Download the presentation on the topic of ancient Athens. Presentation on the history of the formation of the Athenian state

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1. The emergence of the state in Athens: a) Theseus’ reforms; b) the laws of Solon and Cleisthenes. 2. Reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles. Political system in the V-IV centuries. BC 3.Organization of the Athenian court. 4. Main features of Athenian law. Laws of Draco.

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Literature: Homer. Illiad. (any edition). Gromakov B.S. History of the slave state and law (Athens, Rome). - M., 1986. History of Ancient Greece / ed. V.I. Kuzishchina. - M., 1996. Ancient Greece: T. 1-2. - M., 1983 Skripilev E.A. History of state and law of the ancient world. - M., 1993. Engels F. Origin of the family, private property and the state: Collected works. T.21. - P.109-129. Shishova I.A. Early legislation and the formation of slavery in ancient Greece. - L., 1991. Razumovich N.N. Political and legal culture: ideas and institutions of Ancient Greece. - M., 1989. Kolobova E.M. The emergence and development of the Athenian state in the 10th-6th centuries. BC - L., 1989. Development of ancient statehood: Collection of articles. - L., 1982. Ancient democracy in the testimony of contemporaries. - M., 1996. Andokid “Speeches or History of the Sacrileges.” - St. Petersburg, 1996. Lisiy “Rechi”. - M., 1994. Kechekyan S.F. State and law of Ancient Greece. - M., 1963. Mikhalyak Y.S. The slave state and law. - M., 1960. Ancient Greece (history, life, culture). Compiled by Ilyinskaya L.S. M., 1997.

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Periodization of the history of the Athenian slave state of the 11th – 7th centuries. BC - Homeric VIII-VI centuries. BC - archaic V-IV centuries. BC - classical III-I centuries. BC - Hellenistic

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THESEUS' reforms

Eusebius of Caesarea in his chronography calls Theseus the 10th king of Athens, who reigned 30 years after Aegeus from 1234 to 1205. BC e. Plutarch, in his biography of Theseus, provides evidence of the real existence of such an ancient king in Athens. During the reign of Theseus, the Athenians killed the son of Minos Androgeus, for which Athenian boys had to pay tribute to Crete. However, Theseus himself went to the competition established by Minos in memory of his deceased son, and defeated the strongest of the Cretans, the Minotaur, in the fight, as a result of which the boys’ tribute was canceled.

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Theseus gathered the Athenians into a single community and became the actual founder of Athens. Plutarch (Theseus):

“He gathered all the inhabitants of Attica, making them a single people, citizens of one city, whereas before they were scattered, it was difficult to convene them, even if it was about the common good, and often discord and real wars flared up between them. Going around dem after dem and clan after clan, he explained his plan everywhere, ordinary citizens and the poor quickly bowed to his admonitions, and to influential people he promised a state without a king, a democratic system that would give him, Theseus, only the place of a military leader and guardian of the laws, for the rest, he will bring equality to everyone - and he managed to persuade some, while others, fearing his courage and power, which by that time were already considerable, preferred to yield with kindness rather than submit to coercion. (...) He erected a single Prytania and a council house common to all in the current old part of the city, calling the city Athens.”

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Solon (ancient Greek Σόλων, Sólōn) (between 640 and 635 - about 559 BC), Athenian politician and social reformer, poet, one of the “seven wise men” of Ancient Greece.

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Solon's reforms

Having been elected in 594-593. BC e. archon and aisimnet, Solon carried out a number of reforms. SISAHFIYAH – shaking off the debt burden. CENSING REFORM: 1st category - 500 measures 2nd category - 300 measures 3rd category - 200 measures 4th category - less than 200 measures of grain, wine or oil 1 medimn - 52.5 liters 3. Creation of HELIEIA - jury trial. 4. Creation of the Council of 400.

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Cleisthenes (Greek Κλεισθένης) - Athenian, son of Megacles and Agarista, grandson of the Sicyon tyrant of the same name (Cleisthenes the Elder), from the noble family of Alcmaeonids.

