Means of protection. Main types of personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an item or group of items designed to protect (ensure safety) one person from radioactive, hazardous chemical and biological substances, as well as light radiation from a nuclear explosion.

According to their purpose, they are divided into personal respiratory protective equipment (RPP) and skin protective equipment (SPP). Based on the principle of protective action, PPE is divided into filtering and insulating.

In filtering PPE, the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body is cleaned of harmful impurities when passing through the PPE. Isolating type PPE completely isolates a person from the environment.

RPE is divided into gas masks (filtering and insulating), respirators and simple means.

The simplest means of respiratory protection - anti-dust fabric masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze bandages (VMP) - can be used to protect the human respiratory system from radioactive substances and when working in a secondary cloud of biological agents (Fig. 7, 8) .

To protect the respiratory organs of the adult population, filtering gas masks are used: a general-arms gas mask and a civilian gas mask GP-7.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (Fig. 9) is today the most advanced and most reliable means of protection.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (and its modification GP-7V) is designed to protect the respiratory system, eyesight and facial skin. The gas mask provides reliable protection against poisonous, many hazardous chemical and radioactive substances. It protects for at least 6 hours from nerve agent vapors (such as sarin, zoran) and general toxic agents (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride), radioactive substances (iodine radionuclides and its organic compounds such as methyl iodide), and also for at least 2 hours - from drops of agent with blister action. To protect children and adolescents, children's protective chambers and filtering gas masks are used: DP-6 (for older children from 12 to 17 years); PDF-7 - children's filtering gas mask (intended for children aged 1.5 to 17 years); PDF-Sh is a children's filtering school gas mask (designed for children aged 7 to 17 years).

Rice. 7. Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1

Rice. 8. Cotton-gauze bandage

Rice. 9. Civil filtering gas mask GP-7:
1 - front part; 2 - filter-face box; 3 - knitted cover; 4 - inhalation valve assembly; 5 - intercom (membrane); 6 - exhalation valve assembly; 7 - shutter; 8 - headplate (occipital plate); 9 - frontal strap; 70 - temple straps; 11 - cheek straps; 12 - buckles; 13 - bag

The front parts of children's gas masks are additionally differentiated by height, depending on the age of the child and the size of his head.

Skin protection equipment (SPE) consists of special protective clothing, which includes a general-arms protective kit, a light protective suit L-1, protective overalls (Fig. 10), and protective filter clothing.

Rice. 10. Overalls of protective filter clothing (PFC):
1 - hood; 2 - chest valve; 3 - throat valve; 4 - arm straps; 5 - delays

Protective clothing is used only by personnel of civil defense units, and the population must be able to adapt everyday clothing and shoes to use them as improvised means to protect the skin.

Industrial protective clothing can be used as the simplest means of protecting human skin: jackets and trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, made of tarpaulin, fire-retardant fabric, rubberized fabric or coarse cloth. Such clothing can not only protect against contact of radioactive substances and bacterial agents with human skin, but also protect for some time from droplet-liquid agents.

Among the items of household clothing, the most suitable for protecting the skin are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film. Such clothing protects against contact with the skin of radioactive substances and biological agents; it protects against droplet-liquid agents in the summer for about 10 minutes. Winter clothes can also provide protection - a coat made of rough cloth or drape. After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear (suits, jackets, trousers, etc.) can also provide skin protection.

To protect the head and neck, clothing must be fastened with all buttons, hooks and snaps, and the collar and hood must be raised. The neck can be tied with a scarf.

Sleeves should be tied over the wrists with ribbons, trousers should be pulled over the boots and tied at the bottom with ribbon. The bottom of your jacket, jacket or shirt should be tucked into your trousers.

To protect your feet, you can use industrial and household rubber boots, rubber boots and galoshes. Rubber products are capable of preventing droplet-liquid agents from passing through for up to 3-6 hours.

To protect your hands, you must use rubber or leather gloves and mittens.

When leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly remove clothing, taking precautions.

Regular medical personal protective equipment (MPI) includes an individual first aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) and an individual dressing package.

