Russian truth laws with translation. Year of creation of "Russian Truth"

Court of Yaroslav Vladimerich, Pravda Ruskaya

1. If a husband kills his husband, then take revenge on his brother’s brother, either on a father or on a son, or on a brother or a brother’s son; If someone doesn’t take revenge on him, then put 80 hryvnia on his head, otherwise the prince will be a husband or a prince; If there is a Rusin, or a Grid, or a merchant, or a Tivun boyar, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or a Slovenian, then he will put 40 hryvnia for it.

Translation. 1. If the husband kills his husband, then brother takes revenge on brother, or son on father, or cousin, or nephew; if no one takes revenge, then 80 hryvnia for the murdered person, if there is a princely husband or a princely steward; if there is a Rusyn, or a Grid, or a merchant, or a boyar ruler, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or a Slovenian, then 40 hryvnia for the killed.

2. According to Yaroslav, his sons again copulated: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod and their men: Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor, and put off killing for their heads, but redeemed them with kunami; but otherwise, just as Yaroslav judged, so did his sons.

Translation. 2. After the death of Yaroslav, his sons Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod and their husbands Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor once again gathered and replaced the blood feud with a fine; and his sons established everything else, as Yaroslav judged.

About murder

3. If someone kills the prince’s husband in robbery, but does not look for the leader, then pay a virevnuyu, in whose rope the head lies, then 80 hryvnia; If you're still a person, then 40 hryvnia.

Translation. 3. If someone kills a prince’s husband as a robber, and (members of the chain) are not looking for the killer, then a vira for him in the amount of 80 hryvnia will be paid to the chain on whose land the murdered person is found; in case of murder of a person, pay the viru (prince) 40 hryvnia.

Prince husband - princely servant, warrior, feudal lord. Headman is a killer.

Virevnaya (from the word vira) - a monetary penalty in favor of the prince for the murder of a free person.

Verv - a neighboring territorial community: a derivative of the word “rope”, with the help of which plots of arable land were measured out for the use of members of the vervi. Lyudin is a commoner, a simple free villager or city dweller.

Along with “sales” (see below), virs were a primitive form of “tax” in favor of the “public power” of the princes. For the murder of princely husbands, a double penalty is imposed. The reprisal against them and the reluctance of members of the vervi to hand over their fellow murderer to the feudal lord speaks of the aggravation of the class struggle in Kievan Rus.

4. Which rope will begin to pay the wild faith, how long will it take to pay that virus, and then pay without a head. If their head is in the rope, then apply it to them, sharing the same with them to help the head, if you have wild faith; but pay them 40 hryvnias in exchange, and pay the headman himself for the headache; and the squad will pay him his share of 40 hryvnia. But if he killed someone, either in a wedding or at a feast, then he must be paid according to the rope now, whoever applied the rope.

Translation. 4. If the rope starts paying the wild vira (when the killer is not found), then it is given an installment plan for several years, because they (the rope members) have to pay without the killer. But if the killer is in the rope, then she must help him, since he invests his share in the wild vira. But to pay them (members of the gang) with the total strength of only 40 hryvnia, and to pay the murderer himself, contributing his part to the 40 hryvnia paid by the gang. But so pay according to the rope, if it is invested in the (general) virus, in cases where the culprit killed (a person) in a quarrel (fight) or openly at a feast.

Wild fee is common, paid collectively; from the words “wild” or “divy” in the sense of “common, not belonging to anyone” (cf. “wild honey”, “wild field”, “wild beast”, etc.).

Swada - quarrel, clash, fight, enmity.

Wild vira was paid with rope in the following cases: a) when the killer was not found or the community did not want to hand him over; b) unintentional murder in a fight, at a feast. The custom testifies, on the one hand, to still strong ties within the rope between its members, who protect themselves by pooling together for unforeseen events that threaten the rope with ruin (80 hryvnia could buy 40 horses - this is a huge amount, see below). On the other hand, the article talks about the stratification of property within the verva, its members running their own households, which provide funds for “attaching” to the wild vira.

Auger will become guilty of robbery

5. If there is steel for robbery without any wedding, then people will not pay for the robber, but will hand over everything with his wife and children to the stream and for plunder.

Robbery without marriage is premeditated murder with the seizure of someone else's property. Flow (from sharpen, sharpen) - arrest, pouring.

Translation. 5. If anyone commits robbery without a reason. If anyone commits robbery without a wedding, kills a person intentionally, like a robber, then people do not pay for him, but must hand him over with his wife and children to the masses and to be plundered.

People (cf. in article 3 "people") - members of the vervi - are not financially responsible for premeditated murder, but are obliged to hand over the murderer with the wife and children of the princes to arrest with confiscation of all property. The cruelty of the punishment, which applied not only to the criminal himself, but also to members of his family, is explained by the fact that the prince ceased to receive income from the “people” who participated in the robbery.

6. Even if someone doesn’t invest in wild faith, people don’t help him, but he has to pay for it himself.

Translation. 6. If someone (from the members of the rope) does not contribute his share to the wild vira, people should not help him, but he pays himself.

Another evidence of the stratification of property within the vervi: either wealthy people or poor people did not “invest” in wild vira. But here we can also see punishment for those who evade contributions in the interests of ensuring princely income.

7. And behold, the horses of Virnia were under Yaroslav: Virnik took 7 buckets of malt for a week, and the sheep, either weeded or 2 nogate; and on Wednesday there is kuna raw material, and on Friday the same; and smoke two for him a day; and bread 7 for the week; and millet 7 harvests, and peas 7 harvests, and salt 7 golvazhen; now and then Virnik with the youth; and horses 4, a horse to dig essentially oats; for a virnik 8 hryvnia, and 10 kun for a transfer, and for a broomstick 12 vekshiya, and for a sassadnaya hryvnia. It will even cost 80 hryvnia; then for the virnik there are 16 hryvnias and 10 kuns and 12 vekshi, and in front there is a shady hryvnia, and for the head 3 hryvnias.

Translation. 7. This is the charter of the virnik of Prince Yaroslav: the virnik (being on the territory of the community) has the right to take 7 buckets of malt for a week, a lamb or a beef carcass, or (instead) 2 nogata in money, and on Wednesdays and Fridays a kuna of money and cheese; He should take two chickens per day, 7 loaves per week, and 7 harvests of millet and peas, and 7 golvazhens of salt - all this for him and the boy; give him 4 horses and feed them oats (to his fill); (with a tax of 40 hryvnia) the virnik takes 8 hryvnia and 10 kuna transfer fees (duties), and the blizzard 12 vksh, when leaving, a hryvnia, and if a tax of 80 hryvnia is charged, then the virnik receives 16 hryvnia, 10 kuna and 12 vksh, and when leaving, hryvnia, for each killed 3 hryvnia.

Pokon virny - rules, regulations for the collector of vir and other extortions in favor of the prince. Malt is sprouted grain, dried and ground, for making beer or kvass. Solodky - sweet, tasty, In this text - a ready-made drink in buckets. Aries is the ram.

Weeding is a carcass of meat, beef or pork. Uborok, golvazhen - measures of bulk solids; their volume is unknown.

Metelnik ("matelynik" - from clothes in the form of a mantle - "myatlya") - a princely warrior who accompanied the virnik.

Veksha - squirrel, squirrel fur; small monetary unit.

Perekladnaya, ssadnaya - money paid to the virnik upon entry and exit from the territory of the community. The youth is a princely warrior.

Kuna is a monetary unit and the basis of the monetary system of ancient Rus'. The name comes from the word “marten”, the skins of which at one time served as a monetary unit in Rus'.

Nogata - monetary unit, 1/20 hryvnia.

Along with judicial fees, the princely authority takes over the ancient judicial rights of free community members and introduces a princely court. Virnik and the youth (or youths) accompanying him carry out justice and reprisals in the community and collect vira and sales in favor of the prince (in cases not related to murder), receiving part of the money for their own benefit. In addition, the community is obliged by law to maintain the virnik and the youth, to feed them and their horses. Such raids become regular and indicate the strengthening of princely power and the court.

About the prince's husband

9. Even if you are a princely youth, or in a stable, or in a cook, then 40 hryvnia.

Translation. 9. For the murder of a princely youth, groom or cook, pay 40 hryvnia.

10. And for the tivun for the fire, and for the stable, then 80 hryvnia.

Translation. 10. For the murder of a fiery tiun or a stable boy, you pay 80 hryvnia.

Tiun - princely or boyar clerk, manager; opium tiun and housekeeper (from ogaishche - hearth, house): stable tiun - a princely husband who managed the herds and stables of the prince.

11. And in the rural tivun prince or in rataine, then 12 hryvnia. And for a rower it’s 5 hryvnia. The same goes for the boyar.

Translation. eleven. And for a rural or arable tiun you pay 12 hryvnia. And for a rower it’s 5 hryvnia. Also for the boyars.

The rural (or ambassadorial) tiun was in charge of the princely (and boyar) villages and all the agricultural lands of the feudal lord; ratay tiun (from the word ratay - plowman) - a person in charge of arable work.

Ryadovich (from ryad - agreement) - a person who surrendered to bondage under an agreement with a feudal lord.

12. And for a craftsman and for a craftswoman, then 12 hryvnia.

Craftsmen work on the feudal lord's estate as dependent people: their life is valued higher than the price of a commoner or a "smerdy slave" (see Art. 13), who do not possess the art of a particular craft, but lower than the life of a free community member ("lyudina") .

13. And for the death of a slave it is 5 hryvnia, and for a robe it is 6 hryvnia.

Translation. 13. And for a stinking slave you pay 5 hryvnia, and for a robe 6 hryvnia. The robe is worth more because it gives the feudal "offspring." The same “lesson” for a serf was 5 1 riven, and for a robe 6 hryvnia was assigned to Art. 106.

Smerdy slave - unlike artisans or persons who served the feudal lord as tiuns or breadwinners (see Art. 14), he performs simple work, like community members-smerds.

Roba was a female servant who was in the same position as a male serf.

14. And for the breadwinner 12, the same for the breadwinner, even if you are a slave, even if you are a slave. (...)

Translation. 14. And for the breadwinner and wet nurse they pay 12 hryvnia, even though that one is a slave and that one is in robes.

The breadwinner is the uncle-educator.

Here and in all other cases where the meaning is clear, no translation is given.

17. If they were looking for rumors not to interfere, but to start blaming the plaintiff with their heads, then the truth is ironclad to them. It’s the same in all cases, in tatba and in slander; If there is no person, then give him iron from captivity up to half a hryvnia of gold; Whether it’s for water or for up to two hryvnia; Even me, then the company will go according to its own standards. (...)

Translation. 17. If the defendant is accused of murder, and the litigants do not find witnesses, then subject them to the test of a (hot) iron. Do this in all lawsuits, theft (or other) charges; if (the accuser) does not present red-handed evidence, and the amount of the claim is up to half a hryvnia in gold, then subject him to the test of iron in captivity; if the amount of the claim is less, up to two hryvnia (silver), then subject it to the water test; if the claim is even less, then let him take an oath to receive his money. The Slavs (Rusyns) also knew such a form of “God’s judgment” as a competition with swords: whoever wins over his opponent, the dispute is resolved in his favor.

Plaintiff - in ancient laws this was the name for both the plaintiff (accuser) and the defendant; In this article, the plaintiff is precisely the defendant. Head klepati - accused of murder; slander - accusation based on suspicion.

Iron, water - the so-called "ordeals", "God's courts", which were resorted to in the absence of clear evidence in favor of both litigants, and, according to the ideas of the people of that time, they should have been judged by God.

Tatba is theft, thief is a thief. The face is red-handed.

“God's courts” were a form of princely court: in the Kiev state they were carried out in the presence of princely judges, who collected a special judicial fee in favor of the prince - “iron”, in the 15th-16th centuries. - boyar and clerk, who collected “field duties” from the litigants.

Charter of Volodymer Vsevolodich

48. Volodymer Vsevolodich, according to Svyatopolets, convened his squad to Berestovem: Ratibor of the Kiev thousand, Prokopya of the Belogorod thousand, Stanislav of the Pereyaslavl thousand, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivank Chudinovich Olgov's husband, and they ordered him to eat a third of the kuna until the third cut; even if someone takes two cuts, then it will be drained of him; If he takes three cuts again, then the penalty will not be taken away from him.

Translation. 48.(Prince) Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), after the death of (Prince) Svyatopolk, convened his squad in Berestov: Ratibor of Kyiv thousand, Prokopya of Belgorod thousand, Stanislav of Pereyaslavsky thousand, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivan Chudinovich boyar (husband) Olegov (Prince of Chernigov Oleg Svyatosl HIV ), and decided to take interest only until the third payment, if the lender takes the money “in third”; if someone takes two (third) cuts from the debtor, he can also collect the principal amount of the debt; and whoever takes three cuts should not demand the return of the principal amount of the debt.

Berestovo is a princely village near Kiev (known since the 10th century), the summer residence and tomb of the Kyiv princes. Tysyachsky (tysyatsky) - princely voivode, leader of the city militia ("thousands"), who was in charge of the affairs of city government in peacetime. Isto is the principal amount of debt to the moneylender.

Thus, if a moneylender lent 10 hryvnia, then one “tert cut” is equal to 5 hryvnia. Having taken “two cuts” from the debtor - 10 hryvnia, the creditor had the right to collect the principal amount of the debt - 10 hryvnia. Having collected “three cuts” (5+5+5) from the debtor, the usurer lost the right to collect the principal amount of the debt.

49. Even if someone eats 10 kuns per hryvnia from summer, then you can’t ignore him. (...)

Translation. 49. If (the moneylender) charges (from the debtor) 10 kunas per year per hryvnia, then this is not prohibited. Considering 50 kuna in hryvnia = 20% per annum.

Summer is the year.

Such interest was allowed to be taken (unlike “tertiary interest”) without a time limit. The decrees of Vladimir Monomakh and his boyars on cuts include Art. 47-49, which abolished the rule of Art. 46, which gave the debtor to the full will of the usurer (as agreed, so pay). However, Monomakh's laws only regulated the size and procedure for collecting proceits, based on the usual practice of collecting very high interest rates.

Already the purchase is running

52. If you buy something to flee from the Lord, then you will buy it; whether to look for kunn, but it is revealed to go, or to run to the prince or to the judges to deceive his master, then do not shy him about this, but give him the truth. (...)

Translation. 52. If the purchase runs away from the master (without paying him for the loan), then he becomes a complete slave; if he goes to look for money with the permission of his master or runs to the prince and his judges with a complaint about the insult on the part of his master, then for this he cannot be made a slave, but he should be given justice.

Zakup is a stinker who is in feudal dependence on the master for a loan. Obel is a complete serf. Robbed - they turn into a slave. Date the truth - give the court.

According to the church law "Metropolitan Justice", a "purchased hirer", who did not want to stay with the master and went to court, could gain freedom by returning "double the deposit" to the feudal lord, which was tantamount in practice to the complete impossibility of breaking with the master, since he determined and the size of your “deposit” for the purchase (see: Old Russian princely charters of the 11th-15th centuries. M. 1976. P. 210).

About the purchase

57. Whenever you buy something, the master is in it; but when he gets there, his master’s horse must first pay him, or whatever else he takes, he gets whitewashed slaves; and then again, the master doesn’t want to pay for it, but sell it and give it back either for a horse, or for freedom, or for goods, so that he took someone else’s, but took it for himself. (...)

Translation. 57. If the purchaser steals something, the master can do with him according to his will: either, after the purchaser is caught, he pays (the victim) for the horse other (property) stolen by the purchaser, and turns him into his slave; or, if the master does not want to pay for the purchase, then let him sell it, and having first given it to the victim for a stolen horse or ox or for goods, he takes the rest for himself.

Take it out and steal it.

The master in it can deal with the thief purchase according to his own will.

In any case, the purchaser became a slave, just as when escaping from the master (v. 52).

About obedience

59. If you don’t assign obedience to a slave, but if you are not free, then according to need, assign it to a boyar’s tivun, but do not assign it to someone else. And in small cases, it’s more difficult to invest in purchases as needed. (...)

Translation. 59. About evidence (at trial). A slave cannot be a witness in court, but if there is no free (witness) then, as a last resort, you can rely on the testimony of the boyar tiun, but not other (slaves). And in small litigation, out of necessity (in the absence of available witnesses), the purchaser can be a witness.

Difficulty - litigation. According to your senses - according to need.

We are talking about rural or military tyuns of boyars and princes who came to them in the cold “without a row” (Article 104), whose life was valued at 12 hryvnia (Article II). The testimony of the tiuns was taken into account only in the absence of free witnesses, because they occupied a higher position in the boyar household than ordinary serfs.

65. Even if you overtighten the side boundary, or destroy the roller line, or block the courtyard boundary, then the sale is 12 hryvnia. (...)

Translation. 65. If anyone spoils the border, or rewrites the arable land, or blocks the courtyard boundary with a tine, he must pay 12 hryvnia for sale (to the prince).

