Modern dictionary of the Russian language stress pronunciation orthoepic. Pronouncing dictionary

SPELLING DICTIONARIES (see. orthoepy) are dictionaries in which the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is presented from the point of view of features of pronunciation, stress or the formation of grammatical forms. Such dictionaries reflect the pronunciation codification, i.e., they fix existing spelling norms and make them mandatory for all speakers of a given language.

Russian orthoepic norms have been developing since the 17th century, in the process of formation and development of the Russian national language. Elements of language normalization are known in earlier eras, but they did not concern oral speech. The importance of unity of pronunciation increases only with the formation of a national language. The first orthoepic mark reflected in explanatory dictionaries already in the 17th century, there was an emphasis, and the first such dictionary was “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names” by Pamva Berynda (1627). In the next most recent explanatory dictionary, the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794), in addition to stress, information about the pronunciation of many words is also provided, despite the fact that phonetic norms had not yet been established by that time. At the same time, the authors recognized the main and leading pronunciation of Moscow and St. Petersburg: “The different pronunciation and stress of words in different regions The Academy tried to figure out the pronunciation used in the capitals, observing the stress adopted in Slovenian books, until the exact rules for this were discovered” (Dictionary 1789, p.XIII). This dictionary pays special attention to words that have pronunciation options. Orthoepic information is given in a similar way in all subsequent explanatory dictionaries.

Translation dictionaries XVIII century also had an emphasis on each word - for example, “A trilingual lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic and Latin sayings, a treasure from various ancient and new books collected and arranged in order according to the Slavic alphabet” by F. Polikarpov (1704). In this dictionary, accents are placed on all words, including the text of the author’s introduction - this was the style of writing in the early 18th century. In another translated dictionary - “The German-Latin and Russian Lexicon Together with the First Beginnings of the Russian Language” by E. Weismann (1731) - there are no accents or other pronunciation marks, however, at the end of the dictionary the pronunciation of all letters of the Russian alphabet is indicated and for explanation this pronunciation is given some semblance phonetic transcription:Oh fatherotet. Thus, even in translation dictionaries of the 18th century. There is information about Russian pronunciation.

The 19th century gave a new direction in lexicography, they began to occupy a special place dictionaries of difficulties and irregularities. They met the urgent needs of the literate population in maintaining the purity and correctness of Russian speech and almost all provided information on pronunciation. The first such dictionary should be considered the book by A. N. Grech “Reference place of the Russian word. Four Hundred Amendments” (1839), in which, according to the author, “erroneous expressions that have crept into our spoken and written language, words pronounced incorrectly or used in an inaccurate meaning” are collected and corrected; At the same time, “no attention is paid to the mistakes of the common people. Most of the omissions are selected from the spoken language of good society” (Dictionary 1839, p.VII). The dictionary contains 400 words, almost half of which have an indication of the correct pronunciation. The next most recent dictionaries of irregularities were the following publications:

K. P. Zelenetsky. About the Russian language in the Novorossiysk region (Odessa, 1855),

V. Dolopchev. Experience of a dictionary of irregularities in Russian colloquial speech (1886),

From what? For what? and why? Impoverishment and distortion of Russian speech. Observations by A.B. (1889),

A. N. Grech. Irregularities in perfect spoken, written and book Russian (1890),

I. I. Ogienko. Dictionary of incorrect, difficult and dubious words, synonyms and expressions in Russian speech (1912),

A brief dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language for press workers (1968),

Difficulties of word usage and variants of norms of the Russian literary language / Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich (1973),

Difficulties of the Russian language. Dictionary-reference book for journalists / Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova (1974),

D. E. Rosenthal, M. A. Telenkova.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language (1976),

L. I. Skvortsov. Do we speak Russian correctly? (1983). The greatest pronunciation difficulties of the Russian language are associated with stress, therefore, from the beginning of the 20th century. special ones are coming out:

accent dictionaries

V. I. Chernyshev. Russian accent.

A manual for its study and use (1912),

I. I. Ogienko. Russian literary accent (Kyiv, 1915),

F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva.

Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers / Ed. D. E. Rosenthal (first edition - 1951) Dictionary of accents. To help the speaker / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky (1954).