The individual first aid kit (AI-2) is designed to provide self- and mutual assistance in order to prevent severe consequences of exposure to damaging factors from the use of means of destruction or accidents at nuclear power plants, as well as to prevent and mitigate infectious diseases (Fig. 11). It contains various preventative and first aid products (see section “Additional materials”).

Rice. 11. Individual first aid kit (AI-2)

The individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) is intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents that have come into contact with exposed skin and clothing.

conclusions

1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) protects against radioactive, toxic substances and biological agents getting into the body and on the skin.
2. Personal protective equipment is divided into personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) and skin protection equipment (SPP).
3. Regular medical personal protective equipment also includes medical equipment: an individual first aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8).
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation are required to study the rules for using personal protective equipment and be able to adapt their clothing to protect the respiratory system, eyesight and facial skin from radioactive substances and hazardous chemicals.

Questions

1. What is personal protective equipment intended for?
2. Which of your things can be used as the simplest means of protecting the skin from radiation hazards? Think through and justify your answer.
3. What personal protective equipment can you try to use at home in case of radioactive contamination of the area?
4. What is the individual first aid kit (AI-2) intended for? When preparing your answer, you can use the “Additional Materials” section.

Tasks

1. Prepare a message on the topic “Basic personal respiratory protection equipment and rules for using them.”
2. Using the “Additional materials” section, special literature and the Internet, prepare a message on the topic “Use of an individual first aid kit (AI-2) after radioactive contamination of the area.”
3. Think about how you can make a cotton-gauze bandage yourself at home using available materials.

>>OBZD 10th grade >>OBZD: Personal protective equipment

Individual protection means

Any job, no matter where a person works, must be safe. This is especially important for employees of enterprises where most often their activities involve risks to life or health. Therefore, it is very important to create conditions for work safety and provide all employees with the necessary protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment, or abbreviated as (PPE), are means that are used by people, as well as employees of various enterprises or organizations, that are able to eliminate or reduce the impact of harmful and dangerous production factors. Also, PPE is designed to protect people from damage to the body, skin or clothing by various harmful contaminants.

Now let's try to understand the different types of personal protective equipment and find out their characteristics and what they are intended for.

What types of personal protective equipment are there?

We have already found out that personal protective equipment is needed to prevent exposure to harmful and dangerous factors for humans in enterprises and in special cases in everyday life. Thanks to such protective equipment, there is also an additional opportunity to reduce the risk of injury and protect against various accidents at work. Personal protective equipment is necessary to ensure the proper level of work safety.

Depending on the purpose of the funds, they are divided into certain groups and are able to protect:

From toxic substances, harmful impurities and dust, the human respiratory system;
Safety helmets can protect a person’s head from mechanical damage.
This attribute is mandatory both at construction sites and at many other production facilities;
Gloves that have a special coating will protect the skin of your hands from mechanical damage and other influences;
Since there is increased noise at some facilities, the hearing organs also need to be protected;
When carrying out turning and welding work that leads to injury, it is necessary to provide eye and face protection;
For workers working at height, a mandatory attribute is safety belts that reduce the risk of falling.

Now let’s try to figure out what the individual means of protection for each of these groups are:

Firstly, for general protection of the entire body, special clothing and protective clothing are used, which have a special purpose. This category includes PVC suits, various overalls, welding suits, wetsuits, spacesuits and pneumatic suits. Such clothing is produced in accordance with certain requirements. It must be durable, resistant to various temperatures, chemical acids and have good wear resistance.

Secondly, to protect your hands you must use gloves, mittens, handhelds, etc. And to protect your feet you must have appropriate shoes. Depending on the field of activity, these can be boots, boots, galoshes, shoe covers, etc. It is common for employees who require this protective equipment to be exposed to components or activities that may be harmful to human skin. And thanks to the above PPE, this can be avoided. It would be a good idea to use protective ointments, detergents or other protective agents in areas exposed to negative factors. In case of harmful effects, it is advisable to use dermatological products such as skin protectants and skin cleansers.

Thirdly, to perform work that requires head protection, you need to use various helmets, hard hats, hats, mosquito nets, braids, etc. For the safety of the face and eyes, open and closed safety glasses, masks, face shields and other means are used.