Border - the border of a property, a strip between plots of arable land. Tyn - fence, hedge.

69. Even if you pick up bees, then sell 3 hryvnia, and for honey, even if the bees are not well, then 10 kun; whether there will be an olek, then 5 kun. (...)

Translation. 69. If someone pulls (steals) bees (from a hive), he must pay 3 hryvnia for sale (to the prince), and for honey (to the owner of the hive), if (at the time of theft) all the honeycombs were intact, - 10 kunas, and if only the oelek was taken, then 5 kn.

Not well - the hive with honeycombs and bees is intact. Olek is the very head of the hive, or the leader of the honeycomb.

Land plots in forests or apiaries with beehives belonged to princes and other feudal lords among the most valuable lands. Wax and honey were among the most expensive goods exported from Rus'.

About the stink

71. Even if the stink is tormented by the stink without the prince’s word, then 3 hryvnias are sold, and for the flour one hryvnia is kun.

Translation. 71. If a smerd subjects a smerd to torment without a princely court, then he will pay 3 hryvnias of sale (to the prince) and the victim for the torment is a hryvnia of money.

Flour - torture, torment, beating.

72. If you torment a fireman, then you sell it for 12 hryvnias, and for the flour you pay one hryvnia. (...)

Translation. 72. For torturing a fireman, pay 12 hryvnias for sale and a hryvnia (to the victim) for flour.

Equal payment “for torment” to the smerd and ognishchanin (prince’s servant) was assigned because this refers to a serf servant, for whose murder 12 hryvnia were charged (Article II), while for the murder of a thiun ognishchanin or equerry, a double fee was charged - 80 1riven (v. 10).

About the threshing floor

79. Ax to set fire to the threshing floor, then to the flood, to plunder his house, before having paid for the destruction, and then grind it for the prince; the same way, even if someone lights up the yard.

Translation. 79. If the threshing floor is burned, then the house of the culprit is given up for destruction and robbery, first collecting the losses, and for the remainder (uncollected) the prince is to be imprisoned; do the same with those who set fire to the yard.

Damage - death, loss.

80. And whoever slaughters a horse or cattle with dirty tricks, sells 12 hryvnias, and pays the master a lesson for the destruction. (...)

Translation. 80. And whoever deliberately slaughters a horse or (another) animal will pay 12 hryvnia for the sale and compensate the losses to the owner (owner) of the property killed.

By dirty tricks - here: with intent, deliberately.

The intentionality and nature of the actions (arson of the tumna, yard, destruction of livestock) reveal their social background - a protest against increasing feudal oppression.

It stinks to die

85. Even if it stinks to die, the prince is ashamed; Even if he has daughters at home, he will give a share; Even if you are behind your husband, do not give them a share.

Translation. 85. If the smerd dies (without leaving sons), then the prince will get his ass; if unmarried daughters remain after him, then allocate (part of the property) to them; if the daughters are married, then they should not be given a part of the inheritance.

Ass - inheritance, property left after the death of a person.

About the ass of the boyars and about the friends

86. Even if there are boyars in the squad, then you can’t take the prince’s ass, but you won’t have sons, and you’ll outrage the daughters. (...)

Translation. 86. If a boyar or warrior dies, then their property will not go to the prince, but if they do not have sons, then their daughters will receive the inheritance.

The ownership rights of the merchant (and even to a certain extent of procurement) were protected by law in the interests of the entire class of feudal lords and the prince as the bearer of public power.

About servility

102. There are three whitewashed servitude: even someone can buy up to half a hryvnia, and put rumors on, and give the nogat before the servitor himself.

Translation. 102. Whitewashed servility is of three types: if someone buys (the person entering the serfs) up to half a hryvnia in the presence of witnesses (of the transaction) and pays the nogat (princely judge) in front of the serf himself.

103. And the second servility: to have a robe without a row, or to have a robe next to it, then whatever it is to wear, it will cost the same.

Translation. 103. And the second is servility: whoever marries a slave without a contract (with her owner), and if with a contract (nearby), then as agreed, so it will be.

104. And this is the third servility: tivunstvo without a row, or tying a key to a s (ebe without a row, or with a row, then whatever it will be like, it will cost the same. If he ties the key, he will become a servant (key keeper).

Translation. 104. And here is the third servitude: whoever enters the tiuns or the key holders (master) without an agreement with him, but if there is an agreement, then stand there.

105. And in the dacha there is no slave, neither for bread, nor for additional income, but if he is not a year old, then show mercy to him; whether to leave, it is not to blame.

Translation. 105. And for a loan of bread with any appendage, a person does not become a slave, but if he does not work off the debt (within the agreed period), he is obliged to return what he received; if it works, then you are not obliged to do anything else.

Dacha - here: a loan of bread, seeds, implements or livestock, together with an appendage, constituted mercy.

Here we are talking about working for a feudal lender for a stipulated period, which, as it were, replaced interest on a monetary debt.

Articles 102-104 on slaves, in contrast to Art. 52 and 57, which talk about the forced sale into slaves of a fugitive purchaser or a thief purchaser, list the legal grounds and procedure for the “voluntary” entry into slavery of bankrupt smerds or townspeople, pushed to this step by the extreme alien threat of starvation of a person and his family. Russian Pravda set the price “for a slave 5 hryvnia, and for a robe 6 hryvnia” (Article 13, 106). The price of a captive slave, who was considered in Rus', as in other countries of that era, as spoils of war, was not regulated by law, but was established by agreement between the seller and the buyer. Captive slaves were not only sold, but also given as gifts. In 955, Prince Igor, “having established peace with the Greeks,” released the Byzantine ambassadors and presented them with “fast and servants and wax.” The person guilty of killing someone else’s slave did not bear criminal liability, but only compensated the master for his cost (5 hryvnia for a private, 12 hryvnia for a craftsman, etc.). The murder of a master's own slave was not considered a crime. At the same time, the ways in which a person fell into slavery, especially cases of self-sale of a ruined person, the methods of exploitation distinguish serfs from the patriarchal slaves - "servants" - of the past, the majority of whom were prisoners of war ("surrounded by servants"). and reflect a higher level of property and social inequality. Now the slave is not a foreigner, but “his own,” a Slavic community member, a city dweller or a villager, forced by material circumstances to go into bondage to a rich feudal lord or merchant in order to save himself and his family from death.

Russian Civilization

RUSSIAN TRUTH

(LONG EDITION)

COURT OF YAROSLAV VLADIMIROVICH.

RUSSIAN TRUTH.

1. If the husband kills the husband, then take revenge on brother for brother, or on father, or on son, or on cousin, or on brother’s son; if no one<из них>will not take revenge for him, then assign 80 hryvnia for the murdered man, if he is a prince’s husband or a prince’s thiun; if he is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a boyar tyun, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or from Slovenia, then assign 40 hryvnia for him.

2. After the death of Yaroslav, having gathered again, his sons, Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, and their husbands, Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor, abolished revenge for the murdered man, replacing it with ransom in money; and everything else - as Yaroslav judged, so his sons established.

3. About murder. If someone kills the prince's husband in robbery, and they are not looking for the killer, then a vira of 80 hryvnia is paid to the rope where the murdered man lies, but if a simple free person, then 40 hryvnia.

4. If any rope will pay a wild viru, let him pay that viru for as long as he will pay, because they pay without a criminal.

5. If the criminal is a member of their chain, then in this case help<общинникам>criminal because he had previously helped them<выплачивать виру>; if<выплачивать>wild virus, then pay them all together 40 hryvnia, and for the crime pay the criminal himself, and from the joint payment of 40 hryvnia pay him his part.

6. But if<кто>killed openly, during a quarrel or at a feast, then now he will be paid like that along with the rope, since he also invests in the virus.

7. If<кто>will commit murder without reason.<Если кто>committed a murder without any quarrel, then people do not pay for the murderer, but let them hand him over with his wife and children to exile and plunder.

8. If someone does not invest in wild virus, people do not help him, but he pays himself.

9. And these are the virny decrees that were under Yaroslav: the virnik should take 7 buckets of malt for a week, as well as a lamb or half a carcass of beef, or 2 nogat; and on Wednesday kuna or cheese, on Friday the same amount, two chickens for him per day, and 7 loaves for the week, and 7 harvests of millet, and 7 harvests of peas, and 7 golvazhen salts; all this is for the virnik and the boy, and they keep four horses, for each horse they give oats: 8 hryvnia for the virnik, and 10 kuna for the transfer<подать>, and the blizzard - 12 vksh, and also a shady hryvnia.

10. About viruses. If the vira is 80 hryvnia, then the virnik is 16 hryvnia and 10 kuna and 12 veksh, and previously - a slaughtered hryvnia, and for the killed - 3 hryvnia.

11. About the princely youth. If for a princely youth, or for a groom, or for a cook, then<вира>40 hryvnia.

12. And for the fire tiun and for the stable boy - 80 hryvnia.

13. And for the tiun of a princely villager or one in charge of arable work - 12 hryvnia.

14. And for a rower - 5 hryvnia. The same amount for a boyar<рядовича>.

15. About the artisan and the artisan. And for a craftsman and a craftswoman - 12 hryvnia.

16. And for a stinker and a serf 5 hryvnia, and for a robe - 6 hryvnia.

17. And for the breadwinner 12 hryvnia, the same for the wet nurse, although it will be a slave or a robe.

18. About the unproven charge of murder. If there is an unproven charge of murder against someone, then present 7 witnesses so that they will deflect the accusation; if<обвиняемый>Varangian or some other<иноземец>, then present two witnesses.

19. But for the remains and for the dead person, if his name is not known and he is unknown, then the rope does not pay.

20. If the murder charge is dropped. And if someone withdraws the charge of murder, then he gives the youth a hryvnia kun for acquittal; and whoever accused him without proof, then give him another hryvnia, and for help in dismissing the charge of murder, 9 kunas.

21. If they are looking for a witness and do not find him, and the plaintiff is accused of murder, then judge them by testing with iron.

22. Likewise in all court cases, about theft and slander, if there is no red-handed action, and the claim is not less than half a hryvnia of gold, then the defendant must be forced to be tested with iron; if the claim is less significant, then to trial by water; if up to two hryvnias or less, then he must take a judicial oath in relation to his kunas.

23. If someone strikes with a sword. If someone strikes with a sword without drawing it, or with the hilt, then a 12 hryvnia fine in favor of the prince for the offense.

24. If, having drawn out the sword, he does not strike, then the hryvnia is kun.

25. If someone hits someone with a batog, or a bowl, or a horn, or the back of a weapon, then 12 hryvnia.

26. If someone, unable to resist, strikes with a sword the one who struck the blow, then he is not to blame for this.

27. If he cuts his hand and the arm falls off or shrivels, or a leg, or an eye or nose is damaged, then half a vira is 20 hryvnia, and the victim for the injury is 10 hryvnia.

28. If any finger is damaged, the prince will be fined 3 hryvnia, and the victim will be fined one hryvnia kun.

29. If a bloody person comes. If he comes to<княжеский>a person in the yard is bloodied or beaten to bruises, then do not look for witnesses to him, but pay him<виновному>fine to the prince 3 hryvnia; if there are no signs of beatings, then bring him a witness in accordance with the words of his testimony; and whoever started the fight must be paid 60 kunas, even if he comes back bloodied<человек>, but he started it himself, and witnesses will come, then they will pay him for it, even though he was beaten.

30. If<кто>strikes with a sword, but does not cut to death, then 3 hryvnia, and<пострадавшему>hryvnia per wound for treatment, if he is hacked to death, then pay the virus.

31. If a person pushes a person towards him or away from him, or hits him in the face, or hits him with a pole, and two witnesses are presented, then a fine of 3 hryvnias to the prince; if there is a Varangian or a kolbyag, then bring to trial the witnesses in full<тоже двух>and let them go to the judicial oath.

32. About servants. If the servant disappears and is announced at the auction, but is not returned within 3 days, then if he is identified on the third day,<господину>pick up your servant, and then<укрывателю>pay 3 hryvnia fine to the prince.

33. If someone mounts someone else's horse. If someone sits on someone else’s horse without asking, then 3 hryvnia.

34. If someone’s horse, weapon or clothing disappears and he announces it at the auction, and then recognizes the loss in his city, then take what he has and pay him 3 hryvnia for the damage.

35. If anyone knows that something that is his is missing or stolen, or a horse, or clothing, or cattle, then do not tell him<у кого пропажа обнаружена>: “This is mine,” but go to the vault where he took it, let them come together<участники сделки и выяснят>whoever is guilty will be charged with theft; then the plaintiff will take his, and what was lost along with it, the guilty party will pay him; if there is a horse thief, then hand him over to the prince for exile; if a thief robbed a cage, then he should be paid 3 hryvnia.

36. About the vault. If it will be<свод>in one city, then the plaintiff must go to the end of this arch; if there is a summary<разным>lands, then he should go to the third arch; and in relation to cash<краденой>things, then the third<ответчику>pay money for the cash thing, and with the cash thing go to the end of the arch, and let the plaintiff wait for the rest<из пропавшего>, and where will they find the latter<по своду>, then he will have to pay for everything and fine the prince.

37. About theft. If<кто>bought something stolen at a trade, or a horse, or clothing, or cattle, then let him bring as witnesses two free people or a collector of trade duties; if he does not know from whom he bought it, then let those witnesses take a judicial oath in his favor, and let the plaintiff take his stolen property; and what was lost along with this, he will only regret about it, and the defendant will regret his money, since he does not know from whom he bought the stolen goods; if later the defendant identifies who bought it from, then let him take his money and pay him<за все>, what does he have<ответчика>disappeared, and the prince received a fine.

38. If anyone recognizes<свою>servants. If someone recognizes his stolen servant and returns it, then he must lead him through monetary transactions to the third vault and take the servant from the third defendant instead of his own, and give him the identified one: let him go to the last vault, because he is not cattle, you cannot tell him : “I don’t know who I bought it from,” but follow the servant’s testimony to the end; and when the true thief is identified, then again return the stolen servants to the master, and the third defendant take his own, and for damages<истцу>pay the same thief, and fine the prince 12 hryvnia for stealing servants.

39. About the vault. And from one’s own city to a foreign land there is no arch, but also imagine<ответчику>witnesses or the toll collector before whom the purchase was made, and the plaintiff to take the cash, and only regret the rest that was lost with him, and the one who bought the stolen goods, regret his money.

40. About theft. If someone is killed at the cage or during any other theft, then he can be killed like a dog; if they hold him until dawn, then lead him to the princely court; if they kill him, and people saw him already tied up, then pay 12 hryvnia for him.

41. If someone steals livestock from a barn or cage, then if one<крал>, then pay him 3 hryvnia and 30 kuna; if there are a lot of them<крало>, then everyone should pay 3 hryvnia and 30 kuna.

42. About theft. If he steals cattle in the field, or sheep, or goats, or pigs, then 60 kunas; if there are a lot of thieves, then everyone will receive 60 kunas.

43. If he steals on a threshing floor or grain in a pit, then how many of them were stolen, everyone gets 3 hryvnias and 30 kunas.

44. And who has<что>lost, but will be<обнаружено>in stock, let him take cash, but for<каждый>Let him take half a hryvnia per year.

45. If there is no cash, and it was a prince’s horse, then pay 3 hryvnia for it, and 2 hryvnia for others.

And this is a decree about livestock. For a mare - 60 kunas, and for an ox - hryvnia, and for a cow - 40 kunas, and for a three-year-old - 30 kunas, for a one-year-old - half a hryvnia, for a calf - 5 kunas, for a pig - 5 kunas, and for a piglet - nogata, for for a sheep - 5 kunas, for a ram - nogat, and for a stallion, if it is not broken - hryvnia kun, for a foal - 6 nogat, for cow's milk - 6 nogat; This is a decree for smerds if they pay a fine to the prince.

46. ​​If the thieves turn out to be slaves, then the court is princely. If the thieves turn out to be slaves, or princely, or boyar, or belonging to monks, then the prince will not punish them with a fine, because they are not free, but let them pay double<их господин >plaintiff for damages.

47. If anyone asks for money<на ком-либо>. If someone demands money from another, and he refuses, then if<истец>puts forward witnesses against him, and they take a judicial oath, then let him take his money; and since<ответчик>did not give him money for many years, then pay him 3 hryvnia for damage.

48. If any merchant gives money to another merchant for local trade transactions or for long-distance trade, then the merchant does not need to present the money in front of witnesses, the witnesses to him<на суде>are not needed, but he should go to the court oath himself if<ответчик>will be locked.

49. About goods given for storage. If someone deposits goods with someone else, then a witness is not needed, but if<положивший товар на хранение>will unreasonably demand more, then go to the court oath to the one who had the goods,<и пусть скажет>: “You gave me exactly that much,<но не более>“, after all, he was his benefactor and kept his goods.

50. About interest. If someone gives money at interest, or honey with a return in an increased amount, or grain with a return with an extra charge, then he should present witnesses: as agreed, he will receive it.