CLEISTHENES' REFORM - 509 – 507 BC: He introduces a new territorial system of administrative division, distributing all citizens into 10 phylas and one hundred smaller units - demes. The new phylas were compiled in such a way that persons belonging to the same clans and phratries would henceforth be politically separated, living in different territorial administrative districts. As a result of this reform, three important tasks were solved: 1. The Athenian demos, primarily the peasantry, which constituted a very significant and at the same time the most conservative part of it, was freed from the ancient clan traditions on which the political influence of the nobility was based; 2. The frequently occurring feuds between individual clan alliances, which threatened the internal unity of the Athenian state, were stopped; 3. Those who had previously stood outside the phratries and philes and, as a result, did not enjoy civil rights, were attracted to participate in political life. Under Cleisthenes, the existing council of 400 was reformed into a council of 500. It dealt with issues of governing Athens in the intervals between national assemblies. Citizens who had reached the age of 30 fell into it by lot. The functions of the council, in addition to managing current affairs, included preparing issues to be considered in the people's assembly. A decision made by the people's assembly without prior discussion in the Council of Five Hundred was considered illegal.

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An elected military board was created - 10 strategists. The strategoi were among the most important officials elected for a year. Their functions were very diverse. They: - commanded the army and navy, - monitored their condition in peacetime, - were in charge of the construction of military fortifications, - the appointment and distribution of trierarchs, and the expenditure of military funds. Together with the Council of Five Hundred, the strategists dealt with foreign policy issues, conducted diplomatic negotiations, convened emergency sessions of the national assembly, participated in meetings of the Council of Five Hundred, and had priority in presenting written or oral reports to the council and the people. Unlike other positions, the re-election of strategoi was not only allowed, but was a common practice in the political life of Athens.

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Cleisthenes carried out a reform of ostracism (ostracon - shard). Goal: preventing tyranny Conclusion: The reforms implemented by Cleisthenes dealt a decisive blow to the clan aristocracy and its political dominance and directed the development of the Athenian state towards even greater democratization. Pericles: “...the modesty of title does not serve as an obstacle to the poor man’s activity, if only he can provide some service to the state... We consider... one who does not participate in state activities at all to be useless.”

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PERICLES Leader of the Athenian slave-owning democracy during its heyday, strategist of Athens (444-429 BC)

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Social structure of Athens (V-IV centuries BC) POPULATION Free citizens Slaves Full rights Limited rights Private State Rich slave owners Free poor Lumpens Meteki

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The political system of Athens (V-IV centuries BC) The main bodies of the Athenian state Council of Five Hundred People's Assembly of Helium Main officials Army Police College of Archons Officials College of Strategists Areopagus Police functions were performed by: slaves-toxots (200 people .); free Athenians Archon-eponym Archon-basileus Archon-polemarch Archons-thesmothetes (6 people) Autokrator 9 strategists

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Criminal Law of Ancient Athens CRIMES State Against property Against family Against the individual Treason Deception of the people Insulting the gods Other crimes Theft Robbery, etc. Kidnapping of a girl Cheating on wife, etc. Murder Insult

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PUNISHMENTS ATYMIA CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY FINE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT SLAVERY DEATH PENALTY

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Trial in Athens JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS Process dike Process graphe The process began at the request of the victim or his legal representative. 2. Could be terminated before the court makes a decision. The process began upon the application of any full-fledged citizen. 2. The applicant had to complete it under threat of a fine. Stages of the process Preliminary investigation Judicial investigation Explanations from the accused (respondent) were selected, witnesses were interviewed, evidence was examined. Everything was recorded in writing. The plaintiff’s complaint and the defendant’s objections were announced, the parties made speeches, during which documents and testimony were read out

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The Birth of Democracy in Athens

The work of a history teacher at the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Secondary School in the village of Vostok" of the Enotaevsky district of the Astrakhan region

Travnikova Marina Nikolaevna

• At the beginning of the 7th century. BC e. The first written laws appear in Athens. The compiler of the laws was Draco. According to these laws, persons guilty of murder, desecration of shrines, and those who led an idle lifestyle were subject to the death penalty. Even those who stole vegetables were threatened with the death penalty. Punishments for major and minor crimes were the same - death penalty. Draconian laws became a symbol of cruelty. Even in ancient times they said that they were written in blood.

“DEMOS” + “KRATOS” = DEMOCRACY

(people) (power) (power of the people)

Demos requirements

1. Take away power from noble people;

2. Rule Athens yourself.

3. Demos demanded the abolition of debt slavery,

4. Divide the land, i.e. take away part of the land from the nobles and distribute it to the poor.

SOLON

The conflict between the aristocracy and the demos was to be resolved by Solon. He himself came from a noble family, but was not rich. Solon was distinguished by his education and was revered by the Greeks as one of the seven sages. In 594 BC, he was elected archon - the head of the Athenian polis. He began to carry out reforms.