Fourthly, in order to protect the hearing organs from harmful noise effects, anti-noise helmets, headphones, earbuds or earplugs are used.

Fifthly, for those people who are involved in high-altitude work, high-altitude equipment, safety lanyards, belts, hand grips, etc. should be used.

Respiratory protection is also a very important factor. Masks, respirators and various filters are suitable for these purposes. In addition to these PPE, protective equipment against dust and gases is also used. This category includes such protective equipment as self-contained and hose gas masks, pneumatic masks and pneumatic helmets.

All personal protective equipment is designed to reduce the risk of exposure and injury to a person working in a particular enterprise.

Working clothes and personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment and protective clothing are used in almost all areas of human activity, but they are mainly widespread in production.

The main function of such workwear is to ensure labor safety and protect employees from various types of injuries and mechanical damage. Workwear is mainly distributed among workers of chemical, metallurgical, and machine-building enterprises. Builders, installers, workers in the food industry and in the production of medicines, etc., wear protective clothing without fail.

Workwear includes clothing developed using special technology, which serves to protect a person from negative influences, both in production and in the environment. In some cases it must be water-repellent, antistatic, heat-resistant, and for medical workers - hygienic. Such clothing includes a work coat, a suit, shoes, a hat, and for some categories of workers a respirator and gloves.

But if we consider workwear from a professional point of view, it can perform not only a protective function, but also a marketing or advertising one. Such clothing is created not so much for protection, but for the prosperity of the enterprise, to emphasize its brand.

Protection is always important for people working in dangerous conditions. Workers are provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) and trained in how to use it correctly. Basic and additional means of protection are necessary to prevent various harmful substances from entering the human body and skin. The use of PPE is clearly regulated by law. Such funds are necessary for workers working in special conditions.

Concept: what applies to personal protective equipment (PPE)

This concept implies specially designed devices, preparations and clothing that are necessary to prevent the influence of hazardous factors on a person. The employee puts the product on himself or uses it in some other way, depending on its purpose.

Typically, various types of PPE are used during people’s work activities if it is necessary to protect against the negative effects of hazardous substances on:

• skin;
• eyes;
• respiratory system;
• and so on.

The enterprise is obliged to ensure safety for its employees while working. Therefore, a special regulatory act is issued within the organization approving the rules for issuing protective equipment. When applying for employment, an employee must be familiar with the protective equipment used, which is necessary for labor safety at a particular place, against signature.

Basic means of protection, as well as additional ones, are provided in accordance with the terms of their use. The organization has the right to make changes to the local list of protective equipment by a separately issued order. However, a condition must be met here - the changes will not worsen the safety of people at the place of work.

In dangerous and harmful working conditions, only certified protective equipment is used. They indicate the name of the manufacturer, name and type of product. There is also a mark with the date of production and a certification stamp.

When PPE becomes unusable, the employer is obliged to replace it with new equipment.

Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Development of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 1998 No. 51 approves the rules for providing people with special clothing and other protective equipment. They are established on the basis of standard standards, regardless of the sector of the economy and the form of ownership of the organization.

Personal protective equipment and their classification

The general classification of PPE is based on characteristics regarding the purpose of the means and the negative impact on human organs and skin.

All types of personal protective equipment can be divided into three main groups. Each of them contains its own list of funds. Each of them is aimed at preventing a specific danger to a person during work.

Scheme: classification of protective equipment by type:

• Respiratory protection means are devices that directly protect the entry of harmful substances into the human body through the nose or mouth.
• General protective equipment - all protective clothing and equipment: skin, eyes, head, hands and face.
• Medical products - medicines and products used in emergency situations as disinfection.

The legislation has approved a special GOST 12.4.011 - 89. It includes a specific list of PPE, consisting of twelve blocks. For ease of perception, we consider them in table form:

All of the listed protective equipment can be used in the presence of harmful factors during certain types of work.

Currently, there is a huge amount of equipment that relates to PPE for occupational safety. The employer must purchase them. After all, he is responsible for the safety of his workers.