51. About monthly interest. And he should take the monthly percentage<кредитору>, If<договорились>about small things<сроке>; if the money is not paid on time, then they give him the money in a third, and refuse the monthly interest.

52. If there are no witnesses, and<долг>will be 3 hryvnia kun, then he should go to the court oath<с иском>with your own money; if<долг составил >a large amount, then tell him this: “It’s your own fault for lending without witnesses.”

53. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich. And this was decided by Vladimir Vsevolodovich after the death of Svyatopolk, convening his squad in Berestovo: Ratibor, the Kyiv thousand, Procopius, the Belgorod thousand, Stanislav, the Pereyaslav thousand, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivanko Chudinovich, husband Oleg, and decided that<долг>charged from two-thirds interest, if<должник>takes money in thirds; if someone takes interest twice, then he must take the debt itself; if he takes interest three times, then<самого>he shouldn't take on debt.

If someone charges 10 kuna per hryvnia per year, then this should not be prohibited.

54. If any merchant is shipwrecked. If any merchant, having gone somewhere with other people's money, suffers a shipwreck, or is attacked, or suffers from fire, then do not do violence to him, do not sell him; but if he begins to repay the debt, then let him pay it, for this destruction is from God, and he is not to blame; if he gets drunk or makes a bet<проспорит>, or through recklessness damages someone else’s goods, then let it be as those whose goods it is want: whether they wait until he pays, that’s their right, whether they sell it, that’s their right.

55. About debt. If someone owes a lot, and a merchant or foreigner who comes from another city, without knowing it, entrusts him with his goods, and<тот>will not return the money to the guest, and the first creditors will interfere with him, not giving him money, then take him to auction, sell him<его>together with the property, and first of all give the money to someone else’s merchant, and let them divide the money that remains to their own; if there is princely money, then give the princely money first, and the rest as a division; if anyone charged<уже>many percent, then<свою часть долга>do not take.

56. If the purchase runs. If the purchase runs away from the master, it becomes full<холопом >; if he leaves in search of money, but leaves openly, or runs to the prince or to the judges because of insults to his master, then for this he will not be turned into a slave, but give him<княжеское>justice.

57. About the purchase. If a gentleman has arable land and he kills his horse, then<господину>there is no need to pay him, but if the master gave him a plow and a harrow and takes a kupa from him, then, having destroyed them, he pays; if the master sends him away on his own business, and something of the master’s property perishes in his absence, then he does not need to pay for it.

58. About the purchase. If from a locked stable<скот>if they take it out, then the purchaser will not pay for it; but if<он>will destroy<скот>on the field, won't drive<его>in the courtyard or does not close where the master tells him, or while working for himself, and destroys him, then he will be paid for it.

59. If the gentleman causes damage to the purchase, damage to his compartment or personal property, then he will be compensated for all this, and for the damage he will be paid 60 kunas.

60. If< господин >takes more money from him, then return him the money he took<сверх меры>, and for the damage he should pay a fine of 3 hryvnia to the prince.

61. If the master sells the purchase to complete slaves, then the debtor at interest will have freedom in all<взятых в долг>money, and the master should pay a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince for the offense.

62. If a gentleman beats a purchaser for business, then he is not guilty; if he hits without thinking, drunk and without guilt, then he should pay<штраф князю>both for free and for purchase.

63. About the slave. If a complete slave steals someone’s horse, then pay 2 hryvnia for it.

64. About procurement. If the purchase steals anything, then Mr.<волен>in him; but if he is found somewhere, then the master must first of all pay for his horse or anything else that he took, and his<закупа>makes him a complete slave; and if the master does not want to pay for it and sells it, then first of all let him pay for the horse, or for the ox, or for the goods that he took from someone else, and he can take the rest for himself.

65. And this is if the slave hits. If a slave hits a free man and runs into the house, but the master does not give him up, then pay the master 12 hryvnia for him; and then, if somewhere the struck one finds his defendant who hit him, then Yaroslav decided to kill him, but the sons after the death of their father decided to ransom money, either beat him, unbind him, or take a hryvnia kun for the insult.

66. About the certificate. But certificates are not placed on a slave; but if there is no free one, then, if necessary, assign it to the boyar tiun, and not assign it to other slaves.

And in a small claim, if necessary, assign the certificate to the purchaser.

67. About the beard. And whoever damages his beard and traces of this remain and there are witnesses, then a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince; if there are no witnesses and the accusation is not proven, then there is no fine for the prince.

68. About the tooth. If a tooth is knocked out and they see blood on it<пострадавшего>in the mouth, and there are witnesses, then a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince, and a hryvnia for the tooth.

69. If someone steals a beaver, then 12 hryvnia.

70. If the ground is dug up or<обнаружен>sign<снасти>, which was used to catch, or a net, then look for the thief along the rope or pay<верви>princely fine.

71. If anyone destroys the property sign on the board. If someone destroys a sign of ownership on the board, then 12 hryvnia.

72. If he cuts a border boundary or plows up a plowed field or blocks a yard boundary with a fence, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnia.

73. If he cuts down an oak with a sign of ownership or a boundary, then a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince.

74. And these are additional duties. And these are additional duties to the fine of 12 hryvnia: for the youth - 2 hryvnia and 20 kunas, and for himself<судебному исполнителю>ride with the boy on two horses, and give them oats for each, and give them meat - a ram or half a carcass of beef, and the rest of the feed - as much as these two eat, and the scribe - 10 kunas, the transfer - 5 kunas, for the fur - two nogat.

75. And this is about borti. If the side is cut, then the prince will be fined 3 hryvnia, and for a tree - half a hryvnia.

76. If a swarm of bees steals, then fine the prince 3 hryvnia; and for honey, if the bees are not prepared for the winter, then 10 kunas, if they are prepared, then 5 kunas.

77. If the thief is not discovered, then let them follow the trail; if the trail leads to a village or to a trading camp, and people do not take the trail away from themselves, do not go to investigate, or refuse by force, then they will have to pay the stolen goods and a fine to the prince; and conduct an investigation with other people and with witnesses; if the trail is lost on a large trade road, and there is no village nearby or there is an uninhabited area where there is neither a village nor people, then do not pay either the fine to the prince or the stolen goods.

78. About the stink. If a smerd torments a smerd without a princely command, then a fine of 3 hryvnias to the prince, and for torment<пострадавшему>hryvnia kun; if anyone torments a fireman, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnia, and for torment<пострадавшему>hryvnia

79. If someone steals a rook, then fine the prince 60 kunas, and return the rook itself; and for a sea boat - 3 hryvnia, and for a cut boat - 2 hryvnia, for a canoe - 20 kunas, and for a plow - hryvnia.

80. About nets for catching birds. If someone cuts a rope in a net for catching birds, then the prince will be fined 3 hryvnias, and the owner will be fined 1 hryvnia kun for the rope.

81. If<кто>steals a hawk or falcon from someone's net for catching birds, then the fine for the prince is 3 hryvnia, and for the master - a hryvnia, and for a pigeon - 9 kunas, and for a partridge (?) - 9 kunas, and for a duck - 30 kunas, and for a goose - 30 kn, and for a swan - 30 kn, and for a crane - 30 kn.

82. And for hay and firewood - 9 kunas, and how many carts are stolen, the owner will receive 2 kunas for each cart.

83. About the threshing floor. If someone sets fire to a threshing floor, then his entire house is subject to expulsion and plunder, but first he must pay for what was destroyed, and the rest of his property will be confiscated by the prince. The same punishment if someone sets fire to the yard.

84. If someone maliciously slaughters a horse or cattle, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnia, and for the damage the master will pay the prescribed compensation.

85. All these lawsuits are tried in the presence of free witnesses; if the witness is a slave, then the slave should not appear at the trial; but if the plaintiff wants to use him as a witness, then let him say this: “I am bringing you on the testimony of this<холопа>, but it’s I, not the slave, who attracts you,” and he can take it<ответчика>to be tested with iron; if he is convicted, then he will take his due in court, but if he is not convicted, then<истцу>pay him a hryvnia for flour, because they took him according to the testimony of a slave.

86. And when tested with iron, pay<в суд>40 kunas, and 5 kunas for a swordsman, and half a hryvnia for a child; This is a fee for testing with iron, who gets what for.

87. And if he is brought in for testing with iron on the testimony of free people, or there is suspicion on him, or he passed at night<у места преступления>, then if<обвиняемый>is not burned in any way, then he is not paid for torment, but only the court fee for the test with iron is paid by the one who summoned him to trial.

88. About a woman. If anyone kills a woman, he will be judged in the same way as for the murder of a man; if<убитый>will be guilty, then pay half a vira 20 hryvnia.

89. But for the murder of a slave or a slave, the virus is not paid; but if one of them is killed without guilt, then the money prescribed by the court is paid for the slave or for the robe, and the prince is fined 12 hryvnia.

90. If the stinker dies. If the smerd dies, then the inheritance goes to the prince; if he has daughters at home, then give them a part<наследства>; if they are married, then do not give them a share.

91. About the inheritance of a boyar and a warrior. If a boyar or warrior dies, the inheritance does not go to the prince; and if there are no sons, they will take daughters.

92. If someone, dying, divides his household among his children, then so be it; if he dies without a will, then divide it among all the children, and among himself<покойного>give some of it to the soul's remembrance.

93. If after the death of her husband the wife remains a widow, then a share should be allocated to her children, and what her husband bequeathed to her, she is the mistress, and she should not inherit the husband’s inheritance.

94. If there are children from the first wife, then the children will take the inheritance of their mother; if the husband bequeathed it to his second wife, they will still receive their mother’s inheritance.

95. If there is a sister in the house, then she<отцовского>do not take the inheritance, but the brothers should give her in marriage as best they can.

96. And this<пошлины>when laying city fortifications. And these are the fees for the builder of city fortifications: when laying the city, take a kuna, and when finished - a nogata; and for food, drink, meat, and fish - 7 kunas per week, 7 loaves of bread, 7 harvests of millet, 7 lukon of oats for 4 horses; take him so much until the city fortifications are built; let them give 10 lukon of malt once<на все время работы>.

97. About bridge builders. And this is the fee for the bridge builder: when he builds the bridge, let him take 10 cubits of nogata<моста>; if he repairs an old bridge, then how many spans he repairs, he will get one kuna from the span; and the bridge builder himself rides with the boy on two horses,<брать>4 onions of oats for a week, and eat as much as you want.

98. And this is about inheritance. If a person had children from a robe, then they should not have an inheritance, but they should be given freedom with their mother.

99. If there are small children in the house, and they will not be able to take care of themselves, and their mother gets married, then whoever is a close relative will give them into the hands of acquisitions and the main household until they can take care of themselves to yourself; and transfer the goods in front of people, and that he makes money from these goods by transferring them at interest or by trading, then this is for him<опекуну>, and return the original goods to them<детям>, and the income was for himself, since he fed and took care of them; if there is offspring from servants or from livestock, then all this<детям>get availability; if he wastes anything, then pay those children for it all; if he is a stepfather<при женитьбе>takes the children with the inheritance, then the same condition.

100. And the father’s courtyard without division is always for the youngest son.

101. About the wife, if she is going to remain a widow. If the wife intends to remain a widow, but squanders her property and gets married, then she must pay everything<утраты>children.

102. If the children do not want her to live in the yard, and she acts of her own free will and remains, then fulfill in any way<ее>freedom, but not to give children freedom; and what her husband gave her is what she should stay with<на дворе невыделенно>or, taking your part, stay<на дворе выделение>.

103. And on<выделенную>Children have no rights to part of their mother’s property, but whoever the mother gives them should take; if he gives it to everyone, then let everyone share; if she dies without a will, then whoever had it in the yard and who fed it, then take it<ее имущество>.

104. If one mother has children from two husbands, then one will inherit their father’s inheritance, and the other will inherit theirs.

105. If the stepfather squanders some of the stepsons’ father’s property and dies, then return<утраченное>brother<сводному>, that's what people are for<свидетелями>they will think that his father squandered it as a stepfather; and as for<имущества>his father, then let him own it.

106: And let the mother give hers<имущество>to that son who was<к ней>good, whether from the first husband or from the second; if all her sons are bad to her, then she can give<имущество>daughter who feeds her.

107. And these are court fees. And these are judicial fees: from a vira - 9 kunas, and from a blizzard - 9 veks, and from<тяжбы>about the side section - 30 kn, and from all other litigation, whoever gets help<судебные исполнители>- 4 kunas each, and the snowstorm - 6 veks.

108. About inheritance. If the brothers sue before the prince about the inheritance, then the child who goes to divide them will take the hryvnia kun.

109. Fees for the execution of a judicial oath. And these are the fees for the execution of a judicial oath: from a murder lawsuit - 30 kunas, and from a lawsuit about a side plot - 30 kunas minus three kunas; the same applies to litigation over arable land. And from litigation for freedom - 9 kun.

110. About servitude. Complete servility of three types: if someone buys at least half a hryvnia, presents witnesses and gives a nogat in front of the serf himself; the second type of servitude: marrying a robe without a contract, if with a contract, then as agreed, so be it; and this is the third type of servitude: service as a tiun without a contract or if<кто>he will bind the key to himself without an agreement, but if with an agreement, then as they agree, that’s where it stands.

111. But for a dacha one is not a slave, nor for bread one is turned into a slave, nor for what is given in addition<дачи или хлеба>; but if<кто>does not fulfill the established period, then return to him what was received; If it works, then you are not obligated to do anything more.

112. If a slave runs away and the master announces this, if someone, hearing about this or knowing that he is a slave, gives him bread or shows him the way, then pay him 5 hryvnia for the slave, and 6 hryvnia for the robe.

113. If someone catches someone else’s slave and lets his master know, then he will receive a hryvnia for the capture; if he does not guard him, then pay him 4 hryvnia, and the fifth for the capture is credited to him, and if there is a robe, then<платить>5 hryvnia, and the sixth for the capture is credited to him.

114. If someone himself finds his slave in any city, and the mayor tells him<холопе>didn't know when<господин>will tell him that<господину>you should take a youth from the mayor, go and tie up this slave and give the youth a binding duty of 10 kunas, but there is no reward for capturing the slave; if he misses it<господин>, pursuing a slave, then he himself loses, but no one pays for this, and there is no reward for the capture either.

115. If someone, not knowing what<некто>is someone else's slave, hides him, or tells him news, or keeps him at home, and he leaves him, then he should go to the court oath,<утверждая>that I didn't know<того>that he is a slave, but there is no payment in this.

116. If a slave somewhere received money by deception, and he<человек>gave money without knowing it, the master either ransomed it or lost this slave; if<тот человек>gave<деньги>, knowing<что тот являлся холопом>, then he will lose money.

117. If someone lets his slave into trading business, and he borrows money, then the master should redeem him and not be deprived of him.

118. If someone buys someone else’s slave without knowing<того>, then the first master should take a slave, and the one<кто купил>, take money<обратно>, swear that he bought out of ignorance, but if he bought knowing this, then his money will be lost.

119. If a slave runs away<от господина>, will purchase the goods, then Mr.<платить>duty, lord<принадлежит>and goods, but not to lose the slave.

120. If someone ran<от господина >, and steals something or goods from neighbors, then the master should pay for it what is due for what he took.

121. If a slave robs someone, then ransom him to his master or give him away with the one with whom he stole, and to his wife and children<отвечать>No need; but if they stole and hid with him, then everyone<их>give them away or the master redeems them again; if freemen stole and hid with him, then they pay the prince a court fine.