Proper spelling dictionaries appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. The first was the unique orthoepic dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress”, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (1959), on the basis of which the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” was subsequently created. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms” by S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova and N. A. Eskova (edited by R. I. Avanesov), which includes about 65,000 words and is regularly republished with minimal additions and corrections. In recent years, three dictionaries of this profile have been published: N. V. Bogdanova, L. A. Verbitskaya, G. N. Sklyarevskaya

. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress.. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. M., 2007 (about 40,000 words; the dictionary “includes mainly words in which errors are most often made”, “reflects the literary pronunciation norm, as well as pronunciation options within this norm”; the dictionary does not contain prohibitive and non-recommended forms, but the reader a new system of recommendation marks is proposed").

The “Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” is currently being prepared for publication (authors: M. L. Kalenchuk, L. L. Kasatkin and R. F. Kasatkina), which presents the widest possible range of pronunciation options for each word.

Small spelling dictionaries exist as supplements to some other normative publications:

L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov.

Correctness of Russian speech. Dictionary-reference book / Ed. S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1965;

L. A. Verbitskaya. Let's speak correctly. M., 1993.

The method of presenting orthoepic recommendations in all these dictionaries is varied: from placing stress, including in one or another grammatical form, to the transcriptional representation of a section of a word that is complex in orthoepic terms and a complete transcription of the entire word, cf.: leisure wrong!

leisure leisure newsletter  ;

newsletter

newsletter; newsletters; pl. number

newsletters, newsletters

newsletters chariot, -s[ With b With ]

n

sad . It is important to note that the basis of any codification is the principle of adequacy to modern language norms. However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated; codification often lags behind the development of the norm, reflecting rather the yesterday than the present day of our language. This applies to the greatest extent to the pronunciation norm, the codification of which is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, because of its maximum instability (compared to other language norms) and, secondly, because of the laboriousness of the procedure for establishing a pronunciation norm. That is why in spelling dictionaries, even in recent years of publication, one can find recommendations for setting stress that do not correspond to the real spelling norm - fo,lie,toast yoga rt and under. To overcome this discrepancy between the real norm and its codification in normative dictionaries, special marks are used to mark pronunciation options: extra . (acceptable) incomplete . (unacceptable) outdated . (obsolete), specialist . (special), decomposition . (colloquial),. (not recommended), etc. In the “Big Orthoepic Dictionary”, which is being prepared for publication, the marks have also been introduced senior. And junior. – to indicate the pronunciation features of older and younger age groups of native speakers. Observations of the changing norm, as well as the improvement of existing and the creation of new orthoepic dictionaries is another important task of modern orthoepics, the solution of which requires more and more new research into Russian pronunciation.

In any case, spelling dictionaries serve as reference tools for everyone who wants to know the correct pronunciation of certain words of the language.

Spelling dictionaries are intended to give answers to those questions that the speaker may have in connection with the pronunciation of the word and the placement of emphasis in it. Questions especially often arise in connection with the placement of stress in certain grammatical forms, which is explained by the mobility of Russian stress. Accentological characteristics are a mandatory component of all spelling dictionaries. Orthoepic dictionaries, noting the preference of one option or another in certain types of speech, reflect the variability of pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language. Society's attention to the problems of speech culture explains the extraordinary expansion of this type of dictionaries, including educational ones.

The first special orthoepic dictionary can be considered the dictionary-reference book “Russian literary pronunciation and stress”, edited by R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegov, containing words that need to be characterized in terms of pronunciation, stress, as well as the formation of forms, are subject to fluctuations in living pronunciation, and show a tendency to deviate from literary norms. The dictionary provides instructions warning against improper pronunciation of certain words and forms.

The “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by R.I., remains authoritative and broad in its coverage of material. Avanesova. It is fundamentally important to reflect in the dictionary modern trends in the development of pronunciation and accentological norms. To complete the information about the real sound of each word form, the dictionary provides a kind of “phonetic paradigm” (those paradigms in which certain combinations of sounds occur, for example in the word artist the prepositional case form is specially given about the artist to show assimilative softening). The compilers have developed a system of regulatory guidelines with clear differentiation by areas of use, and also introduced prohibitive notes. The evaluation of options is represented in the dictionary by a system of normative marks: 1) equal options are connected by a conjunction and, 2) acceptable options are accompanied by a mark add. (“acceptable”) or add. outdated (“acceptably outdated”), 3) options that are outside the literary norm are presented with so-called prohibitory marks: not rec. ("Not recommended"), not right, ("wrong"). “The line between incorrect and non-recommended options is not absolute,” the compilers of the dictionary write in the preface. - Litters not rec. And not right, should be perceived simply as “less incorrect 44 and more incorrect 44 (options ranked first are, so to speak, less compromising the speech of a native speaker, although if he wants his speech to be considered exemplary, he should avoid them).” Here are some examples:

grenadier, not rec. grenadier; toothed, not rec. toothed; spoiled, not rec. spoiled; iconography, not rec. icon painting; perplexed, not rec. perplexed; vulgarization not rec. vulgarization; inform not rec. to inform; inquire not rec. inquire; insurer, not rec. insurer; insurer, not rec. insurer; brindle, not rec. tiger; needles, not rec. needles; reprimands, not right, reprimand; colander, not right. colander; cork, not right, clog; stroke, not right, stroke; from time immemorial, not right, yskoni; self-interest, not right, self-interest; kitchen, not right. kitchen.

That which contradicts the laws of language or is not accepted by public taste is rejected. The dictionary provides detailed instructions on all complex issues of Russian formation. The necessary generalizations are contained in a capacious essay by N.A. Eskova “Information on grammatical forms”, placed at the end of the dictionary. It presents a new approach to normalization compared to previous dictionaries, according to which variation is recognized as a natural phenomenon of language; a variation scale has been developed (equal options, acceptable options, acceptable obsolete options). The dictionary is a valuable reference tool necessary for improving speech culture, although experts recognize some of its recommendations as outdated.

“Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language: literary pronunciation and stress of the early 21st century: the norm and its variants” M.L. Kalenchuk, L.L. Kasatkina, R.F. Kasatkina is intended not only to answer questions about the pronunciation of words that have arisen in the last two decades, but also to show the dynamics of the orthoepic norm. The authors worked on the dictionary for 15 years and proceeded from the fact that every 25 years there is a change in the “linguistic generation”, which compilers of new dictionaries must take into account. The dictionary contains many neologisms; it is distinguished by democracy in the presentation of the orthoepic norm. The compilers introduce the concept of fluent speech, based on the fact that the norms of oral conversational speech differ from the norms of oral public speech.

The accentological norm in its most established form is reflected in the “Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers” by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva. In its recommendations, this dictionary, in contrast to the one discussed above, tries to avoid the variability of stress observed in speech practice. It presents two sections of words that are difficult in terms of pronunciation and partial inflection: 1) common nouns; 2) proper names (geographical names, surnames and first names of statesmen, politicians, scientists, writers, artists, names of foreign press organs, etc.).

Brief dictionary-reference book L.A. Verbitskaya, N.V. Bogdanova, G.N. Sklyarevskaya “Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress” is intended to provide answers to the most frequently asked questions about correct stress and pronunciation, to prevent and correct typical spelling errors. A large place in the dictionary is occupied by foreign language borrowings that cause difficulties in pronunciation or persistent accentological errors, as well as forms of common nouns, adjectives and verbs (particular difficulties are associated with the mobility of Russian stress). The reader hears examples of common mistakes almost every day from politicians, officials, TV presenters, and cultural figures. It is no coincidence that words with a prohibitive mark occupy a special place in this dictionary wrong ! (incident - wrong ! incident; extremely - wrong ! extremely; loan - wrong

Vilno loan; collapse - wrong ! collapse; petition - wrong ! petition; expert - wrong ! expert). Erroneous usage is highlighted in a box at the end of the dictionary entry and is confirmed by typical examples extracted from media texts, speeches of politicians, journalists, and public figures. The maximum accessibility of the dictionary's metalanguage makes it a reference tool relevant for a wide readership.

Very popular is the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” by I.L. Reznichenko, however, the composition of the vocabulary of this dictionary and some practical recommendations are not flawless [Kozyrev, Chernyak 2009].

The practical needs of a wide range of users are answered by “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language for Eloquent Words” by E.A. Okuntsova, “Dictionary of exemplary Russian accent” by M.A. Studiner.

“Dictionary of Difficulties of Pronunciation and Stress” by K. S. Gorbachevich presents words that exist in the modern Russian language in two pronunciation or accentological variants. The dictionary instructions “acceptable”, “not recommended”, “in common parlance”, “obsolete”, “obsolete” provide guidelines for choosing the desired form. Responding to dynamic processes in Russian speech, the dictionary offers as acceptable those variants of pronunciation and stress that were not recommended by previous lexicographic publications (for example, on Wednesdays and acceptable on Wednesdays).

Book by F.L. Ageenko “Proper names in the Russian language” presents the normative emphasis in the names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day) and geographical names.