SOLON'S REFORM

The essence of the law

Debt forgiveness

People who had a debt were exempted from paying it; the plots laid out by farmers again became their property.

Prohibit slavery for debt

All debtor slaves were freed, and those sold overseas were to be found and returned at the expense of the state treasury.

Election of judges

Of all Athenians, regardless of their nobility and wealth.

Regular convening of the People's Assembly

All Athenian citizens took part in the work of the National Assembly.

The meaning of laws

The foundations of democracy have been laid.

Changes in the government of Athens

• Elected from the nobility and the demos

• Consists of nobility and demos

• Shares power with demos
• The people participate in governance

• In 509 BC, Cleisthenes was elected archon. The division into categories was abolished. Electoral districts were introduced, secret voting was established. A law was passed to expel citizens who posed a threat to democracy. Voting on this issue was carried out using clay shards. They had to write the name of the person who most threatened democracy. If the same name was named by the majority of citizens, then the named person was expelled from Athens for 10 years.
• Cleisthenes' reforms strengthened democracy in Athens.

Ancient states (Athens, Sparta,
Rome)
The first political ones in Europe
societies developed in the Mediterranean countries
in the 2nd-1st millennium BC
Ancient society and antiquity
statehood represented a new stage
general human history. Their novelty was
is connected with the deep features of socio-legal life and the entire socio-cultural structure of European peoples.
Ancient society and ancient civilizations
formed on the shores of the Mediterranean

The development of state forms here took place against the background
colonization - first military-commercial, then purely
conquest - other regions of Europe, Africa,
Asia Minor (Sparta, Rome).
Imperial policy was a significant factor
activities of the authorities (Rome).
The state was built on the principles
democracy and civil freedom, combined with
special community-police political system
(Athens, Sparta, Rome during the republican period).
A special place belongs to the system of Roman law. It
became the basis for the subsequent formation and development
most systems of the world legal order have had
influence on the formation of the first legal
principles of international relations, in general
of all modern legal thinking (Rome).

The formation of the Athenian polis

The Ionians who settled in coastal Attica were divided into 4
tribes: Heleonts, Argadei, Aigikorei and Gopletas, each with its own cult and other characteristics.
The settlements are the centers of the four tribes. Unity
the new policy was provided mainly by a single
tribal military organization.
Socially, each tribe consisted of
large clans, which, in turn,
were divided into 50-90 large families-clans. Families in
special religious associations with their own were randomly grouped into phratries
religious holidays and ceremonies.

The main temple of the Athenian polis

Phratries united into larger associations
- Philos.
Descendants of the conquered Dionic tribes (faets)
were outside this organization, but recognized
almost equal; they could freely
engage in agriculture, trade and crafts,
They had their own self-governing associations, fias and orgeons.
The management of the tribes was carried out by the kings basilei (basileus), whose power was not
hereditary.
The prytanes had the highest judicial power in
policy and the right to declare military mobilization.
The heads of families and clans played a special role: they
had the right to collect their share of taxes,
to lead in your clan, even invite
the king to his assembly.

Archon-eponym - set the rules
life of the polis, was considered the “guardian of the family”,
supervised the observance of families by fathers
of their rights and obligations, acted as
"Protector of the weak.
Basileus Archon - performed religious duties
priestly duties at festivals, was
also the chairman of the special court from chapters 4
Phil (Prytanius) on murder cases, o
disobedience to the heads of the policy.
Polemarchus - military leader responsible for
security policy
Policy advice - bule.

Social system in
Athenian polis
VII – VI centuries - the state displaces the tribal
organization
Citizen groups (according to Theseus' reform):
1) eupatrids (noble)
2) geomors (farmers)
3) demiurges (artisans)

Social system in
Athenian polis
Full citizens are residents of Athens,
whose parents were citizens
Athens (rights and duties, including liturgy).
Meteki – living in Athens
state foreigners, citizens of other
Greek
policies
(absence
political rights).
Slaves - private, state.

Democratic State of Ancient Athens

The structure of Athenian democracy (V-IV centuries BC)
was the most unique achievement
traditions of all ancient statehood,
after thousands of years, continuing to attract
political attention. For the Ancients themselves
Athens was a time of not only stable
general state order, but also a special
economic and cultural prosperity, active
foreign policy, when Athens became
practically the center of the Mediterranean world.