V. O. Klyuchevsky

Russian Truth

Klyuchevsky V. O. Works. In 9 vols. T. VII. Special courses (continued) M., "Mysl", 1989. Russian Truth in our ancient writing is found in various editions with large variations in the text and even with an unequal number and order of articles. But it is curious that if you do not pay attention to minor differences, then all the lists of Russian Pravda can be divided into two editions: in the first there are few articles, and they are all brief, in the second there are many more articles, and some of them are presented in more detail, more developed. One more observation can be made, the most important for the study of Russian Pravda: if we take the oldest copies of Pravda, it turns out that they are found in ancient chronicle codes, and lengthy lists are found only in ancient helmsmen. This difference first of all asks the question why the Truth of the short edition appears in literary monuments, and the Truth of the lengthy edition is found in monuments that had practical significance, such as the ancient helmsmen, who served as the basis for church legal proceedings, and were generally sources of church law. The first answer that can be offered to this question, of course, is that the lengthy version of the Truth had practical significance in court, but the short version of the Truth did not have such significance; they were not judged by it. I am more inclined to assume that the short edition is a reduction of the lengthy one, made by one or another compiler of the chronicle. In the chronicles, Truth is usually placed after Yaroslav’s struggle with his brother Svyatopolk, when he sent home the Novgorodians who had helped him, and gave them some kind of charter. Chroniclers, thinking that this charter was the Russian Truth, usually place it after this news; not wanting to write out the whole thing, they shortened it themselves. That is why the helmsmen, as legal codes that had practical significance, included a lengthy Truth without abbreviating it. The oldest list of lengthy Truth is found in the Novgorod helmsman of the 12th century (the so-called Synodal list). This helmsman was painted at the end of the 13th century under the Novgorod Archbishop Clement and during the reign of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (son of Alexander Nevsky) in Novgorod. Clement was consecrated bishop in 1276 and died in 1299; book Dmitry died in 1294; This means that the helmsman could have been written in 1276-1294. The list of the edition I named, placed in the Sofia Helmsman, is older than all the lists of the short edition. Our Helmsman, as you know, is a translation of the Byzantine Nomocanon, which contained a set of church rules and laws concerning the church. These rules and laws were followed by some additional articles or special codes compiled in later times. Among them, for example, is the Prochiron - a code compiled under Emperor Basil the Macedonian in the 8th century. All these articles were placed as appendices in our translated helmsmen, but in addition to these articles, our helmsmen placed Russian articles or Slavic adaptations of Byzantine articles in the appendix. Among the Russian articles that served as additions to the helmsmen is a lengthy edition of Russian Pravda. This is the basis for my assumption that Russian Truth was compiled for the needs of a church judge, who in ancient times was required to deal with many ordinary, non-church cases. Systematic collections of articles of ecclesiastical legal content, called Righteous Measures, had a similar meaning to helmsmen in the ancient Russian church court. These are not helmsmen, but they contained additional articles of Greek and Russian law to the helmsmen: they serve as the most important guide in the study of church law. These Standards of the Righteous also included a lengthy edition of the Russian Truth, which also supports the idea of ​​the special significance of this particular edition of the Russian Truth. In the library of the Trinity St. Sergius Monastery there is one such Meril of very old writing, if I am not mistaken, the most ancient of the Russian Merils. The Russian Truth according to the Trinity List, which we will read, is taken from this Measure of the Righteous. This list is from the same edition as the list of the Sofia helmsman, only differs from the latter in the arrangement of articles. So, we will begin to read the Russian Truth according to the ancient edition, which had business, practical significance, judging by the monuments in which we meet it, that is, by the helmsmen and the righteous standards. When turning to reading, I must explain its purpose. To enrich oneself with information on the history of Russian law, acquaintance with one of the many monuments of ancient law, moreover, with such a monument that reflects this law with dubious fidelity, cannot, of course, be of great importance. The purpose of our study is pedagogical, technical: whatever the monument we take, it is difficult; By studying it, we will make an attempt to study one of the most difficult historical monuments.

TRANSLATION AND NOTES TO THE ARTICLES OF THE LONG RUSSIAN Pravda
(according to the Trinity list)

