They consist of letters and sounds that have become so firmly established in our lives that we hardly notice them.

Letters and sounds are not the same thing, although they are closely related concepts. We write, see and read letters, and we pronounce and hear sounds. Letters are graphic written symbols, while sounds are the acoustic component of words and human speech in general. In different words, the same letter sometimes corresponds to different sounds.

“In the beginning was the word. Then words, words, words... (author Vladimir Kolechitsky).

“The word was given to a person not for self-satisfaction, but for the embodiment and transmission of that thought, that feeling, that share of truth and inspiration that he possesses to other people.” (author V. Korolenko).

The study of letters and sounds is carried out by various sections of linguistic science. Sounds studies phonetics, and alphabetic characters - graphic arts. Spelling letters prerogative spelling .

The set of letters of any language makes up its alphabet. The letters of the Russian language are divided into consonants, vowels and auxiliary. Auxiliary ones include those that do not carry sound information - a hard and soft sign.

Consonants and sounds of the Russian alphabet

Consonant sounds and letters are characterized by the fact that during their pronunciation, a certain obstacle arises in the path of air in the oral cavity. As a result, noise is necessarily present in the acoustic sound of consonants. They got the name "consonants" because they almost always stand next to vowels or in the same word with them.

In total, there are 21 consonants in Russian:

Another characteristic feature of consonants is that they cannot be pronounced in a singsong voice. The pronunciation of hissing consonants can be stretched (for example: With , f , sh , sch), but "singing" will not work.

As noted above, consonants in words almost always coexist with vowels. However, there is a limited number of words that consist only of consonants. Along with suggestions to , With or particle b, these are some foreign proper names ( Krc- district of Prague; Armenian name Mkrtch, which in Russian is sometimes written with a vowel - for euphony), as well as interjections like brr or shh .

The classification of consonant letters and sounds in Russian is based on acoustic criteria.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Those consonants whose pronunciation consists only of noise are called voiceless. In contrast, consonants formed by sound and noise are called voiced.

The letter stands apart th(and short). According to the acoustic sound, it is classified as a voiced consonant, however, its isolated pronunciation is impossible. Letter th can only be pronounced together with a preceding or following vowel sound, for example [yy], [y], etc.

Paired and unpaired consonants

Most voiced consonants correspond to certain deaf ones. These consonant letters are called paired. There are also consonants that do not have a pair. Among them there are also deaf and voiced, and they are called unpaired .

Soft and hard consonants

The pronunciation of consonants in words can be hard or soft. If the sound is pronounced softly, then the tongue is slightly pushed forward, approaching the upper palate or touching it. When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward (but the tongue can touch the upper palate due to upward movement).

Most consonants form both hard and soft sounds, but there are some exceptions. In particular, the letters and , c , sh always have a solid sound, and letters th , h , sch- soft.

In other cases, the hardness or softness of consonants is determined by which letter comes after them.

If the consonant is followed by letters a , about , at , uh , s , b- then you get a solid sound. The same is true if the consonant is at the end of the word or is followed by another consonant.

If the consonant is accompanied by letters e , yo , and , Yu , I , b- then its sound will be soft.
Video lesson

Hissing and whistling consonants

Some of the consonants in Russian sound like a hiss. These are the sounds and , sh , sch , h, which are called hissing consonants.

Another group of consonant sounds, when leaving the oral cavity, forms acoustic vibrations resembling a whistle. These are the sounds h , With , c- whistling.

The properties of hissing and whistling consonants are especially noticeable during their prolonged pronunciation.

One of the important features of these sounds is that most of the speech defects are associated with their pronunciation. For this reason, work with hissing and whistling consonants should be given Special attention when teaching children. It is important to note that speech deficiencies associated with these sounds may be amenable to speech therapy correction.

Russian vowels and sounds

Unlike consonants and letters, a characteristic feature of vowels is that air passes freely through the oral cavity during their pronunciation. As a result, vowels can not only be easily stretched, but also sung in a singsong voice. Another distinctive feature is that they can be pronounced as loudly as you like, at the top of your voice.