Insulated mittens, plain-dyed Insulation material: batting Base material: diagonal, density 220 g/m2 Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 12.4.010-75

The glasses are tight-fitting, comfortable and convenient with a high degree of protective properties. Panoramic safety glass made of optically transparent Plexiglas CE material. Soft PVC body with a wide sealing strip. Provide eye protection from exposure to solid particles with kinetic energy up to 3.0 J, UV radiation up to l = 350 nm and a panoramic view with complete absence of distortion. The hard layer of protective glass is resistant to abrasion and scratching. The new modern ventilation system eliminates fogging of the protective glass. A wide adjustable headband securely fixes the glasses on the user's head. Weight - no more than 110 g. Can be worn with corrective glasses. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.013-97 SSBT. Safety glasses. General technical conditions.

Material: Tarpaulin (51% linen, 49% cotton), pl. 480 g/m2, OP

Brand: Breeze-Kama Description The front part - panoramic mask Breeze-4301 (PPM) is intended for completing industrial and civil gas masks and hose breathing apparatus. It has panoramic glass, an intercom, a self-tightening headband, and an independent shutter. The presence of a mask prevents fogging of the glass and reduces the CO2 content in the inhaled air. The design guarantees good audibility and speech intelligibility, and does not reduce a person’s performance when performing work of any severity throughout the entire work shift. The mask can be used with any Breeze filters. Temperature range of use from -40°C to +40°C at relative air humidity up to 95%. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.189-99 SSBT. Respiratory PPE. Masks. General technical conditions.

Chemical protective gloves KShchS-2 - acids and alkalis up to 20% for fine work Main color: gray Main material: latex Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 20010-93

Provides protection for the respiratory system, vision and face from gases, vapors and aerosols. Distinctive characteristics: cost-effectiveness, long service life. High degree of protection, low breathing resistance. The wide panoramic lens provides excellent visibility and eliminates fogging. Impact-resistant, scuff- and scratch-resistant polycarbonate lens. Light weight. The material does not cause irritation. The half mask is used with replaceable cartridges and pre-filters. Wide range of spare parts. The degree of protection is up to 200 MAC. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.189-99 SSBT. Respiratory PPE. Masks. General technical conditions.

Designed to protect the respiratory system, vision and face of a person from toxic substances, biological aerosols and radioactive dust (OM, BA and RP). The front part of the civilian gas mask GP 7 is made in the form of a mask with round viewing glasses for the eyes. The gas mask is held on a person’s head by a special headband, which significantly reduces the overall mechanical impact of the gas mask on the person’s head and, as a result, fatigue. The gas mask does not cover the ears. The existing intercom in the gas mask greatly facilitates communication during work. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.189-99 SSBT. Respiratory PPE. Masks. General technical conditions.

The sleeves have an elastic band at the edges. The stitching seam is taped. Season: all seasons Material: Rubberized fabric (honey oilcloth)

To protect the skin of your hands and face from paints, petroleum products, oils, and organic solvents. The cream effectively protects the skin from technical oils, lubricants, petroleum products, soot, graphite, fiberglass, organic solvents, paints, oil-based coolants, various types of industrial dust and other water-insoluble working materials. Does not leave fingerprints. Does not interfere with skin breathing. Does not contain silicone.

Nylon gloves Main material: nylon Handheld material: polyurethane Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 12.4.010-75

The body of the FavoriT shield is made of heat-resistant material TermotreK CE, is resistant to burnout, high and low temperatures and allows you to most conveniently raise the shield up and down, fixing it in these positions. The light filter improves visibility, the design of the shield body protects the welder's head, face, neck and upper chest as much as possible and ensures good air exchange in the space under the shield. SUPER RAPID head mount with continuously adjustable size. The S-Z...S-8 light filter, Eurostandard size (110x90 mm), is protected on both sides by a polycarbonate cover glass and a backing. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.238-2007

Used for storing and carrying gas masks. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 12.4.041-2011 SSBT. Respiratory filtering personal protective equipment. General technical requirements.