1. The Yaroslavs' murder trial. Russian law. If a free man kills a free man, then [father or son] shall take revenge on his own brother, or his cousin, or his brother’s nephew; if there is no one to take revenge on, then collect 80 hryvnia kun for the murdered person, when it is the prince’s boyar or one of the prince’s palace clerks (butler or equerry). If the murdered person is a simple inhabitant of the Russian land, or a prince's servant, or a merchant, or a boyar's court clerk, or a bailiff, or a clergyman, or an inhabitant of the Novgorod land, then 40 hryvnia kuns will be exacted for the murdered person. Title "Court Yaroslavl Volodymerich" refers only to the first article, because the second article begins with the words: “According to Yaroslav...” "Russian Truth"- said in contrast to the previous monuments of Byzantine law, which were placed in the helmsman or in the Standards of the Righteous. "Brother needs it"- should be read as one word - "bratuchado". The nominative singular is "bratuchado", the nominative plural is "bratuchada". In other monuments we find the form “two brothers,” that is, children of two brothers related to each other, or cousins. Apparently, this is not a Russian book term, but a South Slavic one. I came across this word in a Serbian helmsman of the 13th century; it corresponds to the Greek εναδελφός. However, ἀνεψιός also means nephew; ἀνεψιός - initially only “cousin”, but then it also acquired the meaning of “nephew”. And we gave the form “bratuchado” the meaning of a nephew, or more precisely, a niece in the form of “brother.” In its original sense, the form “bratuchado” appears in some translated monuments of the 15th century, where it corresponded to the Greek ἔταῖρος - comrade. In Russian Pravda this term has its real meaning - cousin. To indicate further kinship, i.e. second cousins, fourth cousins, etc., numbers were added, they said: second brother, third brother, etc. We find the same thing in folk terminology: brothers, brothers first, etc. . i.e. cousins, brothers second, i.e. second cousins, etc. 2. But after Yaroslav, his sons gathered - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with their advisers Kosnyachk, Pereneg and Nikifor and abolished mortal revenge for murder. , but established a ransom in money, but in everything else, as Yaroslav judged, so his sons decided to judge. The congress referred to in this article was probably in the 60s or early 70s, because one of the three princes mentioned here - Svyatoslav - died in 1076, one of the boyars mentioned here - - Kosnyachko - in 1068 he was a Kyiv thousand; That’s why we meet three boyars under three princes - all three [were] thousand. "Paki" in Russian Pravda it has the meaning of some opposition, limitation, reservation. 3. About murder. If they kill a princely boyar by attacking him with robbery, and the killers are not found, then a fine of 80 hryvnias will be paid by the society in whose district the murdered person will be raised; if he is a commoner, then a penalty of 40 hryvnia is paid. 4. What kind of society will begin to pay a wild (endemic) virus, will pay it as many years as it can, and pays it when there is no murderer present. If a murderer from the same society turns out to be present, then society either helps him, since he also paid for others according to the social calculation, or pays the general vira, that is, the payment according to the worldly calculation, of 40 hryvnia, and the golovnichestvo pays everything is the killer himself, contributing only his share to the virus according to the plan. But for a murderer who has invested in society’s virtual payments for others, society pays according to the plan only when he has clearly committed murder in a fight or at a feast. 5. About an attack by robbery without a quarrel. Whoever begins to attack by robbery without a quarrel, society does not pay a price for such a robber, but gives him over to the prince with everything, with his wife and children and property, for sale into slavery on someone else’s side. 6. Whoever has not contributed to the payment of the general tax for others, society does not help him in paying the tax for himself, but he alone pays it. Articles 3 to 6 present many difficulties despite the apparent simplicity of their presentation. These difficulties stem from the use of the codifier with which he began to present these articles. Having started talking about one thing, he remembered something else and immediately added what he remembered. So, for example, in the 4th article the codifier wants to determine the procedure for paying the public tax. As soon as the conversation began about the penalty from society, and not from the murderer, the compiler of Pravda remembered that society does not pay at once, but over several years. Along with this, the idea of ​​a murder from society with the participation of a murderer arose. I had to explain what wild vira means, when it was possible, etc. So in this 4th article a whole series of subordinate clauses appeared that obscured the meaning of the entire article. "Pay the price." Other lists read "virnoe", i.e. they mean vira, payment for the killed. Compare German. were, also complex wergeld. This is the fee charged for murder from the entire village. "Rope." Interpreters understand this term in the sense of a rural community, referring to the ancient custom of measuring the land with a rope. But after all, a city community that was not bound by communal land ownership was also called a rope, and what was the connection between the instrument for measuring land and the name of the community, what was the life on this land? Moreover, this word in the sense of the zemstvo community would have been found in our ancient monuments, except for the Russian Truth. The rope in Russian Pravda is not a rope, but the Serbian “varva” - a crowd (“vurvlenie” - heating). So, varva, verv - the same as the Little Russian “hulk”, “rural world”; but this meaning is not the original one. In Serbian monuments we find the word “vurvnik” - relative, among the Khorutans - matchmaker. So, the word “vurvnik” meant a member of the community, while the members of the community were related by blood, it was a tribal community. This explains the etymology of the word “rope”. The rope, of course, is an instrument of communication, but originally it meant a kinship union (soouz - ouzhik - relative). So, the point is not in the rope for measuring the earth, but in the original meaning in which the word “rope” was used. A rope is an alliance, a rope is an ally by kinship. In Russian Pravda this word “rope” was used not in its original, but in its derivative meaning, in the sense of the world, the community. So, the codifier of Russian Truth may have known what the human union was called in the South, but did not want to know what it was called in Rus'. So, the rope is a district, a community, a world; but which one - urban or rural? In the 21st article of the Academic List of Russian Pravda we read that Izyaslav took 80 hryvnia from the Dorogobuzh residents for the murder of his old groom. Dorogobuzh is a small town in the Kyiv land. This means that by rope here we mean the whole city or not the whole: it was an urban world or a community. If a murder was committed in the village, then the volost paid the viru. To judge the size of the rope, one can cite the instructions of the Novgorod Chronicle of 1209. The Novgorodians were angry with their mayor for his untruths, including the fact that he collected all sorts of taxes from merchants. This means that the merchants in Novgorod were a separate community - a rope. We know that in Novgorod there was a “merchant hundred”, which was the rope. The name vervi for an urban or rural society is not taken from the Russian language, but transferred from the Slavic South. Ancient Rus' knew the word "rope" as a rope, but not as a union. Interpreters of Russian Pravda therefore bring the word “rope” closer to the South Slavic scientific term "friend" South Slavic jurists, and from their words we also call it another union of several related families living together in one household, with common property. A zadruga consisted of several siblings or cousins, in general several lateral relatives, with their descendants. Thus, a friend differed from a family in the strict sense of the word; scientists called this last natural family - father and wife with children - in contrast to zadruga - a kindred partnership - "Inokostina". Both terms come from Serbian literature; but the Serbian people know neither zadruga nor inokoshtina. Zadruga, as a union of relatives living on a common household, is found in ancient South Slavic monuments, but with a different name. This union in one monument (in Dubrovnik) of the 13th century. called communitas fratrum simul habitantium. In Dushan's law, zadrug is given a different name. This lawyer determines the legal liability of relatives living together. In one article we read it: for every crime, brother is responsible for brother, father for son, relative for relative; those who are separated from the criminal, live in their own houses and did not participate in the crime, do not pay anything, except for the one who participated in the crime: he pays for him house (kukya). This article forces researchers to pose the question: is our rope a Serbian friend? But do the people of Dorogobuzh, which are discussed in the 21st article of the Academic List, represent the same thing as the Serbian house - Kukya? Why is there no mention of this rope either in the monuments contemporary to Pravda or in those that followed it? In the charter of the Smolensk prince Rostislav in 1150, the “virny tax” was collected from churchyards and cities, and a churchyard, like a city, is not a kinship union. Among the Serbs, responsibility for the crime fell on everyone living in home, but with us it could fall on a union structured completely differently. Our rope was not a forced union; if a member of the Serbian Houses refused the common vira, he would have to separate himself from the kinship union - Kuki, found his own special house: he cannot live in Kuki without paying for others; and with us it was possible to live in society without participating in public payments, as can be seen from further (after the third) articles of Russian Pravda. Bogisic recently proved that the Serbian family and the Zadruga are essentially one and the same; they differ only statistically, in the number of relatives-workers: a more extensive kinship union was called “kukya zadruzna”, a closer one - “kukya inokostna”. The Serbian family was not based on the legal principle of common family property, which was not considered the personal property of the father, and thus did not differ from zadruga, which was based on the persuasion of relatives to live together in one household. Until now, not the slightest trace of such a principle has been found in our monuments of ancient law. Starting with the Russian Pravda, the father, of course, is the owner of the family property, and this is clearly confirmed by the articles of the Russian Pravda on inheritance. This means that if there was no foundation, there could not be a building built on it; if there was no view of family property as the property of all family members, then there could be no family in the Serbian sense of the word. This explains the meaning of the word "rope". When a foreign codifier began to describe the Russian union, bound by responsibility for the crimes of its members, and did not find a suitable term, he remembered that in the South Slavic lands such a union is kukya. But this is one house, containing several families, whereas in Rus' it is a territorial union, covering several houses and even settlements. Moreover, kukya is a related union. This is probably what forced the codifier of Russian Pravda to call the Russian social union the Serbian term “rope”, which, containing the concept of kinship, perhaps already gave a vague idea of ​​the mass: “rope” in the Serbian language means both “rope” and "hulk". 4-- 5th articles. "Wild Veera" is explained as a penalty for an abandoned corpse, and the very word “wild” is derived from the Greek lack. verb "ἔδικον, undefined δικεῑν - throw. Then this term comes close to "divy" - "ἄγριος". But it is difficult to explain the comparison of the term "wild" in this meaning with the word "vira". The meaning of this expression is easier to explain by the original meaning of the word “wild.” A wild animal means an untamed animal, not domesticated, belonging to anyone who catches it. Wild is no one’s, common, not belonging to anyone in particular; , but on everyone; the wild penalty was paid in two cases: 1) it was caused by a murder, the culprit of which was not found; 2) it was caused by a murder, the culprit of which belonged to the society that paid the penalty and was known to it indirectly. , that in this last case the killer was not extradited, because he had previously participated in the payment of the wild vira (cf. Article 6). Instead of paying the wild vira, society sometimes bought off it with a certain amount. The existence of such a ransom in Russian times. The truth is confirmed by one remark in the letter of the Smolensk prince Rostislav in 1150. Listing the income from which the tithe went in favor of the bishop, the prince indicates in his list a district with an extremely strange income. This is Dedich, from whom the prince received tribute and 15 hryvnia. The proximity of the vira to the tribute shows that this is a direct and constant tax, which, together with the tribute, was not even equal to a simple vira. Here, probably, there is a vira in the sense of a ransom, for which the prince allowed the Dedichs to manage and judge criminal cases themselves. "Give it away and that's it"(5th article). Here by “total” we mean not only the family, but also the property of the robber. The words indicate this "flood and plunder" -- exile and confiscation. “Potochiti” - from “teku” - drive out, exile; plunder is the theft of someone else's property, committed according to the law, by a court verdict. In this sense, the word “robbery” was used in the language of Russian Pravda; it was not used then in the sense of taking away someone else's property with the knowledge of the owner and against his will. These terms of Russian Pravda fully correspond to the expression of one Norwegian law: De jure Norwegiс homicidium celans puniebatur et exilio et confiscationbonorum. 7. Here are the exact duties that were in place under Yaroslav. Give the vira collector 7 buckets of malt for a week, in addition, a lamb or weed meat, or 2 nogata (5 kunas) in money; on Wednesday - kuna and on cheese week - cheese; the same on Friday, on fasting days - 2 chickens per day; in addition, 7 baked breads for the whole week; 7 measures of millet, the same amount of peas, 7 heads of salt. All this goes to the vira collector and his assistant. They have four horses; Give them oats as much as they eat. In addition, from a vira of 40 hryvnia, the vira collector receives 8 hryvnia and 10 kunas of transfer money; and to the bailiff - 12 centuries and a grivna. 8. If the vira is 80 hryvnia, then the collector of the vira will receive 16 hryvnia and 10 kunas of transfer money and 12 vekosh - the bailiff, and at the first inquiry of the person - a hryvnia, at the very collection - 3 hryvnia. Transferable hryvnia. Fee for moving horses, for driving the official when traveling to collect the fee. Rough hryvnia. As is known, the closer called to court the witnesses who were referred to by the parties during the trial, receiving for this double runs against what he received for calling witnesses before the trial. But if the parties, having referred to witnesses during the trial, reconciled before they were called, then the closer, who was preparing to go for the witnesses, took (according to the Solovetsky charter of 1548) "abrasive", like a fee for the fact that he was in vain forced to sit on a horse and then get off it. Perhaps the bruising hryvnia had a similar meaning in Russkaya Pravda. This is the duty for the blizzard-closer in the case when he came on a murder case, which turned out to be not subject to payment of taxes (Cf. Article 15). 9. Headiness. For the murder of a prince's servant, or groom, or cook - 40 hryvnia. 10. For the prince's butler or groom - 80 hryvnia. 11. For the prince's rural and agricultural clerk - 12 hryvnia; for a princely hired worker - 5 hryvnia, the same for a boyar clerk and a hired worker. 12. For a craftsman and a craftswoman - 12 hryvnia. 13. For a commoner and a slave - 5 hryvnia, for a servant - 6 hryvnia. 14. For an uncle and a wet nurse - 12 hryvnia, whether they are slaves or free. 15. About murder without evidence. Whoever is accused of murder, without direct evidence, must present 7 witnesses who, under oath, will withdraw the accusation from the defendant; if the defendant is a Varangian or another foreigner, then two witnesses are sufficient. No fee is paid even when they find only bones or the corpse of a person about whom no one knows who he is or what his name was. 16. About payment for dismissal of murder charges. Whoever withdraws the charge of murder pays the investigator one hryvnia for the charge, and the prosecutor pays another hryvnia and 9 kuna for the charge of murder. 17. If the defendant, whom the plaintiff accuses of murder, begins to look for witnesses and does not find them, then order him to justify himself through a test with iron; in the same way in all similar cases of theft, when there is no direct evidence. To force the defendant to be tested with iron against his will, if the claim is not less than 1/2 hryvnia of gold; if it is less, but not less than 2 hryvnia kun, then test with water; if the claim is less than 2 hryvnia kun, then (the defendant or plaintiff) must take an oath for the money. Slander(Articles 15-17). Now this word means “vain accusation”, “slander”; in Old Russian, slander was an accusation based on suspicion without obvious evidence. In the absence of a “person”, or red-handed, the accusation had to be justified by circumstantial evidence. However, every claim should not yet be considered slander, although the word “claim” means “search for a person or red-handed” (hence - evidence); slander is a lawsuit based on suspicion without direct, obvious evidence. This term comes from the verb “rivet,” which first meant “to accuse,” and then “to accuse falsely.” But before the legal meaning of the verb “rivet” was used in the sense of “forge”, and the Russian language still knows this meaning (rivet). In an ancient translation of the 13th century. The words of Gregory the Theologian (11th century) we find many ancient Russian inserts. In one of them we find the following expression: “it is in vain that the forger forges silver.” This ancient meaning of the word also gives us its legal explanation. The prosecutor shackled the accused in irons, arrested him, or asked the judge to make an arrest. Arrest is the original legal meaning of the word “slander.” We find the same change of meaning in the Latin word “clausa”: “claudere” means “to forge”, “to arrest”; “clausula” is a request that ends the petition; “clausa” also means “legal cavil,” “slander.” Plaintiffs in Russian Pravda both parties are named - plaintiff and defendant; hence the expression “both plaintiffs” (“both plaintiffs”). Probably, this term comes from the word “isto” - capital and means litigants for a certain amount. Is it true- here of course in the sense of God's judgment as judicial evidence. The ancient Russian process of testing with hot iron is little known to us; more and more people talk about the test by water (the drowned man was justified). The easiest type of God's judgment was “rota,” that is, an oath. Claims of at least 1/2 hryvnia of gold were proven by testing with fire or a hot iron; claims from 1/4 hryvnia of gold to 2 hryvnia of kun were proven by water testing; claims below 2 hryvnia kun - company. Rumors- here are witnesses who represented one of the types of God's judgment. They were called in order to “bring a company” - with an oath to clear the defendant of the slander brought against him. Shelf. There is an article in Russkaya Pravda (article 99 according to the Trinity List) that sets out pomotnye taxes - “ourotsi judicial”. The lesson is a tax, a fixed amount, determined by law. And “whoever helps,” we read in this article, “pays 4 kuna.” This payment goes to the youth or snowman, i.e., the bailiff (assistant to the bailiff). So, there were lawsuits where someone who received help from the court paid; These are slanderous lawsuits. The assistance most likely consisted of summoning the defendant to trial and collecting evidence against him at the request of the plaintiff. This term survived until later times. In the acts of South-Western Rus' XV-XVI centuries. we find an indication that the plaintiff paid the assistant judge when the case was decided in his favor. If the defendant cleared himself, rejected the murder charge, then paid the bailiff "estimate" acquittal hryvnia. 18. Whoever strikes with a sword without drawing it, or with the hilt of a sword, pays 12 hryvnia of sale for this offense. 19. If he draws the sword, but does not hurt, then he pays a hryvnia kun. 20. Whoever hits someone with a stick, or a bowl, or a horn, or the blunt side of a sword, pays 12 hryvnia as a penalty. If the victim, unable to bear it, strikes the offender himself in revenge with a sword, this should not be blamed on him. 21. If someone cuts a hand so that the hand falls off or withers, or a leg is cut off, or an eye is gouged out, or a nose is cut off, he pays half a virya - 20 hryvnia, and the wounded person for the injury - 10 hryvnia. 22. Whoever cuts off a finger from someone pays 3 hryvnia as a penalty to the prince, and to the wounded person - a hryvnia of kun. 23. Battery trial. If a person comes to court covered in blood or bruises, then he does not need to present witnesses; the accused pays a penalty of 3 hryvnia. If there are no signs on the face, then he must present witnesses who are obliged to show in one word with the plaintiff; then the instigator pays 60 kuna to the plaintiff. If the plaintiff comes with signs of beatings, and witnesses appear who prove that he himself started the fight, then the beatings will be counted against him as the instigator. 24. Whoever hits someone with a sword, but does not kill him to death, pays 3 hryvnia as a penalty, and to the wounded - a hryvnia for the wound, and what else is needed for treatment. If he kills before death, he pays the virus. 25. If someone pushes another away from him, or pulls him towards him, or hits him in the face, or strikes him with a pole and two witnesses testify to this, the guilty person pays a penalty of 3 hryvnia; if the accused is a Varangian or a Kolbyan, then the full number of witnesses must be brought against them, who must take an oath. Full video(to article 25): vidoki - witnesses; here is a dual number, in a collective, collective sense, as in the 6th article - tiuna prince, i.e. tiunye princely. 26. About the slave. If a slave disappears and the owner reveals this at the auction and no one brings the slave until the third day, and the owner meets him on the third day, then he can directly take his slave, and whoever hid him will pay a three-hryvnia penalty. 27. Who will ride someone else's horse? Anyone who mounts someone else's horse without permission pays a penalty of 3 hryvnia. 28. Whoever loses a horse, weapon or clothing and reports it in the market and then identifies the missing item from someone in the vicinity of his own city, he directly takes his item and collects 3 hryvnia from the hider for the non-appearance of the item. Zaklych And commandment. The commandment is to appear in a claim, to publish a missing item. This appearance took place in the market, where the court was located; it was expressed in the term: “and they will call at the auction.” 29. Whoever, without appearing, finds what is missing from him, that is, stolen, a horse, clothes or cattle, do not say: “This is mine,” but tell the defendant: “Go to a confrontation, declare who you received it from.” , with that, stand face to face." Whoever is not justified, the guilt of theft will be transferred to him; then the plaintiff will take his due, and the defendant will pay him for what he suffered with the missing item. 30. If this is a horse thief, he should be handed over to the prince to be sold into slavery in a foreign land; if he stole from the barn, pay him 3 hryvnia as a penalty to the prince. 31. About confrontation. If, by reference to a confrontation, the defendants are residents of the same city as the plaintiff, the plaintiff will pursue the case until the last reference. If they refer to the inhabitants of the urban district, then the plaintiff pursues the case only up to the third reference, and the third defendant, having paid the plaintiff money for his thing, deals with this thing until the last reference, and the plaintiff waits for the end of the case, and when it comes to the last the defendant, he pays everything: additional compensation to the plaintiff, losses to the third defendant, and a fine to the prince. 32. About Tatba. Whoever buys anything stolen at the market - a horse, clothing or cattle - must bring two free witnesses or a customs collector to trial; if it turns out that he does not know from whom he bought the thing, those witnesses should take the oath for him, the plaintiff should take his thing, and the person who was missing with the thing should say goodbye, and the defendant should say goodbye to the money paid for it, because he did not knows who he bought the item from. If he later finds out who he bought it from, he will recover his money from this seller, who will pay both the owner of the item for what was missing with it and a fine to the prince. 33. About the slave. Whoever identifies his stolen slave and detains him must go with this slave until the third confrontation between the buyer and the seller; take his slave from the third defendant, and give him stolen goods - let him go with him to the last exile: after all, a slave is not cattle, you can’t say about him - “I don’t know who I bought it from,” but according to his testimony it should go to the last defendant and, when the last defendant is found, the stolen slave is returned to his owner, the third defendant takes his slave, and the culprit pays the losses to him. 34. The prince must pay a fine of 12 hryvnia for stealing a slave. 35. About confrontation. And from one urban district to another there cannot be a reference to a confrontation, but the defendant must present witnesses or the customs collector in whose presence he bought the stolen item. Then the plaintiff takes his thing, and he must say goodbye to everything else that he lost, and the defendant must say goodbye to the money paid for the thing. Vault(to articles 29-35). This word is explained as a way to ward off suspicion of theft. But in Article 29 we find an expression addressed to both litigants - “come down,” that is, come to a confrontation. This means that the meeting is a confrontation. The confrontation was carried out by referring the accused of theft to the one from whom he acquired the stolen item. This link led to a confrontation between the former and the latter. When the reference was justified, the second defendant, in turn, had to show from whom he acquired the stolen item, and if he indicated the seller, a secondary confrontation took place. So the collection continued until the defendant was no longer able to show from whom he acquired the thing. This last defendant was recognized as tatem. This whole process was called vaulting; but every moment of it, every confrontation was called a vault; hence the expressions - third arch, final arch. 36. About Tatba. Whoever is killed near a barn or at some other place of theft will not be punished for this, as for killing a dog; if they keep the thief alive until dawn, take him to the princely court - to court; if the thief turns out to be killed, and outsiders saw him tied up alive, then the killer pays a 12 hryvnia penalty for this. 37. If a thief is caught stealing cattle from a barn or something from a barn, a fine of 3 hryvnia and 30 kunas will be collected from that thief; if several thieves stole together, collect 3 hryvnias and 30 kunas from each. 38. About the found loss of livestock. If cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs were stolen in the field, the convicted thief pays 60 kunas as a penalty; if there were a lot of thieves, take 60 kunas from each. 39. If they steal sheaves from a threshing floor or milked bread from a pit, no matter how many thieves there are, take 3 hryvnias and 30 kunas a penalty from each. If the stolen property turns out to be present, the owner will take what is his and also exact 1/2 hryvnia from the thief for each year, if the stolen property (livestock) has been missing from the owner for a long time. "He died"(to article 39). This second half of the article hardly means what the first half says. After all, we are talking about rewarding the owner for the loss he suffered from the theft of an item, and about returning the latter as red-handed. But was it possible to look for the sheaves after a few years? What was meant here, of course, was cattle, as in Article 38, as was further discussed about it (Article 40). 40. If the stolen property is not available in cash, the plaintiff receives a fixed price instead: for a prince’s horse - 3 hryvnia, for a human horse - 2 hryvnia. 41. Lesson fee for stealing livestock. For a mare - 60 kunas, for an ox - hryvnia (50 kunas), for a cow - 40 kunas, for a three-year-old (mare or cow) - 30 kunas, for a two-year-old - 1/2 hryvnia (25 kunas), for a calf - 5 kunas, for a pig - 5 kunas, for a piglet - nogata, for a sheep - 5 kunas, for a ram - nogata, for an unridden stallion - 1 hryvnia kunas, for a foal -- 6 nogat, for cow's milk -- 6 nogat. At these agreed prices, the plaintiffs are paid for the stolen cattle instead of red-handed, when the thieves will be ordinary free people who pay a fine to the prince for the theft. 42. If the thieves are princely, boyar or monastic slaves, who are not punished with a penalty by the prince, because they are not free people, pay double the reward for slave theft. Using these articles (41-42), you can determine the market ratio of the hryvnia kuna to our rubles if you compare previous and current prices for livestock. I take the average prices of the southern provinces for 1882. The average price of a working horse this year is 55 rubles; the price of an ox [was] the same (55 rubles); a milk cow cost 43 rubles; They paid 3 rubles for a sheep. 50 kopecks At the price of horses, the hryvnia kun was equal to 46 rubles. [(55x50):60=45.82], at the price of oxen - 55 rubles, at the price of cows - 54 rubles, at the price of sheep - 43 rubles; the average figure is approximately 50 rubles. So, a simple check = 40x50 = 2000 of our rubles. 43. About a debt claim. If the creditor demands payment of the debt, and the debtor begins to lock himself up, the creditor is obliged to present witnesses who will take the oath, and then he will recover his money; and if the debtor has evaded payment for many years, he will pay another 3 hryvnia compensation for the losses caused to the lender. 44. If a merchant entrusts money to another for the purchase of goods or for trading from profit, then the guarantor should not collect his money through witnesses, the presence of witnesses is not required here, but let the defendant take an oath if he begins to deny the oath when transferring money for trading to another. , obviously, not the guarantor of the money, but the one who accepted it. It was a “partnership of faith” - one gave money to the other, and the law stood on the side of the one who provided the service. Otherwise strange abuses would arise; the law says: do not trust anyone who will deny himself the assignment he has accepted; and since this was a partnership of faith, there was no need for witnesses. So, in the 101st article of the Pskov Pravda we read: “And whoever has on whom to seek trade, or bail, or personal something, otherwise judge the will of the one on whom they are oozing (looking for.-- IN. K.), wants to climb into the field, or he will lay down the cross." This means that the one who received the assignment decided the case, and not the guarantor. The accused could go out to a duel with the guarantor or allow him to kiss the cross, which replaced the duel. Russian Truth is content with the oath of the one who received the assignment; This is not about a crime against the guarantor, but about the latter’s careless gullibility 45. On the transfer of property for storage. Whoever transfers his property to someone for safekeeping does not need witnesses; if the owner begins to look for more than what he gave, then the custodian of the property must take an oath, saying: “You only gave me so much, no more.” After all, the defendant did good to the plaintiff by burying his property. 46. About growth. Whoever gives money for interest, or honey for instruction, or bread for powder, is obliged to have witnesses; and as he persuaded, so should he grow. Res- interest on money lent for growth. "In a third"- by two to three, i.e. 50%. We find proof of this in the contractual letter between Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Serpukhovsky. According to this charter, the princes had to pay the Horde output, and the share of the appanage prince was equal to one third. “And if we stop paying tribute to the khan, then for me,” says the Grand Duke, “two lots of tribute, and for you – a third,” that is, the third lot. If so, then “third” in this case can be understood as third - to give money in interest for two or thirds; This means, for example, for every 2 hryvnia you had to pay a third, i.e. 50%. Payment on the 4th--5th=25%; by 5-6 = 20%, etc. This means that by the expression “a third” one cannot mean a third of capital, as some people think. Growth in ancient Rus' sometimes reached very large proportions: for example, in the 16th century we encountered weekly growth of more than 100% on an annual basis. 47. About monthly growth. The monthly increase for a short-term loan is taken by the lender by agreement: if the debt is not paid within a whole year, then calculate the increase from it by two to three (50%), and cancel the monthly increase. If there are no witnesses, and the debt does not exceed three hryvnia kunas, then the lender must go to the oath of his money; if the debt is more than three hryvnia kun, then tell the lender: “It’s your own fault that you got so rich - you gave the money without witnesses.” 48. Vladimir's Charter on Growth. After the death of Svyatopolk, Vladimir Vsevolodovich convened his squad in the village of Berestovo - the thousands of Ratibor of Kyiv, Prokopiy of Belogorodsky, Stanislav of Pereyaslavsky, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivan Chudinovich (boyar Oleg of Chernigov). At this congress it was decided: whoever borrowed money with the condition of paying an increase of two or three, should take such an increase only for 2 years and after that look only for capital; whoever took such growth for 3 years should not even look for capital itself. 49. Those who take ten kuna growth per hryvnia per year (40%), such growth is allowed for a long-term loan. 51. If a merchant who is already in debt to many, out of ignorance, is credited with goods by a non-resident or foreign merchant and he then begins to refuse to pay him, and during forced collection the “first creditors” begin to interfere with payment, such an insolvent debtor must be sold on the market and first of all pay the debt in full to the visiting merchant, and divide the rest among the native lenders; if (instead) the person sold ends up in debt to the treasury, then first pay the treasury debt in full and use the remainder for division; but a creditor who took high interest rates from the debtor should not be allowed to partition. 52. A worker who has been mortgaged for escaping from the owner becomes his complete slave. If he leaves to look for money, telling the owner about it, or runs away without asking to bring a complaint against the owner to the prince or to the court for an insult, then do not give him into captivity, but give him justice according to the law. 53. If an arable hireling loses his master's marching horse, he is not obliged to pay for it; If the hirer receiving the loan takes a plow and harrow from the owner, then for the loss (“A horse with a plow and a harrow in connection with the next article.”) he must pay for them (“Collection from purchase his weapon - that means [the purchaser] is not a yard worker, but [has] his own farm."): but he does not pay for the owner’s thing, taken by him, if it disappears without him, when the owner sends him to his work. 54. If they steal the owner’s cattle from the barn, the hirer is not responsible for it; if the cattle disappears from the hirer during the farm’s field work, or because he did not drive it into the yard and did not lock it up where the owner told him, or while the hiree was working. on his household - in all these cases he pays for the loss. 55. If in this case the owner offends the hirer, imposes an unfair penalty and sets too high a price for the missing thing, and in payment for it takes away from the hirer the loan given to him or his own. property, then according to the court he is obliged to return all this to the hirer, and to pay a penalty of 60 kunas for the offense. If he completely sells him as his complete slave, then he will hire him free from all debts, and the owner will pay 12 hryvnia as a penalty for the offense. If the owner beats a hireling for business, he is not responsible for it; if he beats him drunk, without knowing why, without guilt, then he must pay for the insult (of a hired man), as one pays for insulting a free man. 57. If a hireling steals something on the side, then his owner can do with him as he wants: maybe, when the thief is found, he can pay for the horse or something else he stole, and then take the hireling as a complete slave, and maybe sell him , if he does not want to pay for it, and then he must pay in advance for hiring someone else, be it a horse, an ox or some other thing, and take the remainder of the money received for the hire for himself. 97. Children of different fathers, but of one mother (who was behind two husbands) inherit what his father left to each. If the second husband squanders the property of the first, the father of his stepsons, then his son, after his death, must reward his half-brothers for the waste made by his father, as much as the witnesses show, and what then remains of his father’s inheritance, he owns. 105. But a fixed-term worker (given fixed-term work for a debt) is not a slave, and [he] should not be turned into a slave either for food or for a dowry (loan for work). If the worker does not complete his term, he is obliged to reward the owner for what he lent him; if he serves until his term, he pays nothing. 112. If someone buys someone else’s slave without knowing it, the real master must take his own slave, and the buyer must recover money from the master under oath that he bought the slave out of ignorance. If it turns out that he obviously bought someone else’s slave, then [he] loses his money.