In recent years, many spelling dictionaries of various sizes have appeared, addressed to schoolchildren. For example, “The Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren,” compiled by O. A. Mikhailova, covers the most common vocabulary of the literary language and some letter abbreviations; it reflects literary norms of stress and pronunciation, contains information about the formation of grammatical forms in the modern Russian language, and also provides a list of indeclinable and indeclinable nouns, the determination of the gender of which causes particular difficulties.

Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language: stress, pronunciation, inflection [about 16,000 personal names and surnames, more than 21,000 geographical names, more than 1,000 other proper names]. M.: Peace and Education, 2010. 880 p.

Ageenko F.L. Proper names in the Russian language: a dictionary of accents [about 15,000 names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day), about 20,000 geographical names]. M.: ENAS, 2001.373 p.

Ageenko F.L. Accents in the names of Moscow streets and geographical names of the Moscow region: dictionary-reference book / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 2nd ed., add. M. [b. i.], 1983. 111 p. .

Ageenko F.L ., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers [about 75,000 vocabulary units] / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 6th ed., erased. M.: Russian language, 1985. 808 p. .

Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language: 82,500 vocabulary units. M.: Iris press: Rolf, 2000. 807 p.

Large spelling dictionary: 100,000 words, word forms and phrases / comp. E.N. Zubova. M.: House of Slavic Books, 2011. 927 p.

Bugaeva I. V. Dictionary of accents of religious vocabulary. Dictionary of abbreviations of religious vocabulary: Russian language, Orthodoxy [educational and reference manual on the Russian language and speech culture]. M.: Krug, 2009. 224 p.

Burtseva V.V. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 40,000 words].

3rd ed., erased. M.: Russian language - Media, 2006.

Verbitskaya L.A., Bogdanova N.V. ., Sklyarevskaya G.N. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress: a brief dictionary-reference book. 6th ed., erased. St. Petersburg : Philol. fak. St. Petersburg state Univ., 2008. 146 p. .

Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of accents for radio and television announcers. 3rd ed. M.: MarT; Rostov n/d., 2006. 351 p. .

Gaibaryan O.E. School dictionary of accents. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix,

2010. 222 p. (Training dictionaries).

Gorbachevich K. S. Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian. St. Petersburg : Norint, 2000. 304 p.

Gorbachevich K.S. Modern spelling dictionary of the Russian language: all the difficulties of pronunciation and stress [about 12,000 heading units]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2010. 476 p.

Gridina G.A., Konovalova N.I. School spelling dictionary of the Russian language [more than 4000 words]. M.: ACT et al., 2011. 414 p.

Gridina T.A., Konovalova I. I. ., Burtseva V.V. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language. M.: ACT, 2013. 639 p.

Zarva M.V. Russian word stress: dictionary [about 50,000 words]. M.:ENAS, 2001.594 p.

Ivanova T.F. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language [about 40,000 words]. 7th ed., erased. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media,

2011. 892 p. .

Ivanova T.F. ., Cherkasova T.A. Russian speech on air: a comprehensive reference book. 6th ed., erased. M.: Russian language, 2007. 345 p. .

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkin L.L., Kasatkina R.F. Large orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: literary pronunciation and stress of the early 21st century: the norm and its variants / ed. L.L. Kasatkina; Ross. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. language them. V. V. Vinogradova. M.: AST-Press Book, 2012. 1001 p. (Fundamental dictionaries).

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties [about 15,000 words of modern Russian]. . M.: Astrel [et al.], 2006. 485 p. .

Pocket dictionary of correct accents [more than 33,000 words] / author - comp. O.I. Druzhbinsky. 2nd ed., add. M.: Public education: Research Institute of School Technologies, 2011. 210 p. .

Lekant PA., Ledeneva V. School spelling dictionary of the Russian language. 5th ed. M.: Education, 2013. 167 p. [The same in 1998 with a subtitle: pronunciation of words].

Lvov V.V. School spelling dictionary of the Russian language. 7th ed., erased. M.: Bustard, 2010. 270 p. (School dictionaries of the Russian language).

Mikhailova O A. Pocket spelling dictionary of the Russian language: 20,000 words. M.: Astrel, 2012. 314 p. (Lingua).

The newest school orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. E.N. Zubova. M.: House of Slavic Books, 2012. 639 p.

Novinskaya I. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 18,000 words]. 5th ed. Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2009. 329 p.