By means of vowels and sounds, consonants are combined into syllables. Each syllable has only one vowel. The number of other letters - consonants, hard and soft signs - may be different. Words can consist of one or more syllables: ros-piss, breaking , yard , painting .

The number of vowels in Russian is 10:

And there are only 6 vowels: [a], [i], [o], [y], [s], [e]. The vowels corresponding to them are monosonic. The remaining 4 vowels are e , yo , Yu , I- two-voiced, and separately pronounced as [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. At the same time, in words, these letters mean one sound (examples: squirrel, ball, went, key).

As in the case of consonants, there are a number of Russian words that consist only of vowels. These are the pronouns I , her; unions - and , a; prepositions - at , about; interjections - uh , ay .

Stressed and unstressed vowels

In words, vowels can be stressed and unstressed.

• If a vowel in a word is under stress, it is read more distinctly, with more emphasis and a little more drawl.
• In the absence of stress, vowels in words are read less clearly. Accordingly, an unstressed position is a weak position for them, and a position in a stressed syllable is a strong position.

As a rule, in traditional writing, stress in words is not marked. If necessary, they are denoted by the sign "akut" - a small "/" stroke above the vowel.

Video lesson

Designations of sounds in phonetic parsing of a word

Phonetic or sound analysis of a word serves to display and parse its correct pronunciation. Both words and individual letters can be designated phonetically.

Sound designations, unlike letters, are enclosed in square brackets. The graphic record of the pronunciation of a word is called transcription.

The basic rules according to which sounds are indicated in the phonetic analysis of a word are as follows:

• The hardness of the consonants does not have any designation, but the softness is indicated by the apostrophe. For example, if [b] is a hard sound, then [b ’] is soft.
• A long sound in transcription is indicated by a colon, for example: cash register- [cas: a].
• Not always, but often the transcription of words is stressed. For example: wave- [wave].
• The soft sign and the hard sign do not have a sound pronunciation, therefore, there is no display during phonetic analysis.

Video lesson

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft sounds

Sometimes children may have difficulty distinguishing between hard and soft consonants. In this case, there are some tricks that facilitate the assimilation of the topic.

First of all, it is necessary to explain to the child that the concepts of hardness and softness do not refer to consonants, but to their sounds. And that the same letter can sound both hard and soft. Let me give you an example: " b"- the words ram - white," R"- work - belt," l"- a horse is a swan.

Explaining the exception letters, for better memorization, it is recommended to write them like this:

• th , h , sch
• and , sh , c

It is necessary to make it clear to the child that the underlined letters, as it were, “sit on the pads” - the pads are soft and the letters are also soft.

In order for the child to remember well before which vowels the letter becomes hard or soft, you can use the following technique: first, with a serious facial expression, read a syllable with a hard consonant - and then, with a smile on your face, read another syllable where this consonant is soft. Then, do the same with other letters and syllables. For example: la — la , mu — mi , zo — zya, bo — byu , ry — ryo etc. Soft pronunciation is well associated in a child with a smile, and hard pronunciation is well associated with seriousness and severity, which allows you to remember the material associatively.

Gradually, you need to improve your skills, and do the same exercises with simple words, such as: mother , dad a - uncle , uncle etc. As you memorize, you should move from simple words to more complex ones. Explanations and exercises should be gradually alternated with tasks: write words, and then ask which consonants are hard and which are soft.

Another exercise can be proposed: to make tablets with words in which soft consonants are written in one color, and hard ones in another. For example:

• N O S I K
• CARPET
• NUMBER
• WARM

There are many options, but it is advisable to choose among them those that the child likes best. This contributes to a better perception of the material, its memorization and practical assimilation.