The first stage (508-462 BC) is associated with
implementation of policies aimed at
final overthrow
aristocratic dominance and traditions
tribal system.
The second stage (462-412 BC) was marked
further promotion of democracy (after
attempts at oligarchy in 496 BC in connection with
take power into their own hands after the Persian invasion),
creation of legal principles for the activities of new
institutions based on the division of powers;

Solon (640-560 BC) refused
tyranny, but strictly implemented reforms,
which generally reorganized
government organization for more
broad social basis that corresponded
interests of the majority of the people.
Having reserved for the aristocracy the exclusive
right to occupy higher government positions
positions, Solon gave the aristocracy
property nature. To the old four
categories of the population of Athens (eupatrids,
horsemen, zeugites and fetas) was given
new meaning: citizens were enrolled in them
according to their income.

Solon's reforms

Land – sysakhthia
-cancel
debt bondage
-debt stones have been removed from the fields
-redemption of debtors at the expense of the state
- self-mortgaging for debts was prohibited
-many peasants had their
land plots
-maximum size set
land plot
-free purchase and sale allowed
land
Political
1.Division of citizens by property price
for ranks:
- five hundred - producers in total
500 measures of products, both dry and liquid
- “rider-owned” manufacturers of 300 measures
-zeugites - produced 200 measures
-feta – less than 200 measures
2. Authorities and management:
- People's Assembly - passed laws and
elected officials
-Council of four hundred - 100 people each from
each phylum (tribe), everyone was elected
free from the first ranks, acted
on behalf of the meeting
-Gelieya - jury trial - chief judicial officer
body, control over activities

The political system of Ancient Athens (VII century BC) after the reforms of Solon

Tip 400
Folk
meeting
Collegium
archons
Areopagus
Heliea

The main powers were concentrated in the bodies
direct democracy - people's assembly and council
400.
Council of Four Hundred - played a major role in the Athens
state. It consisted of 400 citizens allocated for a year according to
100 people from each of the four phyla. This is the governing body
which could include citizens of 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories. Cooked
bills for the people's assembly.
Bule (people's assembly) considered the proposals of the Council
400 draft laws.
The College of Archons – 9 people. 3 main archons (supervision of
internal governance, "basileus" - high priest, court of
religious affairs, "polemarch" - military power), six
archons (judicial functions).
Heliya is the body of the judiciary, citizens of all ranks.
Areopagus - an aristocratic judicial body, cases of special
categories (conspiracies against democracy).

The People's Assembly was an institution of important
state political decisions.
Special meetings were dedicated
religious, administrative,
international affairs.
The meeting had extensive
political, but not unlimited
powers. Only in the meeting
decisions were made about war and peace,
unions, appointment of representatives and ambassadors,
announcement of mobilization and number
conscripted annually for military service.
Financial laws were adopted here,
customs rules, general
financial control.

Question No. 2

Law and justice in
Athenian
state

Development of law and legislation

Athenian law developed largely on
based on traditions, legal customs and only then
already legislation.
The first historical legislator of Athens was a tyrant
Dragon. The laws of Dracon (about 621 BC) were
devoted mainly to the new organization of the court,
punishments for various violations of the sacred and
social order; in a social and legal sense they
sought to curb the spread of property
inequalities - and in this respect were quite similar to
laws of the first ancient Eastern rulers.

These laws abolished any privileges, including
including the tribal nobility, in the criminal sphere
punishments. For almost any crime,
for any theft, in particular, even the theft of vegetables
from the garden, Drakon ordered execution by death.
Draco's laws (except those that were
dedicated to punishments for murders and serious crimes
crimes) were abolished by Solon at the beginning
VI century BC, which itself, in turn,
drafted new extensive legislation,
dedicated to many issues of the life of the Athenian
society.

Criminal Law of Ancient Athens

Qualification of crimes
Crimes against
personalities
State
crimes
-murder
-bodily injuries
-slander
-insults
-bad attitude of children
to the elderly
parents
-wife's cheating
-kidnapping of a girl
-treason to the state
- deception of the people
-insult to the gods
- deposit
illegal
proposals in
national assembly
- godlessness
-theft of the temple
property
Property crimes
-theft
-arson
-robbery
Punishment system:
-death penalty
-deprivation of political and
civil rights
- confiscation of property
-fine
-robbers, robbers could be
sold into slavery
-the night thief could be killed
in place, but he could free himself
from punishment by paying the cost
things or return it
-Athenian citizens corporal
were not punished

Civil Law of Ancient Athens

Branches of law
Ownership
-possession as actual
possession of property.
-property as possession with
right of disposal.
-property “visible”
(land, livestock, slaves) and
“invisible” (money,
jewelry). capable
evade taxation
and confiscation
Law of obligations
- obligations from contracts
- “mortgage” - pledge of land;
-contracts: purchase and sale,
loan, property rental
movables and
real estate, personal hire
etc.
- obligations from
causing harm (if
causing damage
property, personal harm).