Created around 1072. In the period from 1068 to 1072, the three sons of Yaroslav the Wise: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod - developed new legislation, which went down in history under the name “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”. This legislation significantly supplemented the old "Russian Truth", which no longer met the requirements of the development of society. The right of blood feud was no longer mentioned. Blood feud was replaced by fines. The new "Pravda" punished violations of property rights and personal safety of residents. The new law made an attempt to maintain internal order in the country and protect the property of wealthy people.

RUSSIAN TRUTH IN A BRIEF EDITION

1. If a husband kills his husband, then brother takes revenge on brother, or son on father, or son on brother, or son on sister; if no one takes revenge, then 40 hryvnia for the person killed.

If the person killed is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a snitch, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or from Slovenia, then 40 hryvnia must be paid for him.

2. If someone is beaten to the point of blood or bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness, but if there are no marks (of beatings) on him, then let him bring a witness, and if he cannot (bring a witness), then the matter is over. If (the victim) cannot take revenge for himself, then let him take 3 hryvnia from the perpetrator for the offense, and payment to the doctor.

3. If anyone hits someone with a stick, pole, palm, bowl, horn or the back of a weapon, pay 12 hryvnia. If the victim does not catch up with the one (the offender), then pay, and that’s the end of the matter.

4. If you hit with a sword without taking it out of its sheath, or with the hilt of a sword, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.

5. If he hits the hand and the hand falls off or withers, then 40 hryvnia, and if (he hits the leg) and the leg remains intact, but begins to limp, then the children (of the victim) take revenge. 6. If anyone cuts off any finger, he pays 3 hryvnia for the offense.

7. And for a mustache 12 hryvnia, for a beard 12 hryvnia.

8. If someone draws a sword and does not hit, then he pays a hryvnia.

9. If the husband pushes the husband away from him or towards himself - 3 hryvnia - if he brings two witnesses to the trial. And if it is a Varangian or a kolbyag, then he will be sworn in.

10. If a slave runs and hides with a Varangian or a kolbyag, and they do not bring him out within three days, but discover him on the third day, then the master will take away his slave, and 3 hryvnia for the offense.

11. If anyone rides someone else’s horse without asking, then pay 3 hryvnia.

12. If someone takes someone else’s horse, weapon or clothing, and the owner identifies the missing person in his community, then he should take what is his, and 3 hryvnia for the offense.

13. If someone recognizes (his missing thing) from someone, then he does not take it, do not tell him that it is mine, but tell him this: go to the vault where you took it. If he does not go, then let him (provide) a guarantor within 5 days.

14. If someone collects money from another, and he refuses, then he will go to court with 12 people. And if he, deceiving, did not give it back, then the plaintiff can (take) his money, and for the offense 3 hryvnia.

15. If someone, having identified a slave, wants to take him, then lead the slave’s master to the one from whom the slave was bought, and let him lead him to another seller, and when he reaches the third, then tell the third: give me your slave, and you look for your money in front of a witness.

16. If a slave hits a free husband and runs into the mansion of his master and he begins not to give him up, then take the slave and the master pays 12 hryvnia for him, and then, where the slave finds the hit man, let him beat him.

17. And if someone breaks a spear, shield, or spoils clothing, and the one who spoiled it wants to keep it for himself, then take it from him in money; and if the one who damaged it begins to insist (on the return of the damaged item), pay in money, how much the item is worth.

The truth laid down for the Russian land when the princes Izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav and their husbands Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor of Kiev, Chudin, Mikula gathered.

18. If a fireman is killed intentionally, then the killer will have to pay 80 hryvnia for him, but people don’t pay; and for the princely entrance 80 hryvnia.

19. And if a fireman is killed like a robber, and people do not look for the killer, then the vira is paid by the rope where the murdered person was found.

20. If they kill a fireman near a cage, near a horse, or near a herd, or when a cow is dying, then kill him like a dog; the same law applies to tiun.

21. And for the princely tiun 80 hryvnia, and for the senior groom of the herd also 80 hryvnia, as Izyaslav decreed when the Dorogobuzhites killed his groom.

22. For a princely village headman or a field headman, pay 12 hryvnia, and for a princely rank and file 5 hryvnia.

23. And for a killed scum or serf - 5 hryvnia.

24. If a slave-nurse or breadwinner is killed, then 12 hryvnia.

25. And for a princely horse, if it has a spot, 3 hryvnia, and for a stinking horse 2 hryvnia.

26. For a mare 60 kn, for an ox 40 kn, for a cow 40 kn, for a three-year-old cow 15 kn, for a one-year-old half a hryvnia, for a calf 5 kn, for a lamb nogat, for a ram nogat.

27. And if he takes away someone else’s slave or slave, then he pays 12 hryvnia for the offense.

28. If a husband comes bleeding or bruised, then he does not need to look for a witness. 46

29. And whoever steals a horse or an ox, or steals a cage, if he was alone, then he pays a hryvnia and is cut 30; if there were 10 of them, then each of them pays 3 hryvnia and 30 rez.

30. And for the prince’s side 3 hryvnia if they burn it or break it.

31. For torturing a stinker, without a princely command, for insult - 3 hryvnia.

32. And for a fireman, tiun or swordsman 12 hryvnia.

33. And whoever plows a field boundary or spoils a boundary sign, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.

34. And whoever steals a rook, then pay 30 rezan (to the owner) for the rook and 60 rezan for the sale.

35. And for a pigeon and chicken 9 kunas.

36. And for a duck, goose, crane and swan you pay 30 rez, and 60 rez for sales.

37. And if someone else’s dog, or hawk, or falcon is stolen, then 3 hryvnia for the offense.

38. If they kill a thief in their yard, or at a cage, or at a stable, then he is killed, but if the thief is kept until dawn, then bring him to the prince’s court, and if he is killed, and people saw the thief tied up, then pay him .

39. If hay is stolen, then pay 9 kunas, and for firewood 9 kunas.

40. If a sheep, or a goat, or a pig is stolen, and 10 thieves steal one sheep, let each one pay 60 rez for the sale.

41. And the one who captured the thief receives 10 rez, from 3 hryvnia to the swordsman 15 kunas, for a tithe 15 kunas, and to the prince 3 hryvnias. And out of 12 hryvnias, the one who caught the thief gets 70 kunas, and for the tithe, 2 hryvnias, and the prince gets 10 hryvnias.

42. And here is the virnica rule: for the virnik, take 7 buckets of malt for a week, also a lamb or half a carcass of meat, or 2 nogata, and on Wednesday, cut for three cheeses, on Friday the same. same; and as much bread and millet as they can eat, and two chickens per day. And put 4 horses and give them as much food as they can eat. And take 60 hryvnia for the virnik and 10 rez and 12 vereveritsa, and first the hryvnia. And if fasting happens, give the virnik fish, and take him 7 rez for the fish. All that money is 15 kunas per week, and they can give as much flour as they can eat until the virniks collect the virins. Here's Yaroslav's charter for you.

43. And here is the rule for bridge workers: if they pave a bridge, then take a nogat for the work, and from each abutment of the bridge one nogat; if the dilapidated bridge is repaired by several daughters, 3, 4 or 5, then the same.

(Tikhomirov M.N. A manual for the study of Russian Pravda M., 1953. P. 75-86.)

Introductory article by M.B. Sverdlova

RUSSIAN PRAVDA (BRIEF EDITION)
The short edition of the Russian Pravda (hereinafter - KP) is one of the most ancient surviving monuments of writing of Kievan Rus, and the so-called Yaroslav's Pravda contained in it is apparently the oldest monument of the secular literary language of the Old Russian period.
KP - a set of laws of the first half of the 11th century, published at different times (hereinafter the conclusions of the book are presented: Sverdlov M. B. From the Russian Law to the Russian Pravda. M., 1988).
In Rus' IX-X centuries. the creation of written law lagged significantly behind the development of statehood. As a result of the campaigns of princes Oleg, Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir, a huge state was formed in Eastern Europe - from Ladoga to the Middle Dnieper, from Galicia and Volyn to the Volga-Oka interfluve. Rus' at this time pursued an active foreign policy and concluded interstate treaties (Pashuto V. T. Foreign Policy of Ancient Rus'. M., 1968, pp. 21-142; Sakharov A. N. Diplomacy of Ancient Rus': IX - first half of the X century. M., 1980; Diplomacy of Svyatoslav. Old Russian statehood developed. There was public power in the form of the grand ducal dynasty of Rurikovich. Tribal princes were in the first half of the 10th century. in vassal dependence (“at hand”) of the Kyiv great princes, and in the middle of this century the tribal division was replaced by territorial division - according to graveyards and cities with volosts. There was also a Russian Law, which guided the great Kyiv princes in judicial practice. Its norms were taken into account when drawing up the Russian-Byzantine treaties of 911 and 944. The Russian Law in the composition of its norms and their content went back to the tribal period, possibly to the tribes of the Middle Dnieper region of the 8th - first half of the 9th century. It developed in the 10th century. into a complex source of law. But the Russian Law existed, probably in oral form (the path of development of the Truths among the Germanic and Scandinavian tribes was similar). With the adoption of Christianity as the state religion in Rus' and with the spread of the Cyrillic alphabet, it became possible to write down the existing system of legislative norms - Pravda.
The reason for such a recording was a specific case - the conflict between the Novgorodians and the Varangians and the legal settlement of their relations by Yaroslav Svyatoslavich in 1015-1016. When compiling the so-called Pravda Yaroslav, or the Most Ancient Pravda (Articles 1-17 KP), those norms were chosen from the already existing legal system (about murder, blows, mutilations, violation of property rights, flight of dependent people) that were necessary to achieve the goal publication of this first written law book. Hence the limited normative composition of the articles of the so-called Yaroslav Pravda, or the Most Ancient Truth, and their partial editing as applied to the Varangians and Kolbyagi.
The next stage in the development of ancient Russian secular law was the publication of the so-called Yaroslavich Pravda, or Domain Charter (Articles 19-41 KP). Most of its norms were borrowed from the oral system of law, which continued to be used, but as part of the Domain Charter, these norms changed and limited their function in relation to the legal protection of the princely lordly economy. The vast majority of researchers believe that the so-called Yaroslavich Truth, or Domain Charter, was published, as follows from the contents of Art. 19 KP, Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavich after the death of their father. However, as follows from the textual analysis of the KP and the Long Edition of the Russian Pravda (hereinafter - PP), the legislative activity of the brothers took place during the life of their father (Stratonov I.A. On the issue of the composition and origin of the Brief Edition of the Russian Pravda. Kazan, 1920. Department ot.; Zimin A. A. On the history of the text of the Brief edition of the Russian Pravda. - Proceedings of the Moscow State Historical and Archival Institute, vol. 7, M., 1954) or the Domain Charter was published under Yaroslav the Wise, the current title (art. 19 KP) appeared in the text erroneously, and the joint legislative activity of the Yaroslavichs was limited to the prohibition of blood feud (Sverdlov M.B. From Russian Law to Russian Truth, pp. 21-30).
The Communist Party also includes “pokon virny” - a law issued by Yaroslav the Wise regulating the time and food of virnik during the collection of vira - a fine for killing a free person. A special article was made up of a “lesson” (resolution) for bridge workers - payment for the repair of a bridge or pavement.
The combination in a single code of laws that differ in purpose and time of origin, the subsequent inclusion of this code by ancient Russian jurists in the PP and its name “Court of Yaroslavl Volodymerich” suggests that the CP was the first codification of secular written law and it was carried out before the death of Yaroslav the Wise.
Back in the 18th century. V.N. Tatishchev and I.N. Boltin assumed the origin of the norms of the Communist Party in the ancient period, before the 10th-11th centuries. In the literature of the 19th century. this question was concretized in establishing the genesis of Russian Truth from legal custom or state law. In the 50-70s of our century, the connections of Russian Pravda with previous norms in customary law and Russian Law were studied in detail by L. V. Cherepnin and A. A. Zimin. The opposite approach - the approval of state legal innovations - was developed by S. V. Yushkov, who absolutized state rule-making.
In studies of the 18th - early 20th centuries. the traditional and correct division of the KP into the Truth of Yaroslav, or the Most Ancient Truth and the Truth of the Yaroslavichs, or the Domain Charter was established (the German scientist L. K. Goetz made a great contribution to the positive development of the history of the text of the KP at the beginning of the 20th century). This division, but with even greater differences in dating and in determining the place of publication of its component parts, was preserved in the literature of the 20-80s of our century: Yaroslav's Truth, or the Most Ancient Truth and the Yaroslavich Truth, or the Domain Charter - respectively - the 30s years of the 11th century and 1072 (M.N. Tikhomirov, S.V. Yushkov) or 1015-1016, 70s of the 11th century. (B. D. Grekov, A. A. Zimin, L. V. Cherepnin, B. A. Rybakov and others) (opinions of I. A. Stratonov, A. A. Zimin, M. B. Sverdlov on the publication of norms like this called the Truth of the Yaroslavichs, or the Charter of the Yaroslavichs during the life of Yaroslav the Wise, see above). However, a significant drawback of the study of Russian Pravda in the 40-80s was the opinion about direct and strict connections between social relations and the content of Russian Pravda (S.V. Yushkov, M.N. Tikhomirov, A.A. Zimin, L.V. Cherepnin) without taking into account the relative independence of the pace and content of the development of law and at the same time without taking into account the traditional nature of its legal and literary expression as a consequence of the special significance of tradition in the medieval mentality.
The KP was preserved in two lists from the mid-15th century. as part of the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition: Academic list and Archaeographic (Commission) list. V.P. Lyubimov noted when describing them that the Academic list is more correct, although it notes the damage of some words. The archaeographic list has a significant number of damaged places (Russian Truth. Prepared for publication by V. P. Lyubimov, N. F. Lavrov, M. N. Tikhomirov, G. L. Geyermans and G. E. Kochin. Edited by B. D. . Grekova. M.-L., 1940, vol. I. Texts, p. 32). Therefore, the publication is based on the Academic List with indications of discrepancies in the Archaeographic List.
The best scientific publication of KP: Russian Truth. T.I.S. 67-81. It became the basis for subsequent scientific publications. We also publish CP for this publication. The texts were verified with their facsimile reproductions: Russian Truth. Under the general editorship of B. D. Grekov, vol. III. M., 1963, p. 12-20, 24-29.
RUSSIAN PRAVDA (EXTENSIVE EDITION)
The traditional name - Long edition of Russian Pravda (hereinafter referred to as PP) - is misleading. In combination with another traditional name - the Brief edition of the Russian Pravda (hereinafter - KP) - it leads to the opinion that there was a certain legal monument - the Russian Truth, which had two editions, short and lengthy. But that's not true. The PP was a set of laws and represented the second codification of written Russian law. Old Russian jurists included in its composition laws that were different in time and origin. Among them was the Communist Party (Sverdlov M.B. From the Russian Law to the Russian Pravda. M., 1988, pp. 106-170). Thus, KP and PP are two different monuments of legal thought and ancient Russian writing.
Researchers dated the creation of the PP in different ways and with significant differences in interpretation, from the first third of the 12th century. (most researchers) until the beginning of the 13th century. (N. L. Duvernois, S. V. Vedrov, V. O. Klyuchevsky, M. N. Tikhomirov, L. V. Cherepnin, Ya. N. Shchapov and others). The first opinion seems correct. The PP was probably published during the Kiev great reign of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113-1125) or Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great (1125-1132). Later, during the period of the political collapse of Kievan Rus into many independent principalities, such an all-Russian codification of written law was impossible. This vault was executed so successfully that until the end of the 15th century. it was used as a source of secular law (Zimin A.A. Traditions of Russian Truth in North-Eastern Rus' in the XIV-XV centuries - Studies on the history and historiography of feudalism: on the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician B.D. Grekov. M. , 1982).
The PP is written in an excellent literary Old Russian language without dialectisms. At the same time, it is a remarkable and as yet unappreciated literary work. With the laconicism characteristic of medieval realism, the PP sets out a variety of life situations in connection with offenses, in connection with relations of dominance and subordination, in connection with debt and inheritance, judicial investigative procedures, and so on. The literary formulations of legal norms are presented in different ways, from lapidary clichés to detailed presentation. The text includes direct speech, which also gives the PP stylistic variety.
During the long period of practical use of PP in the XII-XV centuries. her text evolved. V.P. Lyubimov proved that the lists of PP are divided into three groups: Synodal-Troitsk, Pushkin and Karamzin, which are divided into types. The Synodal-Troitsk group is closest to the archetype, while other groups are later in origin and contain additional articles (Pravda Russkaya, vol. I. M.-L., 1940, pp. 34-54). Therefore, the text is published according to the most correct Trinity I list (XIV century), which belongs to the Synodal-Trinity group of lists.
The best edition of PP: Russian Truth, vol. I, p. 89-457. The published text of the Trinity I list was verified with its facsimile reproduction: Russian Pravda, vol. III, M. 1963, p. 43-67.