Video lesson

Some interesting and useful information

• Sounds and words can be formed without human intervention. A well-known example is the pronunciation of words by birds of the parrot family. As for individual sounds, they can also appear in inanimate nature - with the rustle of leaves, gusts of wind, splashing waves. This cannot be said about letters - after all, only their meaningful spelling can be recognized as a letter designation, and this is characteristic only of people.
• Despite the small number of words consisting only of vowels, they can be used to make a sentence: “Hey, what about me?”
• Almost all Russian words containing the letter " f", are of foreign origin. Only in relation to rare words (for example: owl) is Russian origin assumed, but this has not been definitely proven.
• All words beginning with " th”, also foreign-language. For example: iodine, yogurt, iota, Yemen, Yokohama, Yorkshire, etc.
• Letter " yo» in words almost always carries an accent. There are very few exceptions to this rule - these are words of foreign origin ( Königsberg surfers ), as well as compound words, which include numerals of three or four - ( twenty-three digit , four-door , three thousandth ). It should also be noted those rare situations when in one word there are two letters " yo", one of which becomes stressed, and the other - unstressed ( three-star , four-wheeled , aircraft lift , three-rouble note ).
• There are many words in Russian with unusual letter combinations. For example, words in which the same vowel is repeated three times in a row: snake-eater , animal association , long-necked. Word with 7 consonants in a row: counter-meeting (Maybe, occasionalism ). Words with three soft signs: seductiveness , diminutiveness , multifunctionality , seductiveness etc. A word with two soft and one hard signs: courier . One-syllable word of 8 letters: in passing. Many other interesting examples can be cited.
• Any letter has a certain frequency of repetition, the most used letters in Russian are about , e , a , and , t , n , With , R. This phenomenon is used to recognize ciphertexts.

Knowledge of letters and sounds, their spelling and pronunciation is the basis of language literacy. In turn, a good command of the spoken and written language is one of the indicators of a person's erudition, and the skills of reading and understanding the text are the basis for learning other sciences. After all, the lion's share of information in the modern world is comprehended by reading or listening, and only a small part of it - through personal experience.

Acquaintance of a child with the Russian alphabet is always a meeting with an unknown, but mysterious world, in which there are so many interesting things.

The letters of the Russian alphabet make up a whole family, in which there are 33 inhabitants!

And everyone needs to be remembered in their places. But the study of letters does not end there. We still have to divide them into vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed, soft and hard, deaf and voiced.. And this is far from a complete classification. Let's figure out how to correctly divide the letters of the alphabet into groups.

Vowels and consonants and letters

First, let's figure out how many letters the Russian alphabet contains. There are 33 of them in total. All of them are divided into two large groups: vowels and consonants.

Only soft and hard signs we cannot attribute to any of the groups: they do not denote a sound, but serve to indicate the hardness or softness of the previous sound.

Vowel sounds

Vowel sounds are pronounced easily, in a singsong voice. This is possible due to the fact that during articulation in the mouth there is no obstruction to the air flow.

How many vowels are there in Russian? - 10 letters. Vowel sounds are much less: only 6: A, O, U, Y, I, E. This difference is explained by the fact that 4 vowels are formed by merging two sounds: Ё = Y + O; E=Y+E; Yu=Y+U; I=J+A.

percussion and unstressed

Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed. Stressed vowel sounds in a word are distinguished by the voice. Thanks to stress, we understand the meaning of the word. There are words in which the meaning depends only on the placement of the stress, for example: castle - castle. Unstressed sounds are not pronounced so clearly, so we check unstressed sounds in writing with stress.

How many consonants and sounds are there in Russian?

There are only 21 consonants, but there are 37 sounds.

Consonant sounds are formed due to the barrier that occurs in the mouth during the passage of the air flow. The role of a barrier can be played by teeth, tongue, lips, depending on the nature of the barrier, consonants are divided into many groups, for example, labial, dental, etc.

Also, consonants are divided into hard and soft, deaf and voiced.

Hard and soft

Hard consonants are pronounced more roughly, while soft ones sound more elegant and are softened by a nearby vowel or in writing with a soft sign. In transcription, soft sounds are indicated by a nearby apostrophe. For example, in the word HOUSE, the letter "d" sounds hard, and in the word GO - softly. Soft and hard consonants are presented in the table.

Deaf and voiced

Deaf consonants are pronounced without the participation of the voice, while in the formation of solid sounds the participation of the voice is necessary. Voiced and deaf sounds, as a rule, form a pair, for example: B-P, V-F, etc. There are only a few sounds that do not have a deafness-voiced pair: U, C, Y, R, L, M, N.