Family and inheritance law in Ancient Athens

Family Law:
Inheritance law:
-the marriage was concluded through
agreement between the groom and the head of the family
brides
-officially recognized
monogamous family
- there was a divorce for the man
officially free for
women are very difficult
- the woman could not from her own
make deals on behalf
-marriage between uncle and
niece, between brother and
sister
-right of inheritance
belonged to sons
-if there were no sons,
inherited by daughters and nieces
-the father could deprive the children
inheritance

Trial in Athens (two
type):
1) “dike” process
2) process "graphe"
The “dike” process began upon application
the victim or his legal representative.
The plaintiff had a personal interest in the outcome of the case. He,
usually sought financial compensation
damage. The plaintiff had the right at any time
stop the process. Had to pay legal fees
duty (case of causing harm, breaking
equipment, damage to livestock, rental data,
murder is a matter of private prosecution).

2) process "graphe"
The “graphe” process could begin upon application
any citizen.
The plaintiff did not receive financial compensation in
in case of a positive decision.
However, the plaintiff who won the non-payment case
taxes, illegal use of someone else's
property, received part of the fine imposed
on the culprit. The plaintiff was obliged to bring the case to
end. No court fee was paid.
Sycophants are professional complainers.
Cases: high treason, insult to the gods,
theft of temple property.

Question #3

State and law
Ancient Sparta

Spartan state

The Spartan state arose in IX
century BC in the south of Hellas (peninsula
Peloponnese) and was the earliest and
the most significant of
formed polis states.
Sparta was in the territory
Laconics - closed on three sides
mountains of fertile plain.

Formation of the Spartan state

The Spartan state as such arose in the 9th century.
BC As a result of the merger of separate clans
communities - Achaean, living in the territory
Laconic and Dorian, who invaded by conquest."
The Dorians who settled in Laconia were divided into three
tribe-clan: Illei, Domanei and Pamphiloi. Each
of the tribes was divided into 9 phratries - religious clan associations with common festivities,
cults, internal self-government.

State form of Sparta

Sparta was an example of a slaveholding
aristocracy.
The People's Assembly (apella) has a decisive role in
did not play a role in the political life of the country. It was convened
no more than once a month, participated in the meeting
Spartiates who have reached the age of 30 and
those who retained their allotments (claires). In case of emergency
circumstances, emergency meetings were convened, in
which was attended by representatives of the most
noble and influential families.

Folk
meeting
(apella)
2 archategs
(king)
Gerusia
(Advice
elders)
Helots
Collegium
Ephors
Perieki

Spartan state

The Spartan state arose in the 9th century before
AD Sparta was an example of a slaveholding
aristocracy.
People's Assembly (apella) - participated in
development of legislation, could adopt or
reject bills proposed to him,
resolved issues of war and peace, alliance with others
states.
Voting in the assembly was primitive:
citizens dispersed in different directions, after
what the majority or
They voted by shouting.

Council of Elders (gerusia) - consisted of
28 prominent representatives of the Spartiates
(gerontov, elected by the people's assembly
for life and were irresponsible.
Gerusia discussed matters in advance,
bills that were supposed to
considered in the people's assembly.
Gerusia also performed judicial functions,
handled criminal cases, mainly
state and serious crimes.
It was the court for
trials against kings

In Sparta there was royal power (2 kings). It appeared
the result of the unification of the top of the Achaean nobility and
Dorians. The kings passed on power to their descendants
male line. They had large estates and were
are required to attend sessions. Once every 9 years they
underwent religious tests. In peacetime
kings performed the functions of priests, practiced fortune telling,
considered court cases on issues of matrimonial law, inheritance, and adoption. Every
for a month the kings swore an oath to the ephors and geronts to observe
laws and customs of the country. The power of the king during the war
campaigns, when he was declared commander there was
absolute. However, the ephors watched him
actions, supervised the division of military spoils.
Having seen miscalculations in the actions of the king, the ephors could
bring him to justice.