Okuntsova E.A. Emphasis. Speaker, lecturer, orator, teacher, schoolchild: dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Moek Publishing House, University, 2013. 118 p. .

Orthoepic Dictionary / ed. T.N. Guryeva. M.: World of Books, 2003. 399 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / ed.-comp. E.D. Goncharova. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2009. 622 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. IN AND. Crookover. St. Petersburg: Victory: Victoria Plus, 2008. 318 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren [about 10,000 words] / comp. O.A. Mikhailova. Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2002. 416 p.

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language [about 40,000 words] / ed. B.A. Zilberta. M.: World of Books, 2004. 399 p. (Encyclopedia of the Russian language).

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 63,500 words] / comp. S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; edited by R.I. Avanesova. 8th ed., erased. M.: Russian language, 2000. 684 p. .

Pedchak E.P. Pronouncing dictionary. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2001. 351 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century).

Pikhutina V.I. Accentological variation in the Russian language: (using the example of nouns): experience of a dictionary-reference book: in 2 volumes / under general. hands L.G. Samotik. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk. state ped. univ., 2006. T. 1-2.

Write and speak correctly: a dictionary-reference book. M.: Astrea - 2000, 2003. 255 p.

Reznichenko I.L. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 25,000 words]. 2nd ed., rev. M.: Astrel: ACT, 2009. 1182 p. (Pocket Dictionary Library). .

Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language [about 10,000 words] / Ross. acad. Sci. M.: AST-Press, 2010. 943 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century) (Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language). [The same in 2004, 2007,2008].

Reznichenko I.L. Modern dictionary of the Russian language: stress, orthoepic pronunciation [about 25,000 words]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2010. 832 p. (Modern Dictionary).

Russian literary pronunciation and stress: dictionary-reference book [about 52,000 words] / ed. R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegova. M.: State. Publishing house of dictionaries, 1959. 709 p. .

Syomushkina L.N. Culture of Russian oral speech: dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Iris-press, 2007. 346 p.

Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian [about 43,000 words] / comp. A.Yu. Yuryeva. M.: Tsentr-polygraf, 2009. 525 p.

Solovyova N.N. How to say it correctly? : orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language [dictionary-reference book]. M.: Onyx: Peace and Education, 2008. 94 p. (We speak and write correctly). Stress in Russian: (difficult cases): dictionary [about 5000 words] / comp. I.S. Persons M.: Publishing house of the University of Russia. acad. Education, 2000. 140 p.

Fedorova T.L., Shcheglova O.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: 60,000 words. M.: LadKom, 2013. 575 p. [The same in 2009, 2012]. Phonetic analysis. Correct pronunciation [more than 10,000 words] / comp. CM. Snarskaya; edited by I.A. Bogdanov. St. Petersburg: Norint, 2003. 283 p. (Dictionary-cheat sheet).

Studiner M.A. Dictionary of exemplary Russian accent: 17,000 words. 6th ed. M.: Iris-press, 2009. 568 p. .

Why do we need spelling dictionaries?

Every person at one time or another encounters difficulties in pronouncing one word or another. For example, he cannot place the emphasis correctly, as a result of which he gets into trouble or simply frantically strives to replace this word with a synonym, which is not always well chosen.

It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What is she like?

Orthoepy regulates pronunciation standards. In addition, it explains their establishment and justifies them.

Why is a spelling dictionary needed?

The dictionary is intended to be used as a book that contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.

The main purpose of the spelling dictionary is to provide the person who applies with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a word with which difficulties have arisen.

The history of spelling dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when the long process of the formation of a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Along with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. The very first orthoepic mark that appeared in dictionaries of the 17th century was stress. It is reflected in the “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names.” Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also provided on the pronunciation of various words. It is important to note that phonetics standards had not yet been formed at that time. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people gained more and more knowledge about their native language.

Why is it important to place stress correctly?

Stresses in words are necessary so that you can pronounce the word correctly without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many rules and regulations it contains. All these rules should be mastered and applied by a native speaker in their spoken language.

With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in a word using our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress plays a very important role. With its help, the emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, castle - castle.

This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, by not complying with orthoepic norms, we make the use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to convey to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.

Orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?

When a person has extensive spelling knowledge, his sociability increases greatly. This is explained as follows:

Firstly, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or not understood at all;

Secondly, he is not embarrassed to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place emphasis in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;

And thirdly, a well-read and literate person’s speech will be the same. And it, in turn, is extremely pleasant to the ear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.

Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers at school or any difficulties arose in your studies, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. In addition, we live in a time when the World Wide Web allows us to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, and workbooks are now available to users completely free of charge. Therefore, you should not refuse this opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, this will only bring a beneficial effect.

The use of online dictionaries has become extremely popular recently. The spelling dictionary was no exception. Welcome!

To obtain phonetic transcriptions of words. Contains spelling exceptions not included in list of phonetic substitutions (rules)(For example, Thu O would[w], riding breeches e [e] ).

Phonetic substitutions presented in pairs {letters} —[pseudosounds] . For example, -Wow[-O V O] ( in genus case; great O th), -stsk-[-с:к-] ( more in And stsky), -sch- [sch:] (at the junction of root and suffix; diff. O schik).

If there are several variants of pronunciation of a word, then only the most common one is included in the dictionary ( d O wait[d Orailway"] , but no[before and":] ; diff. O schik [diff. Osch: ik], but no outdated. [diff. Oschch ik]).

For an arbitrary word, stress is determined by Grammar dictionary and may have options ( dev And tsa — d e Vitsa).

The transcription generator first looks for the word in Spelling dictionary, and replaces it with the corresponding pseudosonic form. The list of paired replacements is used only if the word is not found in the dictionary. Then the resulting pseudo-sound sequences are converted according to the rules of Russian phonetics into phonemes. Unification of vowels, softening-hardening of consonants, voicing-deafening of consonants, reduction of vowels and some other transformations are carried out step by step.

The current version of the algorithm does not allow obtaining transcriptions of phonetic phrases (for example, compound words with several stresses). On the other hand, if a word has a single stress, then a hypothetical transcription of the word can always be obtained from the rules of phonetics, even if the word itself is not found in Grammar dictionary.

Phonetic transcription in the paradigm.

Phonetic notation

The phonetic notation is close to that traditionally used when describing the sounds of the Russian language. It includes 11 vowel sounds: unreduced [ A] , [uh] , [uh >] , [O] , [And] , [s] , [at/у], and reduced [ъ], [а ъ], [и е], [ы ъ]. Sound [ъ] - average between [ s] And [ A], pronounced, for example, in place of letters O And A in the second pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables. Among the set of consonants, we note the sound [ш ’ ], represented by the letter sch; open sound [th^]; as well as the sound [j] close to it, represented by the letter th or included in iotated vowels ( e, e, yu, i).

In addition, the transcription uses superscript and subscript characters and ascenders, which indicate the following features of sounds:

Sources

1. M. V. Zarva, Russian word stress. Dictionary of Common Nouns - M.: ENAS, 2001.
2. S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova, Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. R. I. Avanesova- 9th ed. - M.: Russian language, 2001.
3. Proper spelling dictionaries appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. The first was the unique orthoepic dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress”, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (1959), on the basis of which the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” was subsequently created. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms” by S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova and N. A. Eskova (edited by R. I. Avanesov), which includes about 65,000 words and is regularly republished with minimal additions and corrections. In recent years, three dictionaries of this profile have been published:, Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties- 2nd ed. - M.: Russian language, 2001.
4. L. L. Kasatkin, Phonetics of the modern Russian language- M.: MSU, 2003.
5. L. V. Zlatoustova, S. V. Kodzasov, O. F. Krivnova, I. G. Frolova, Algorithms for converting Russian orthographic texts into phonetic notation- M.: MSU, 1970.

As one movie heroine said: “Two circumstances give a person away: if he puts the emphasis on words incorrectly... And asks stupid questions.” Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people have no need to pretend to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If it is not difficult to ask all sorts of stupid things, then pronouncing words correctly even in your native language can often be very difficult. This is where an orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the rescue.

and why is it so important to install it correctly

Before learning more about the spelling dictionary, it is worth brushing up your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is the emphasis of a certain syllable in a word using the voice.

Despite the seemingly insignificant role of stress, it is often the meaning of a word that depends on it.

Features of stress in Russian

In Russian, stress can fall on absolutely any part of a word.

Moreover, when declension of the same word according to cases, the stress may fall on different syllables, which increases the chance of making mistakes in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this regard, the main assistant of any person who wants to speak correctly is a spelling dictionary. He will tell you how to put the accent correctly. For example, even Russians themselves very often mispronounce the well-known names of some food products, items of clothing, or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis in them is placed as shown in the figure.

The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary - what is it?