The table presented on our website will help to fully consider deaf and voiced, hard and soft consonants, as well as stressed and unstressed vowels. It can be hung in the classroom, where children have begun to study the Russian alphabet in more detail. It is also quite reasonable to hang the table in a conspicuous place at home if the baby begins to learn letters.

tables

Related cartoons

In order for the baby to quickly learn the division of letters into vowels and consonants, you can offer him cartoons on this topic. On our site you will find educational cartoons dedicated to this topic.

Speech therapist. Russian alphabet

This video presents sounds in Russian using onomatopoeia examples. This technique will allow kids to work out the clarity of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, to feel the difference in their sound more clearly. Sounds accompany bright pictures with animals and natural phenomena. Watch the cartoon here

Learn and sing the Russian alphabet

This video clip contains the performance of the alphabet to the music. The melody is pleasant, easy to remember, and the song itself is accompanied by a display of the letter and the form of its writing. This cartoon can be useful for children of any age, as it is aimed not only at remembering the order of letters, but also at practicing diction. You can watch the cartoon here

Voiceless consonants

There is a generally accepted opinion that it is impossible to sing consonant sounds. However, the authors of this cartoon break the usual stereotypes of perception. Of course, this video cannot be called a song in its entirety: rather, we will be dealing with a drawn-out pronunciation of deaf consonants. This is extremely useful for children's diction, in which defects in the pronunciation of hissing sounds are constantly visible. Turn on this cartoon to your child more often so that he corrects diction. Watch the cartoon here

Voiced consonants

It is much easier to sing voiced consonant sounds, although again we will not be dealing with singing, but with a prolonged pronunciation of a sound. The voice is involved in the formation of voiced consonants, so they can be easily pronounced in a singsong voice. This cartoon invites children to practice in such a simple matter and get to know the sonorous sounds better. You can watch the cartoon here

The letters of the Russian alphabet are divided into vowels and consonants. There are 10 vowels, this is A E E AND O U Y E Yu Ya. Consonants 21 - B C D E F G H Y K L M N P R S T V Y Z. There are 33 letters in total.

Letters Kommersant and b are neither vowels nor consonants.

Spend time with your child in an interesting and useful way. We wish you success.

How to play with a child using cards with letters?

Game number 1. Name the letter.

Before you start playing this game, introduce your child to a few letters.

You show the kid a card with a letter, and he calls which letter is written. For the correct answer, the child receives a token. At the end of the game there is a prize. Please note that vowels are written in red, and consonants are written in blue.

Tell your child that sounds are vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds are easy to sing, shout, pronounce. Nothing interferes in the mouth - neither lips nor tongue. Let the child guess what the vowel sound is in the words: poppy, forest, cat, house, etc.

And consonants. When pronouncing them in the mouth, something constantly interferes - either the lips or the tongue. Play, let the child name the consonants that he hears: day, meadow, juice, poppy, etc.

Use this game to learn all the letters of the alphabet.

Game number 2. Name words starting with a given letter.

Suggest any letter that the baby knows, and take turns calling words that start with that letter. Now let the child choose the letter, come up with words again, continue the same way.

Game number 3. Who says so?

Before starting the game, choose one card with a letter that begins with a consonant (for example, m). Next to this letter, put a letter denoting a vowel sound (for example, "a").

At first, you should not push the child and insist that he read more syllables. Focus on the question: "Who says so?" The child must answer which animal gives a voice like that.

Give a chip for each correct answer. Over time, the game can be played in a group of children and a competition can be organized, who will quickly and correctly name the proposed syllables.

Game number 4. Change the vowel.

In this game, the first letter remains unchanged - the consonant, and the letters that represent the vowel sound change. For example: ma, mo, mu, mi, me, we, me. Then the first letter can be replaced (the child can choose the letter himself) and continue reading.

Game number 5. Change the consonant.

In this game, the first letter remains unchanged - the vowel, and the letters that represent the consonant sound change. For example: am, an, hell, av, ash, ar, at. Then the first letter can be replaced (the child can choose the letter himself) and continue reading.