Social order
Sparta is characterized by long-term preservation
remnants of the primitive system and military organization
society.
Political rights were enjoyed only
Spartiates. Hypomeienes - broke
Spartiates.
Perieki - were personally free, political
did not exercise rights, but were in other respects
have legal capacity. Could purchase property and
make transactions. They carried out military service. Co
the side of the state over the perieks was established
supervision carried out by special officials
persons.
Helots - representatives of defeated tribes,
turned into state slaves. Your land
they did not have, they worked on the site provided
Spartiate state. Cryptia - murder of slaves.

The unity of the Spartans was ensured
joint lunches (sessions) and
group athletic exercises.
Citizens contributed monthly in kind
contribution to the common boiler.
The regulation of the life of the Spartans did not concern
not only in public life, but also in personal life.
Military affairs became their main occupation.
Contacts with the outside world are practically
were excluded. The state was closed.
In Sparta there was a clear division according to
estates, administrative division according to
regions had a first-class army.

Fall of Sparta.
Over time, the power of Sparta faded. As a result, victory in
the Greek Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) became for
disastrous Spartans. Sparta received a large indemnity
from Athens. Many Spartans died. The country turned out to be
exhausted. The arrogance of the Spartan commanders caused
discontent, hatred of the population of subject policies. Again
gold and silver coins appeared in Sparta, Spartans
began to strive for enrichment, social
wealth inequality. The number of those who have fallen, lost
the land of the Spartans increased, and the number of diners in
sessions decreased.
The Spartan community of equals was moving towards sunset, its
the political and social structure could not withstand the pressure
commodity-money relations. Sparta has lost its
independence, fell under the rule of the Persians, then
Macedonians, and from 146 BC - Rome.

Literature

1.
Berger A.K. Political model of ancient Greek democracy.
M., 1996.
2.
Herodotus. History in nine books. M., 1993.
3.
Ancient Greece. Encyclopedic reference book. L. Adkins, R.
Adkins. M.: Veche, 2014.
4.
Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome. A. M. Bachyants. M., Iris-Press.
2012.
5.
Kurbatov A. A. Legal proceedings in archaic Athens //
State and law. 2014. No. 6.
6.
Fedorov K. G. Athens – a legal state of antiquity.
Krasnodar. 1991.
7.
Frolov V.V. Civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome:
state-legal aspect. M., 2012.

Department of History of State and Law

Electronic
visual
allowance
in the discipline "History of State and Law"
foreign countries" prepared by associate professor
departments
Baykeeva
WITH.
E.,
senior
teacher Romanova I.V.
Discussed and approved at a department meeting
April 28, 2015, protocol No. 22

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Description of the presentation Presentation HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW OF ANCIENT ATHENS on slides

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW OF ANCIENT ATHENS Lecture-presentation Lecturer – Associate Professor KAZACHANSKAYA Elena Aleksandrovna

The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: a more accelerated rate of decomposition of the primitive communal system; development of private property; expansion of slave exploitation. Free citizens in these countries put up stubborn resistance to the tribal nobility, who wanted to achieve their enslavement.

In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: classical slavery, the system of monetary circulation and market, the polis - as the main form of political organization.

The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The polis is characterized by: a combination of communal character and unique features that separate this community from the clan, family, territorial, etc.; it is based on the ancient form of property, which was simultaneously state (joint) property and private property;

Only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only the collective of citizens had the supreme right to land (the right to own, use and dispose of it);

All citizens ideally had equal rights; the presence of various governing bodies, but the supreme body in most of them was the people's assembly, which had the right to finalize all major issues;

Coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); the economy was based on agriculture and cattle breeding, viticulture and horticulture; The basic principle of the economy is the idea of ​​self-sufficiency.

The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: the first period - the emergence and formation of the Athenian slave state - VII - VI centuries. BC e. ; development of the Athenian state - V - IV centuries. BC e. ; crisis and decline of the Athenian state - IV - III centuries. BC e.

The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state was the reforms of Theseus: the unification of individual tribal settlements into one with a center in Athens; establishment of a central government in Athens; the people were divided into three groups (regardless of the existing division into tribes) into: - Eupatrides (noble); — geomors (farmers); - demiurges (artisans).

END OF VI century BC e. The situation that develops during this period is characterized by: sharp inequality between rich and poor; state crisis; the enslavement of a large number of free citizens for debt.