The science of orthoepy is the study of stress in words (the name is translated from Greek as “correct speech”). In addition to emphasis, this science deals with the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms of literary speech.

All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms are entered into special dictionaries called orthoepic dictionaries by linguists specializing in orthoepics.

Each language has its own spelling dictionary. This helps foreigners learning a language to develop and native speakers to improve their own speech.

History of spelling dictionaries

Despite the fact that the science of orthoepics came from Ancient Greece, humanity should be grateful to the Roman Empire for the first spelling dictionary. The fact is that, having conquered another country and turning it into their province, the Romans declared it official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, in the provinces, Latin began to differ from the official one, as words of the local language of the conquered territory were added to it, and the pronunciation of Latin phrases was greatly distorted. In order to somehow streamline speech and reduce it to one standard, special reference books began to be published, in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These reference books are considered the first spelling dictionaries in history.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, difficult times came for orthoepy. Only in the 16th-17th centuries in France did they begin to gradually fight for However, at that time, information about the correct pronunciation of words was provided in the form of additions to the grammar.

Later, by analogy with Roman reference books, orthoepic phrasebooks began to be published, which gradually turned into dictionaries.

It was formed in the Russian Empire by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguists began to publish their own spelling dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.

With the development of radio and television, special dictionaries began to be published for announcers and presenters, so that their speech would be an example for listeners.

With the development of computer programs, spelling dictionaries are gradually becoming relics of the past. Because today, to find out where to put the emphasis in a particular word, you just need to enter it into an online translator - and you can not only see where the emphasis is placed in it, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by a native speaker.

Types of spelling dictionaries

As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:

• Encyclopedic - contain information about various countries, phenomena, historical events and personalities, and more.
• Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about a word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). An orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic type.

Today, all spelling dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.

Two more separate types can be distinguished - according to what norm this spelling dictionary describes. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is carried out by orthoepic dialect dictionaries. But how to correctly place emphasis according to the norms of literary speech will be suggested by dictionaries of the second type, which everyone uses when they strive to speak correctly.

Sometimes dictionaries of accents are divided into parts of speech. For example, a spelling dictionary of verbs, a spelling dictionary of nouns, etc.

Paper spelling dictionaries

Everyone imagines what a paper spelling dictionary is. This is an ordinary book in which words are placed in alphabetical order and indicate where the emphasis is placed in them.

Before the advent of computers, this was the only type of dictionary. However, now it has a serious competitor - electronic.

Electronic spelling dictionaries

Often paper editions of spelling dictionaries are scanned and digitized. Thus, anyone can download the electronic version of the necessary spelling dictionary and use it, since paper editions are quite expensive, especially rare ones. But such scans are not electronic dictionaries.

The electronic spelling dictionary is a specialized program with an automated word search. To find out information about the required word, you need to launch the program, enter the desired word in the search engine window, and then the system itself will find it.

Such spelling dictionaries can be offline (all data is on the installation disk and the Internet is not required to work) and online (they do not work without the Internet).

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: History

One of the most famous first spelling dictionaries of the Russian language was the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Ilarion) Ogienko. In 1911, he published “A Dictionary of Stress in the Russian Language and the Rules of Russian Stress.”
According to the traditional version, the history of orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergei Ozhegov “Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a dictionary-reference book” was published. A little less than 30 years later, Avanesov’s well-known “Orthoepic Dictionary” was published, which became a reference manual for many.

In 1960, F. Ageenko and M. Zarva released a specialized spelling dictionary for announcers and presenters on radio and television. The same authors published a spelling dictionary with 76 thousand words in 1993.

In the mid-80s, the “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language” by R. Khryslova was published in Minsk. During the same period, S. Borunova published her own spelling dictionary. This edition contained approximately 63.5 thousand words.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, spelling publications began to be actively published again. Thus, in 2000, the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was republished. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary with 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors T. Ivanova and T. Cherkasova published a specialized spelling reference book for speakers.

Today, specialized brochures or publications containing complex cases of stress in new words are published more often than spelling dictionaries. In addition, many people prefer to create online spelling services because they cost less than publishing a book and are easier to maintain and edit.

If the wise Romans had not invented an orthoepic dictionary in their time, it is unknown whether different languages ​​would exist today at all. After all, without a standard for the correct pronunciation of words in a certain language, after a few decades, residents of different parts of the same country would cease to understand each other. Just as 2000 years ago, the orthoepic dictionary plays an important role today, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.