Game number 6. Funny letter combinations.

This game is perhaps the most difficult at this stage of learning, since the child needs to read letter combinations that consist only of consonants (fl, zv, kr, sl, st, br, ch, pl, chl, zm, kr, dv, sk, sq.). To interest the child, invite him to choose the funniest letter combination from those that he reads.

Game number 7. Create a syllable.

Using letter cards, have your child write the syllable you name. For a correctly completed task, the child receives a token.

In a group of children, you can organize a competition with prizes. The first person to create a syllable will receive a token. At the end of the game, according to the number of chips received, the winner is selected, who receives a prize.

Game number 8. Put the word together.

Using cards with letters, you need to add a word of three, and later of four or five letters, invented by a partner in the game. For example, you named the word "garden", and the child must put it together from letters. Then vice versa, the child calls a word of three letters, and you add it up. be sure to ask the child to check whether you completed the task correctly. For the sake of interest and to test attentiveness, sometimes make mistakes. Let the child identify them. Each correctly spelled word is rewarded with a chip. Whoever gets the most chips wins.

Bright, colored cards with the letters of the Russian alphabet.

1. A a a
2. B b ba
3. in in ve
4. G G G G
5. D d de
6. E e e
7. Yo yo yo
8. Well
9. Z z ze
10. And and and
11. th and short
12. K to ka
13. L l el
14. M m um
15. N n en
16. Ltd
17. P p p p
18. R r er
19. S s es
20. T t te
21. u u u
22. f f ef
23. x x ha
24. C c c tse
25. h h th
26. Sh sh sha
27. shh shcha
28. ъ solid sign
29. s s s
30. b soft sign
31. uh uh
32. yu yu yu
33. I am I

How are letters different from sounds?

Sound is elastic vibrations in a medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).

A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has an uppercase (excl., ь and ъ) and a lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. So that the pronunciation features do not affect the letter, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.

Vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds (“voice” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way exhaled air is not blocked. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiii] ...

Vowels are denoted by the letters a, e, e, and, o, u, s, e, u, i. The letters e, e, u, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. stand first in the phonetic word e le [y "e ́ l" e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [y" and sch "oʹ] (3 letters, 4 sounds) , 3 sounds) Yu la [y "u l" a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) i block [y" a blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) i ichko [y" and ich "ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
2. follow after the vowels bird d [pt "itsy" e ́ t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) her [yy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" y "a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
3. follow after b and ъ entry zd [vy "e st] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" o m] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lew [l" y ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)

The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. follows after nightingales [salav "th" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)

In a word, vowels highlighted during pronunciation are called stressed, and not highlighted are unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check what kind of letter you need to put in a word, you should choose a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.

Running [b "igush" y"] - running g [b" e k] mountain ra [gara] - mountains [mountains]

Two words united by a single stress make one phonetic word.

To the garden [fsat]

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during transfer.

Consonants and sounds

Consonant sounds are sounds, during the creation of which a barrier is erected in the way of the exhaled air.

Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and deaf consonants without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [n] - [b], when pronouncing which the lips and tongue are in the same position.

Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants

1. are always soft [th "] , [h"] , [u"] ah [ah"] (2 letters, 2 sounds) beam [beam"] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l" esch "] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
2. follow before the letters e, e, and, u, i, b (excl., always solid [g], [c], [w] and in borrowed words) stranded [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t "ot" a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l "oud" and] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz "n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
3. followed by soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl "in" h "ik]

The rest of the consonants will mostly be solid.

Hissing consonants include sounds [g], [w], [h "], [u"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible in order to resist exhaled air and be held against the palate in the shape of a cup. Vibrating [p] and [p"] are always the last in line.

Do students need phonetics?

Without division into vowels, consonants, stressed, unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But transcription is a clear overkill.

Speech therapists are required to know the phonetic parsing of words, and probably it can be useful to foreigners.

For students (from grade 1!), who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, a rather in-depth study of phonetics only hinders, confuses and contributes to incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.