Archon Solon. 594 BC e. acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. HIS REFORM WERE THE FOLLOWING:

He protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of moneylenders, freed them from indentured servitude through the reform of debt law - sysachthia. ; all debts were cancelled; such obligations allowing the debtor's identity to be pledged were prohibited; those who were in bondage to creditors received freedom; those sold into slavery were ransomed; divided all citizens into four categories depending on the size of their property (citizens of the first 3 categories could hold government positions, the highest positions - archons, members of the Areopagus - only citizens of the 1st).

Creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the people's assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); narrows the competence of the continuing Areopagus, which is reduced to control over the activities of the national assembly and supervision of compliance with laws. determined the competence of the people's assembly, the highest authority. It:

Resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; elected officials; determined the amount of taxes and the procedure for spending public funds; declared war and concluded peace treaties. Every Athenian citizen who had reached the age of 20 had the right to participate in the national assembly.

Creates a people's court (or jury) - Helieu, which: had extensive judicial power; participated in the exercise of legislative power; controlled the election of officials.

The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: introduced a division of the population along territorial lines, eliminating the division of the population into 4 tribes (phylas); divided the territory of Athens into 10 territorial phylas; abolished the Council of 400 and created a Council of 500, consisting of representatives of 10 territorial phylas (500 people in each); introduced ostracism ( expulsion from the country of citizens who posed a danger to the state system by gaining excessive influence in the state).

The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC).

The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: he organized a trial of corrupt members of the Areopagus; the right to control the activities of the people's assembly was transferred to the heliea; the right to control officials and oversee the implementation of laws - the Council of 500 and the People's Assembly had their qualifications lowered for holding the position of archon.

The judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; The qualifications for holding the position of archon were lowered. The Areopagus was in charge of mainly religious functions, so the Areopagus was deprived of political power.

Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: payment was introduced when holding a public office; the poor and disadvantaged could now take up positions in public administration; The role of the People's Assembly, the Council of 500 and the Geliei increased.

Thus, during the period of democracy, the central bodies of power and administration in Athens were: the people's assembly; Tip 500; Heliea; Areopagus; elected officials.

People's Assembly. the right to participate in the national assembly - 18 years (exceptions: metics, women and slaves); issued laws and regulations on private issues; elected officials; checked their activities; resolved issues of war and peace; discussed the food situation in the country.

Council of 500. Council members were elected by lot for a year from among residents who had reached 30 years of age. The council was divided into 10 commissions; was engaged in the preparation of preliminary conclusions on issues that were considered at the national assembly; heard reports from senior officials; exercised control over compliance with the decisions of the people's assembly.

Main features of Athenian law. The most ancient source of law in Athens is custom. Already in the V - IV centuries. BC e. laws become the main source of law in Athens. Even resolutions of people's assemblies are considered laws. They contain general provisions.

Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies.

Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e., debt bondage. After Solon's reforms, the following are the means of securing contractual obligations: deposit, pledge, guarantee.

Marriage and family law. Features: monogamy; women lived separately from men; prohibited; marriage was considered compulsory; celibacy was condemned; a strict ban on incestuous marriages; marriageable age for the bride is 12 years old, the groom is 15 years old;

Marriage is a type of contract concluded between the groom and the bride's guardian; the dowry had approximately the same legal regime as in the East, but was not obligatory; the wife depended on her husband, was deprived of independence and was constantly under the care of someone (father, brother, husband, son; divorce was possible.

Criminal law. Types of crimes: state, against family and morality, against the individual, military, property.

Types of punishment: death penalty (the type of execution the convicted person chose himself - a cup of poison, a rope or a sword - within 3 days), sale into slavery (for robbery), fines, confiscation, exile, deprivation of civil and political rights.

Athenian criminal law also mentions mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Such as self-defense, complicity, etc.

Court and process. Gelieia was: a court of first instance in the most important cases of state and official crimes, considered complaints against decisions of other courts, controlled the activities of officials, and had the right of final approval of decrees and laws adopted by the people's assembly.

Areopagus. His competence boiled down to the following: he considered cases of premeditated murders, and, on behalf of the people's assembly, conducted investigations into cases of state crimes.

Cases of unintentional crimes were considered by the court of Efetov. Property crimes - by the board of eleven. Individual archons considered judicial disputes in family matters and inheritance cases, and were in charge of issues of religious worship and cases of criminal offenses.

The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: a more accelerated rate of decomposition of the primitive communal system; development of private property; expansion of slave exploitation. Free citizens in these countries put up stubborn resistance to the tribal nobility, who wanted to achieve their enslavement.

This led to the early elimination of debt slavery and led to the relative stability of small peasant farming. Slavery in the ancient world lost the features of patriarchal slavery, which it had long retained in the countries of the Ancient East.