Brief edition
RUSSIAN TRUTH

1. If a man kills a man, then take revenge on a brother for a brother, or a son for a father, or a father for a son, or a brother’s son, or a sister’s son; if someone does not take revenge, then the prince receives 40 hryvnia for the person killed; if it is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a Yabetnik, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or Slovenia, then assign 40 hryvnia for him.
2. Or whoever is beaten to the point of blood or bruises, then do not look for a witness for this person; if there is no sign of blows on it, then let a witness come to trial; if he can’t come, then that’s the end of the matter; if someone cannot take revenge for himself, then take the prince 3 hryvnia for the offense and payment to the doctor.
3. If someone hits someone with a stick, or a pole, or a fist, or a bowl, or a horn, or a butt, then pay 12 hryvnia; if this culprit is not caught for immediate revenge, then he must pay, and that’s the end of the matter.
4. If someone hits with a sword without taking it out of its sheath, or with the hilt, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.
5. If he hits his hand with a sword and the hand falls off or shrivels, then 40 hryvnia.
6. If after a blow to the leg the leg remains intact or the victim begins to limp, then the children should be kept from taking revenge.
7. If someone is hit on the finger, then 3 hryvnia for the offense.
8. And for a mustache 12 hryvnia and for a beard 12 hryvnia.
9. If someone draws a sword and does not hit, then he pays a hryvnia.
10. If a person pushes a person away from himself or towards himself, then 3 hryvnia, and let the victim bring two witnesses to the trial; if the victim is a Varangian or a kolbyag, then let him swear himself.
11. If a servant hides with either a Varangian or a kolbyag, and they do not take him out within three days, but they find him at least on the third day, then he [the master] should take his servant, and 3 hryvnias for the offense.
12. If anyone rides someone else’s horse without permission, then pay a fine of 3 hryvnia.
13. If someone takes someone else’s horse, or weapon, or clothing, and the owner recognizes it as his own, then he should take what is his, and 3 hryvnia for the offense.
14. If someone identifies something stolen, then he does not take it, and he should not say to the one who has the identified item: “Mine,” but he will say to him this way: “Go to the vault where you took it.” If he doesn’t go, then let him present a guarantor that he will go to the vault within five days.
15. If somewhere they are collecting a debt from another, and he begins to refuse, then he should be punished in front of 12 people; and if it turns out that he unfairly did not give it to him, then the plaintiff must receive his money, and for the offense a fine of 3 hryvnia.
16. If someone wants to take away a servant, identifying him as his own, then at the vault lead him to the one from whom this last gentleman bought, and he will be taken to the next one until they reach the third; then let him say to the third: “Give me your servant, and collect your money in front of a witness.”
17. If a slave hits a free man and runs away to the master’s house, and the master does not hand him over, then the slave is taken to the master, and let the master pay 12 hryvnia for him, and after that, where that hit man meets him, let him kill him.
18. And if someone breaks a spear or shield, or damages clothing and wants him [the owner] to keep it, then take money from him [the culprit]; but if the one who broke it wants to buy it, then let him pay in money as much as the master paid for it.
The truth established on the Russian land when Izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor of Kiev, Chudin, Mikula gathered.
19. If a fireman is killed for an offense, then the killer pays 80 hryvnia for him, but people don’t have to; and for the princely entrance 80 hryvnia.
20. And if a fireman is killed in a robbery, and people do not look for the killer, then the vira is paid to the rope where the murdered man lies.
21. If a fireman is killed near a cage, or from a horse, or from a bull, or while stealing a cow, then kill the killer like a dog. And the same law applies to tiun.
22. And for the princely tiun 80 hryvnia.
23. And for the senior groom of the herd, 80 hryvnia, as Izyaslav decreed for his groom when the Dorogobuzhites killed him.
24. And for the princely village headman and for the headman who supervises the arable work, 12 hryvnia.
25. And for a princely rank and file 5 hryvnia.
26. And for the stinker and for the serf 5 hryvnia.
27. If the robe is a nurse or breadwinner, 12 hryvnia.
28. And for a princely horse, if it has a brand, 3 hryvnia, and for a stinking horse 2 hryvnia, for a mare 60 hryvnia, and for an ox 40 hryvnia, and for a three-year-old 15 kn, and for a yearling half a hryvnia, and 5 cuts per calf, nogat lamb, nogat ram.
29. And if someone takes away someone else’s slave or robe, then pay him 12 hryvnia for the offense.
30. If a person comes bloodied or bruised, do not look for witnesses for him.
31. And if someone steals a horse, or oxen, or robs a cage, then, if one stole, then pay him a hryvnia and thirty cuts; if there are 18 of them, then pay each person three hryvnias and 30 rez.
32. And for the princely side 3 hryvnia if it is burned or bees and honeycombs are pulled out.
33. If the smerda is tortured, but without the prince’s command, then 3 hryvnia for the offense; and for torturing a fireman, a tiun or a swordsman - 12 hryvnia.
34. And if someone plows a boundary or makes a boundary mark, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.
35. And if he steals a rook, then the owner will pay 30 rez for the rook, and the prince will be fined 60 rez.
36. And for a pigeon and a chicken 9 kunas, and for a duck, goose, crane, swan 30 cut, and the fine for the prince is 60 cut.
37. And if someone else’s dog, or hawk, or falcon is stolen, then 3 hryvnia for the offense.
38. If they kill a thief in their yard, or at a cage, or at a stable, then so be it; if they hold him until dawn, then lead him to the princely court; and if they kill him, but people saw that he was tied up, then pay for him.
39. If the hay is stolen, then 9 kunas; and for firewood 9 kn.
40. If a sheep, or a goat, or a pig is stolen, and 10 people stole one sheep, then let them pay a fine of 60 cuts to the prince, and whoever caught the thieves will receive 10 cuts.
41. And from a hryvnia to a swordsman a kuna, and for a tithe 15 kunas, and to a prince 3 hryvnias; and out of 12 hryvnias he gets 70 kunas, and in tithes 2 hryvnias, and the prince 10 hryvnias.
42. And this is the law when collecting vira: for the vira, take 7 buckets of malt for a week, as well as a lamb or half a carcass of beef, or two legs; and on Wednesday sliced ​​​​or cheeses, on Friday the same, and as much bread and millet as they can eat; and for a virnik 60 hryvnia and 10 rezan and 12 virnitsa, and upon entry a hryvnia, and if you have to feed fish during fasting, then count 7 rezan as fish; Thus, all kunas are 15 for a week, and as much bread as they can eat; let the vira growers collect the vira for no more than a week. This is the decree of Yaroslav.
43. And this is a decree for bridge workers: if they lay a bridge, then take a nogat for the work, and a nogat for the city; if at the old bridge you need to repair several boards, 3, 4 or 5, then take the same amount.

Long edition
RUSSIAN PRAVDA (Long edition)
COURT OF YAROSLAV VLADIMIROVICH. RUSSIAN TRUTH.