In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: classical slavery, the system of monetary circulation and market, polis - as the main form of political organization.

The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The polis is characterized by: a combination of communal character and unique features that separate this community from the clan, family, territorial, etc.; it is based on an ancient form of ownership, which was simultaneously state (joint) property and private property;

only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only the collective of citizens had the supreme right to land (the right to own, use and dispose of it);

all citizens ideally had equal rights; all citizens ideally had equal rights; the presence of various governing bodies, but the supreme body in most of them was the people's assembly, which had the right to finalize all major issues;

coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); the economy was based on agriculture and cattle breeding, viticulture and horticulture; The basic principle of the economy is the idea of ​​self-sufficiency.

The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: the first period - the emergence and formation of the Athenian slave state - VII - VI centuries. BC; development of the Athenian state - V – IV centuries. BC; crisis and decline of the Athenian state - IV – III centuries. BC

The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state - the reforms of Theseus: The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state - the reforms of Theseus: the unification of individual tribal settlements into one with a center in Athens; establishment of a central government in Athens; the people were divided into three groups (regardless of the existing division into tribes) into: - Eupatrides (noble); - geomors (farmers); - demiurges (artisans).

Archon Solon. 594 BC acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. Archon Solon. 594 BC acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. HIS REFORM WERE THE FOLLOWING:

protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of usurers, protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of usurers, freed them from indentured servitude through the reform of debt law - sysachthia.; all debts were cancelled; such obligations allowing the debtor's identity to be pledged were prohibited; those who were in bondage to creditors received freedom; those sold into slavery were ransomed; divided all citizens into four categories depending on the size of their property (citizens of the first 3 categories could hold government positions, the highest positions - archons, members of the Areopagus - only citizens of the 1st).

creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the People's Assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the People's Assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); narrows the competence of the continuing Areopagus, which is reduced to control over the activities of the national assembly and supervision of compliance with laws. determined the competence of the people's assembly, the highest authority. It:

resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; elected officials; determined the amount of taxes and the procedure for spending public funds; declared war and concluded peace treaties. Every Athenian citizen who had reached the age of 20 had the right to participate in the national assembly.

creates a people's court (or jury) - Gelieus, which: creates a people's court (or jury) - Helieus, which: had extensive judicial power; participated in the exercise of legislative power; controlled the election of officials.

The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: introduced a division of the population along territorial lines, eliminating the division of the population into 4 tribes (phylas); divided the territory of Athens into 10 territorial phylas; abolished the Council of 400 and created a Council of 500, consisting of representatives of 10 territorial phylas (500 people in each); introduced ostracism ( expulsion from the country of citizens who posed a danger to the state system by gaining excessive influence in the state).

The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC). The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC).

The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: organized a trial of corrupt members of the Areopagus; the right to control the activities of the people's assembly was transferred to the heliea; the right to control officials and oversee the implementation of laws - the Council of 500 and the People's Assembly had their qualifications lowered for holding the position of archon.

the judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; the judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; The qualifications for holding the position of archon were lowered. The Areopagus was in charge of mainly religious functions, so the Areopagus was deprived of political power.

Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: payment was introduced when holding a public office; the poor and disadvantaged could now take up positions in public administration; The role of the People's Assembly, the Council of 500 and the Geliei increased.

Thus, during the period of democracy, the central authorities and administration in Athens were: Thus, during the period of democracy, the central authorities and administration in Athens were: the people's assembly; Tip 500; Heliea; Areopagus; elected officials.

People's Assembly. People's Assembly. the right to participate in the national assembly - 18 years (exceptions: metics, women and slaves); issued laws and regulations on private issues; elected officials; checked their activities; resolved issues of war and peace; discussed the food situation in the country.

Council of 500. Council members were elected by lot for a year from among residents who had reached 30 years of age. The council was divided into 10 commissions; was engaged in the preparation of preliminary conclusions on issues that were considered at the national assembly; heard reports from senior officials; exercised control over compliance with the decisions of the people's assembly.

Main features of Athenian law. Main features of Athenian law. The most ancient source of law in Athens is custom. Already in the V - IV centuries. BC laws become the main source of law in Athens. Even resolutions of people's assemblies are considered laws. They contain general provisions.

Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies. Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies.

Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e. debt bondage. Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e. debt bondage. After Solon's reforms, the following are the means of securing contractual obligations: deposit, pledge, guarantee.