1. If the husband kills the husband, then take revenge on brother for brother, or on father, or on son, or on cousin, or on brother’s son; if none [of them] will take revenge for him, then assign 80 hryvnia for the murdered man, if he is a prince’s husband or a prince’s thiun; if he is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a boyar tyun, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or from Slovenia, then assign 40 hryvnia for him.
2. After the death of Yaroslav, having gathered again, his sons, Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, and their husbands, Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nikifor, abolished revenge for the murdered man, replacing it with ransom in money; and everything else - as Yaroslav judged, so his sons established.
3. About murder. If someone kills the prince's husband in robbery, and they are not looking for the killer, then a vira of 80 hryvnia is paid to the rope where the murdered man lies, but if a simple free person, then 40 hryvnia.
4. If any rope will pay wild vira (Note: collective payment of vira for someone else’s guilt), let him pay that vira for as long as he will pay, because they pay without the criminal.
5. If the criminal is a member of their band, then in this case help [community members] the criminal, since he previously helped them [pay the band]; if you [pay] wild vira, then pay them all together 40 hryvnia, and for the crime pay the criminal himself, and from the joint payment of 40 hryvnia pay him his part.
6. But if [someone] killed openly, during a quarrel or at a feast, then now he will be paid along with the rope, since he also invests in the virus.
7. If [someone] commits murder without reason. [If someone] committed a murder without any quarrel, then people do not pay for the murderer, but let them hand him over with his wife and children to exile and plunder.
8. If someone does not invest in wild virus, people do not help him, but he pays himself.
9. And these are the virny decrees that were under Yaroslav: the virnik should take 7 buckets of malt for a week, as well as a lamb or half a carcass of beef, or 2 nogat; and on Wednesday kuna or cheese, on Friday the same amount, two chickens for him per day, and 7 loaves for the week, and 7 harvests of millet, and 7 harvests of peas, and 7 golvazhen salts; all this is for the virnik with the youth, and they keep four horses, for each horse they give oats: the virnik - 8 hryvnia, and 10 kunas - the transfer [to give], and the snowstorm - 12 veksh, and also a shady hryvnia.
10. About viruses. If the vira is 80 hryvnia, then the virnik is 16 hryvnia and 10 kuna and 12 veksh, and previously - a slaughtered hryvnia, and for the killed - 3 hryvnia.
11. About the princely youth. If for a princely youth, or for a groom, or for a cook, then [vira] 40 hryvnia.
12. And for the fire tiun and for the groom - 80 hryvnia.
13. And for the tiun of a princely villager or one in charge of arable work - 12 hryvnia.
14. And for a rower - 5 hryvnia. The same amount for a boyar [ryadovich].
15. About the artisan and the artisan. And for a craftsman and a craftswoman - 12 hryvnia.
16. And for a stinker and a serf 5 hryvnia, and for a robe - 6 hryvnia.
17. And for the breadwinner 12 hryvnia, the same for the wet nurse, although it will be a slave or a robe.
18. About the unproven charge of murder. If there is an unproven charge of murder against someone, then present 7 witnesses so that they will deflect the accusation; if [the accused] is a Varangian or some other [foreigner], then present two witnesses.
19. But for the remains and for the dead person, if his name is not known and he is unknown, then the rope does not pay.
20. If the murder charge is dropped. And if someone withdraws the charge of murder, then he gives the youth a hryvnia kun for acquittal; and whoever accused him without proof, then give him another hryvnia, and for help in dismissing the charge of murder, 9 kunas.
21. If they are looking for a witness and do not find him, and the plaintiff is accused of murder, then judge them by testing with iron.
22. Likewise in all court cases, about theft and slander, if there is no red-handed action, and the claim is not less than half a hryvnia of gold, then the defendant must be forced to be tested with iron; if the claim is less significant, then to trial by water; if up to two hryvnias or less, then he must take a judicial oath in relation to his kunas.
23. If someone strikes with a sword. If someone strikes with a sword without drawing it, or with the hilt, then a 12 hryvnia fine in favor of the prince for the offense.
24. If, having drawn out the sword, he does not strike, then the hryvnia is kun.
25. If someone hits someone with a batog, or a bowl, or a horn, or the back of a weapon, then 12 hryvnia.
26. If someone, unable to resist, strikes with a sword the one who struck the blow, then he is not to blame for this.
27. If he cuts his hand and the arm falls off or shrivels, or a leg, or an eye or nose is damaged, then half a vira is 20 hryvnia, and the victim for the injury is 10 hryvnia.
28. If any finger is damaged, the prince will be fined 3 hryvnia, and the victim will be fined one hryvnia kun.
29. If a bloody person comes. If a person comes to the [prince’s] courtyard, bloodied or beaten to the point of bruises, then do not look for witnesses for him, but pay him [the culprit] a fine of 3 hryvnia to the prince; if there are no signs of beatings, then bring him a witness in accordance with the words of his testimony; and whoever started the fight must be paid 60 kunas, even if a bloody [person] comes, but he himself started it, and witnesses come, then he must be paid for it, even though he was beaten.
30. If [someone] hits with a sword, but is not hacked to death, then 3 hryvnia, and the [victim] himself has a hryvnia for the wound for treatment; if he is hacked to death, then pay the viru.
31. If a person pushes a person towards him or away from him, or hits him in the face, or hits him with a pole, and two witnesses are presented, then a fine of 3 hryvnias to the prince; if there is a Varangian or a kolbyag, then bring the full number of witnesses [also two] to the court and let them take the judicial oath.
32. About servants. If the servant disappears and is announced at the auction, but is not returned within 3 days, then if he is identified on the third day, [the master] should take back his servant, and that [the concealer] should pay a fine of 3 hryvnia to the prince.
33. If someone mounts someone else's horse. If someone sits on someone else’s horse without asking, then 3 hryvnia.
34. If someone’s horse, weapon or clothing disappears and he announces it at the auction, and then recognizes the loss in his city, then take what he has and pay him 3 hryvnia for the damage.
35. If someone recognizes something that is lost or stolen from him, or a horse, or clothing, or cattle, then do not say to the person [from whom the loss was discovered]: “This is mine,” but go to the vault where he took it, let him if [the parties to the transaction] come together and find out who is to blame, he will be charged with theft; then the plaintiff will take his, and what was lost along with it, the guilty party will pay him; if there is a horse thief, then hand him over to the prince for exile; if a thief robbed a cage, then he should be paid 3 hryvnia.
36. About the vault. If there is [a code] in one city, then the plaintiff must go to the end of this code; if there is a code for [different] lands, then it should go to the third code; and in relation to the cash [stolen] thing, then the third [defendant] should pay money for the cash thing, and with the cash thing go to the end of the arch, and let the plaintiff wait for the rest [of the missing], and where they find the last [according to the arch], then he pay for everything and fine the prince.
37. About theft. If [someone] bought something stolen at a trade, or a horse, or clothing, or cattle, then let him bring two free men or a trade tax collector as witnesses; if he does not know from whom he bought it, then let those witnesses take a judicial oath in his favor, and let the plaintiff take his stolen property; and what was lost along with this, he will only regret about it, and the defendant will regret his money, since he does not know from whom he bought the stolen goods; If later the defendant identifies who he bought it from, then let him take his money from him, and let him pay [for everything] that he [the defendant] lost, and the prince a fine.
38. If someone identifies [his] servants. If someone recognizes his stolen servant and returns it, then he must lead him through monetary transactions to the third vault and take the servant from the third defendant instead of his own, and give him the identified one: let him go to the last vault, because he is not cattle, you cannot tell him : “I don’t know who I bought it from,” but follow the servant’s testimony to the end; and when the true thief is identified, then again return the stolen servants to the master, and take the third defendant his own, and pay the same thief for the damage [to the plaintiff], and pay the prince 12 hryvnias for the theft of the servants.
39. About the vault. And from one’s own city to a foreign land there is no code, but also to present to [the defendant] witnesses or the tax collector before whom the purchase was made, and to the plaintiff to take the cash, and only regret the rest that was lost with him, and to the one who bought the stolen goods , regret your money.
40. About theft. If someone is killed at the cage or during any other theft, then he can be killed like a dog; if they hold him until dawn, then lead him to the princely court; if they kill him, and people saw him already tied up, then pay 12 hryvnia for him.
41. If someone steals cattle in a barn or cage, then if one [stole], then pay him 3 hryvnia and 30 kuna; if there are a lot of them [stolen], then everyone should pay 3 hryvnia and 30 kuna.
42. About theft. If he puts cattle in the field, or sheep, or goats, or pigs, then 60 kunas; if there are a lot of thieves, then everyone will receive 60 kunas.
43. If he steals on a threshing floor or grain in a pit, then how many of them were stolen, everyone gets 3 hryvnias and 30 kunas.
44. And whoever has [what] is missing, but is [discovered] in stock, let him take it in cash, and for [every] year let him take half a hryvnia.
45. If there is no cash, and it was a prince’s horse, then pay 3 hryvnia for it, and 2 hryvnia for others.
And this is a decree about livestock. For a mare - 60 kunas, and for an ox - hryvnia, and for a cow - 40 kunas, and for a three-year-old - 30 kunas, for a one-year-old - half a hryvnia, for a calf - 5 kunas, for a pig - 5 kunas, and for a piglet - nogata, for for a sheep - 5 kunas, for a ram - nogat, and for a stallion, if it is not broken - hryvnia kuns, for a foal - 6 nogat, for cow's milk - 6 nogat; This is a decree for smerds if they pay a fine to the prince.
46. ​​If the thieves turn out to be slaves, then the court is princely. If the thieves turn out to be slaves, or princely, or boyars, or belonging to monks, then the prince will not punish them with a fine, because they are not free, but let [their master] pay double to the plaintiff for the damage.
47. If anyone demands money [from someone]. If someone demands money from another, and he refuses, then if [the plaintiff] puts forward witnesses against him, and they take a judicial oath, then let him take his money; and since [the defendant] did not give him the money for many years, then pay him 3 hryvnia for damages.
48. If a merchant gives money to another merchant for local trade transactions or for long-distance trade, then the merchant does not need to present the money in front of witnesses, he does not need witnesses [at trial], but he must go to the court oath himself if [the defendant] will be locked.
49. About goods given for storage. If someone puts goods into storage with someone, then a witness is not needed, but if [the one who put the goods in storage] begins to unreasonably demand more, then take a judicial oath to the one who had the goods in storage [and let him say]: “You I put exactly that much [but no more],” because he was his benefactor and kept his goods.
50. About interest. If someone gives money at interest, or honey with a return in an increased amount, or grain with a return with an extra charge, then he should present witnesses: as agreed, he will receive it.
51. About monthly interest. And he [the creditor] should take the monthly interest if they [agreed] on a short [term]; if the money is not paid on time, then they give him the money in a third, and refuse the monthly interest.
52. If there are no witnesses, and [the debt] amounts to 3 hryvnia kun, then he should go to the court oath [with a claim] with his own money; if [the debt was] a large amount, then tell him this: “It’s your own fault for lending without witnesses.”
53. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich. And this was decided by Vladimir Vsevolodovich after the death of Svyatopolk, convening his squad in Berestovo: Ratibor, the Kyiv thousand, Procopius, the Belgorod thousand, Stanislav, the Pereyaslav thousand, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivanko Chudinovich, Oleg’s husband, and decided that [the debt] would be collected from interest for two and a third, if [the debtor] takes the money for a third; if someone takes interest twice, then he must take the debt itself; if he takes interest three times, then he will not take on the debt itself.
If someone charges 10 kuna per hryvnia per year, then this should not be prohibited.
54. If any merchant is shipwrecked. If any merchant, having gone somewhere with other people's money, suffers a shipwreck, or is attacked, or suffers from fire, then do not do violence to him, do not sell him; but if he begins to repay the debt, then let him pay it, for this destruction is from God, and he is not to blame; If he gets drunk, or makes a bet [bet], or foolishly damages someone else’s goods, then let it be as those whose goods it is want: whether they wait until he pays, that’s their right; whether they sell it, that’s theirs. right.
55. About debt. If someone owes a lot, and a merchant or a stranger who came from another city, without knowing it, entrusts him with his goods, and [he] begins not to return the money to the guest, and the first creditors begin to hinder him by not giving him money, then lead auction it, sell [it] along with the property, and first of all give the money to someone else’s merchant, and let them divide the money that remains to their own; if there is princely money, then give the princely money first, and the rest as a division; if someone has [already] charged a lot of interest, then he should not take [his share of the debt].
56. If the purchase runs. If the purchase runs away from the master, then it becomes a complete [slave]; if he leaves in search of money, but leaves openly, or runs to the prince or to the judges because of insults to his master, then for this he will not be turned into a slave, but given [princely] justice.
57. About the purchase. If the master has a purchase of arable land, and he destroys his horse, then [the master] does not have to pay him, but if the master gave him a plow and a harrow and takes a purchase from him, then, having destroyed them, he pays; if the master sends him away on his own business, and something of the master’s property perishes in his absence, then he does not need to pay for it.
58. About the purchase. If they take [livestock] out of a locked barn, the purchaser will not pay for it; but if [he] destroys [the livestock] in the field, does not drive [it] into the yard or does not shut it up where the master tells him, or while working for himself, and destroys it, then he will be paid for it.
59. If the gentleman causes damage to the purchase, damage to his compartment or personal property, then he will be compensated for all this, and for the damage he will be paid 60 kunas.
60. If [the gentleman] takes more money from him, then return to him the money that he took [in excess], and pay him a fine of 3 hryvnia to the prince for the damage.
61. If the master sells the purchase to complete slaves, then the debtor will have freedom at interest on all [borrowed] money, and the master will pay a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince for the offense.
62. If a gentleman beats a purchaser for business, then he is not guilty; if he beats without thinking, drunk and without guilt, then he should pay [the fine to the prince] both for the free man and for the purchased one.
63. About the slave. If a complete slave steals someone’s horse, then pay 2 hryvnia for it.
64. About procurement. If the purchaser steals something, then the master [is free] in it; but if he is found somewhere, then the master must first of all pay for his horse or anything else that he took, and makes him [the purchase] a complete slave; and if the master does not want to pay for it and sells it, then first of all let him pay for the horse, or for the ox, or for the goods that he took from someone else, and he can take the rest for himself.
65. And this is if the slave hits. If a slave hits a free man and runs into the house, but the master does not give him up, then pay the master 12 hryvnia for him; and then, if somewhere the struck one finds his defendant who hit him, then Yaroslav decided to kill him, but the sons after the death of their father decided to ransom money, either beat him, unbind him, or take a hryvnia kun for the insult.
66. About the certificate. But certificates are not placed on a slave; but if there is no free one, then, if necessary, assign it to the boyar tiun, and not assign it to other slaves.
And in a small claim, if necessary, assign the certificate to the purchaser.
67. About the beard. And whoever damages his beard and traces of this remain and there are witnesses, then a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince; if there are no witnesses and the accusation is not proven, then there is no fine for the prince.
68. About the tooth. If a tooth is knocked out and blood is seen in his [the victim’s] mouth, and there are witnesses, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnias, and the tooth will be fined one hryvnia.
69. If someone steals a beaver, then 12 hryvnia.
70. If the ground is dug up or a sign of the [gear] used for catching or a net is discovered, then search for the thief along the rope or pay [the rope] a princely fine.
71. If anyone destroys the property sign on the board. If someone destroys a sign of ownership on the board, then 12 hryvnia.
72. If he cuts a border boundary or plows up a plowed field or blocks a yard boundary with a fence, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnia.
73. If he cuts down an oak with a sign of ownership or a boundary, then a fine of 12 hryvnia to the prince.
74. And these are additional duties. And these are additional duties to a fine of 12 hryvnia: for the youth - 2 hryvnia and 20 kunas, and for the [bailiff] himself to ride with the youth on two horses, and give them oats for each, and give them meat - a ram or half a carcass of beef, and the rest - feed - how much these two will eat, and for the scribe - 10 kunas, for the transfer - 5 kunas, for the fur - two nogat.
75. And this is about borti. If the side is cut, then the prince will be fined 3 hryvnia, and for a tree - half a hryvnia.
76. If a swarm of bees steals, then fine the prince 3 hryvnia; and for honey, if the bees are not prepared for the winter, then 10 kunas, if they are prepared, then 5 kunas.
77. If the thief is not discovered, then let them follow the trail; if the trail leads to a village or to a trading camp, and people do not take the trail away from themselves, do not go to investigate, or refuse by force, then they will have to pay the stolen goods and a fine to the prince; and conduct an investigation with other people and with witnesses; if the trail is lost on a large trade road, and there is no village nearby or there is an uninhabited area where there is neither a village nor people, then do not pay either the fine to the prince or the stolen goods.
78. About the stink. If a smerd torments a smerd without the prince’s command, then a fine of 3 hryvnias to the prince, and for the torment [to the victim] a hryvnia of kun; if anyone tortures a fireman, then a fine of 12 hryvnia will be given to the prince, and for torment [the victim] a hryvnia will be fined.
79. If someone steals a rook, then fine the prince 60 kunas, and return the rook itself; and for a sea boat - 3 hryvnia, and for a cut boat - 2 hryvnia, for a canoe - 20 kuna, and for a plow - hryvnia.
80. About nets for catching birds. If someone cuts a rope in a net for catching birds, then the prince will be fined 3 hryvnias, and the owner will be fined 1 hryvnia kun for the rope.
81. If [someone] steals a hawk or falcon from someone’s net for catching birds, then the fine for the prince is 3 hryvnia, and for the master - a hryvnia, and for a pigeon - 9 kun, and for a partridge (?) - 9 kun, and for for a duck - 30 kn, and for a goose - 30 kn, and for a swan - 30 kn, and for a crane - 30 kn.
82. And for hay and firewood - 9 kunas, and how many carts are stolen, the owner will receive 2 kunas for each cart.
83. About the threshing floor. If someone sets fire to a threshing floor, then his entire house is subject to expulsion and plunder, but first he must pay for what was destroyed, and the rest of his property will be confiscated by the prince. The same punishment if someone sets fire to the yard.
84. If someone maliciously slaughters a horse or cattle, then the prince will be fined 12 hryvnia, and for the damage the master will pay the prescribed compensation.
85. All these lawsuits are tried in the presence of free witnesses; if the witness is a slave, then the slave should not appear at the trial; but if the plaintiff wants to use him as a witness, then let him say this: “I am attracting you according to the testimony of this [servant], but I am attracting you, not the serf,” and can take him [the defendant] to the test with iron; if he is convicted, then he will take his due in court, but if he is not convicted, then [the plaintiff] will pay him a hryvnia for flour, for they took him according to the testimony of a slave.
86. And when tested with iron, pay [to the court] 40 kun, and for a swordsman 5 kun, and for a child half a hryvnia; This is a fee for testing with iron, who gets what for.
87. And if he is brought to the test with an iron on the testimony of free people, or there is suspicion on him, or he passed at night [at the scene of the crime], then if [the accused] is not burned in some way, then he is not paid for the torment, but only a judicial fee The fee for testing with iron is paid by the one who summoned to trial.
88. About a woman. If anyone kills a woman, he will be judged in the same way as for the murder of a man; if [the murdered person] is guilty, then pay half a vira of 20 hryvnia.
89. But for the murder of a slave or a slave, the virus is not paid; but if one of them is killed without guilt, then the money prescribed by the court is paid for the slave or for the robe, and the prince is fined 12 hryvnia.
90. If the stinker dies. If the smerd dies, then the inheritance goes to the prince; if he has daughters at home, then give them a share [of the inheritance]; if they are married, then do not give them a share.
91. About the inheritance of a boyar and a warrior. If a boyar or warrior dies, the inheritance does not go to the prince; and if there are no sons, they will take daughters.
92. If someone, dying, divides his household among his children, then so be it; if he dies without a will, then divide it among all the children, and give a portion to [the deceased] himself for the funeral of the soul.
93. If after the death of her husband the wife remains a widow, then a share should be allocated to her children, and what her husband bequeathed to her, she is the mistress, and she should not inherit the husband’s inheritance.
94. If there are children from the first wife, then the children will take the inheritance of their mother; if the husband bequeathed it to his second wife, they will still receive their mother’s inheritance.
95. If there is a sister in the house, then she should not take the [father’s] inheritance, but the brothers should give her in marriage as best they can.
96. And these are [duties] for laying city fortifications. And these are the fees for the builder of city fortifications: when laying the city, take a kuna, and when finished - a nogata; and for food, drink, meat, and fish - 7 kunas per week, 7 loaves of bread, 7 harvests of millet, 7 lukon of oats for 4 horses; take him so much until the city fortifications are built; Let them give 10 lukon of malt once [for the entire duration of work].
97. About bridge builders. And these are the fees for the bridge builder: when he builds the bridge, let him take a nogata for 10 cubits [of the bridge]; if he repairs an old bridge, then how many spans he repairs, he will get one kuna from the span; and the bridge builder himself goes with the boy on two horses, [takes] 4 ounces of oats for a week, and eats as much as he wants.
98. And this is about inheritance. If a person had children from a robe, then they should not have an inheritance, but they should be given freedom with their mother.
99. If there are small children in the house, and they will not be able to take care of themselves, and their mother gets married, then whoever is a close relative will give them into the hands of acquisitions and the main household until they can take care of themselves to yourself; and transfer the goods to people, and whatever he earns from this goods by transferring it at interest or by trading, then this is for him [the guardian], and return the original goods to them [the children], and the income for himself, since he fed and took care of them; If there is offspring from servants or from livestock, then [the children] will receive all of this; if he wastes anything, then pay those children for it all; if the stepfather [upon marriage] takes the children with an inheritance, then the same condition applies.
100. And the father’s courtyard without division is always for the youngest son.
101. About the wife, if she is going to remain a widow. If the wife intends to remain a widow, but squanders her property and gets married, then she must pay all [losses] to the children.
102. If the children do not want her to live in the yard, but she acts according to her own will and stays, then fulfill [her] will in any way, and do not give the children the will; and what her husband gave her, she can stay with [in the yard, unmarked] or, taking her share, stay [in the yard, highlighted].
103. And the children have no rights to the [allocated] part of the mother’s property, but whoever the mother gives, takes it; if he gives it to everyone, then let everyone share; If she dies without a will, then whoever had her in the yard and who fed her, then take [her property].
104. If one mother has children from two husbands, then one will inherit their father’s inheritance, and the other will inherit theirs.
105. If the stepfather squanders some of the property of the father of his stepchildren and dies, then return [lost] to the brother [stepfather], and people [witnesses] will become that the father squandered it while being a stepfather; and as for his father's [property], let him own it.
106. And let the mother give her [property] to the son who was kind [to her], whether from her first husband or from her second; if all the sons are bad to her, then she can give [the property] to her daughter, who feeds her.
107. And these are court fees. And these are the judicial fees: from a vira - 9 kunas, and for a snowman - 9 veks, and from [a lawsuit] about a side plot - 30 kunas, and from all other litigation, who will be helped by [bailiffs] - 4 kunas, and for a snowman - 6 veksh.
108. About inheritance. If the brothers sue before the prince about the inheritance, then the child who goes to divide them will take the hryvnia kun.
109. Fees for the execution of a judicial oath. And these are the fees for the execution of a judicial oath: from a murder lawsuit - 30 kunas, and from a lawsuit about a side plot - 30 kunas minus three kunas; the same applies to litigation over arable land. And from litigation for freedom - 9 kun.
110. About servitude. Complete servility of three types: if someone buys at least half a hryvnia, presents witnesses and gives a nogat in front of the serf himself; the second type of servitude: marrying a robe without a contract, if with a contract, then as agreed, so be it; and this is the third type of servitude: serving as a tiun without a contract, or if [someone] binds a key to himself without a contract, but if with a contract, then as they agree, that’s what to stand for.
111. But for a dacha one is not a slave, nor for bread one is turned into a slave, nor for what is given in addition [dacha or bread]; but if [someone] does not fulfill the established period, then return to him what was received; If it works, then you are not obligated to do anything more.
112. If a slave runs away and the master announces this, if someone, hearing about this or knowing that he is a slave, gives him bread or shows him the way, then pay him 5 hryvnia for the slave, and 6 hryvnia for the robe.
113. If someone catches someone else’s slave and lets his master know, then he will receive a hryvnia for the capture; if he does not guard him, then pay him 4 hryvnia, and the fifth for the capture is credited to him, and if there is a robe, then [pay] 5 hryvnia, and the sixth for the capture is credited to him.
114. If someone himself finds his slave in any city, and the mayor did not know about that [slave], then when [the master] tells him, that [master] should take the youth from the mayor, go and tie up this slave and give the youth is given a binding duty of 10 kunas, but there is no reward for the capture of a slave; If [the master] misses while pursuing a slave, then it is his own loss, and no one pays for it, and there is no reward for the capture either.
115. If someone, not knowing that [someone] is someone else’s slave, hides him, or tells him news, or keeps him at home, and he leaves him, then he should take a judicial oath, [claiming] that he did not know [that] he is a slave, but there is no payment in this.
116. If a slave somewhere received money by deception, and that [person] gave the money without knowing it, then the master either redeems or loses this slave; if [that person] gave [money], knowing [that he was a slave], then he will lose the money.
117. If someone lets his slave into trading business, and he borrows money, then the master should redeem him and not be deprived of him.
118. If someone buys someone else’s slave without knowing it, then the first master should take the slave, and the one who bought it should take the money back, swear that he bought it out of ignorance, but if he bought it knowing it, then his money will be lost.
119. If a slave, having run away [from his master], acquires goods, then the master [has to pay] the debt, and the master [owns] the goods, but the slave will not be deprived.
120. If someone fled [from the master] and stole something or goods from his neighbors, then the master should pay for him what is due for what he took.
121. If a slave steals from someone, then the master must ransom him or give him away with the person with whom he stole, but his wife and children do not have to answer; but if they stole and hid with him, then give them all up or the master will ransom them again; if freemen stole and hid with him, then they pay the prince a court fine.

Cash account of Russian Pravda

Brief edition: 1 hryvnia - 20 nogat - 25 kuna - 50 rez.
Long version: 1 hryvnia kun - 20 nogat - 50 kun (rezan) - 150 veksh.

Russian Truth. Short and Long editions / Preparation of the text, translation and introductory article by M.B. Sverdlov // Library of literature of Ancient Rus'. St. Petersburg, 1997. T. 4. S. 490-517, 668-669, 675-676