7th grade 58g size 22 Pairs in a bag: 300 Model type: luxury

Glasses with a new, cutting-edge, improved body, increased protection from solid particles on the top, increased side protection, due to a unique temple with special ventilation holes for effective air exchange, located at an angle that prevents dust and particulates from entering the space under the glasses. Comfort of wearing is ensured by adjusting the length of the temples. Protective mineral glasses-light filters of spherical shape correspond to class 1 optics, are distinguished by a tight fit to the face, no fogging of the glass, and there is a hole in the temple for attaching a cord. RECOMMENDED for gas welders for gas welding and cutting of medium power. APPLICATION: glasses are used in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, oil and gas production, construction and other industries, providing the main function of eye protection and good visibility, reliably protecting against the blinding brightness of visible light, UV and IR radiation. Regulatory technical documentation: GOST R 12.4.013-97 SSBT. Safety glasses. General technical conditions.

Chemical protective gloves MBS, nitrile latex Protection from oils, petroleum, gasoline, chemical solutions Base material: nitrile latex Regulatory technical documentation: TU 2514-003-53594940-2002

Chemical protective gloves KShchS-1- Acids and alkalis for rough work Main color: black Main material: latex Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 20010-93

Minimum order - 10 pairs! Gloves for universal use to protect hands from general industrial pollution and abrasion. The yarn is made of cotton with the addition of polyester thread, which increases the strength of the gloves. The "Wave" polymer coating improves adhesion properties and strengthens the palm part. Non-marking colors ensure a neat appearance of your hands. Knitting class: 10 Weight: 48g Material: Cotton, polyethylene. Covering: PVC-wave Size: 22 Color: Birch Steam in a bag: 300 Model type: standard

For effective nutrition and care of the skin of the hands and face The cream is intended to nourish, soften, moisturize and effectively regenerate the skin of the hands and face after performing work involving the use of irritating substances. Thanks to the high content of lanolin and natural oils, the cream eliminates the effects of the irritating effects of working substances. Does not interfere with skin breathing. Does not contain silicone.

Minimum order - 10 pairs! 10 class 42g Size 20 Pairs in a bag -300 Main color: white Main material: 100% cotton Handheld material: PVC Protection class: Mi - abrasion protection Special offer: No Regulatory technical documentation: GOST 5007-87 Model type: standard

Human organs are very vulnerable to external harmful factors. How to protect them in production conditions, and in such a way that you can get on with your business? This is achieved by using both individual and collective means of protection, although the latter, as a rule, are not particularly emphasized.

What is PPE?

These are technical means for complete protection or reduction of exposure to workers characterized by harmfulness and (or) danger to humans (Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 209).

PPE is needed when worker safety is not ensured by the design of the process equipment, production technology itself, or collective protection means (for example, general shop ventilation systems, dust removal, etc.).

All PPE must meet the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of PPE” TR CU 019/2011.

Traditional classification of personal protective equipment

There are two approaches to this classification. According to the first of them, the human organ or body system for which PPE is intended to protect is selected as a classification characteristic. Thus, personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) protects the eyes - RPPE, and the skin - PEPC. Further, in each of these classes of PPE, their own subclasses are distinguished according to the principle of the protective action (for example, filtering PPE, insulating PPE, etc.). This is a traditional classification, originating from the old Soviet labor protection system.

Modern classification of PPE

The new classification of personal protective equipment in the above-mentioned technical regulations of the Customs Union is based on the harmful factors they are intended to protect against. Here is a list of these factors, each of which is assigned a specific PPE protection group:

1. Mechanical factors.

1.1. Actually mechanical factors:

Punctures and cuts;

Abrasion;

Vibration;

Possible capture by moving parts of mechanisms;

Strikes to different parts of the body;

Falling from height.

1.2. General industrial pollution.

1.3. Water and aqueous solutions of surfactants.

1.4. Non-toxic dust:

Fiberglass and asbestos dust;

Explosive, fine and coarse dust.

1.5. Slippery surfaces:

Covered with a greasy and oily film;

Icy.

2. Chemical factors:

2.1. Toxic chemicals in all states of aggregation.

2.2. Acidic solutions.

2.3. Alkaline solutions.

2.4. Organic solvents, as well as paint and varnish products.

2.5. Petroleum, petroleum products, fats and oils.

3. Biofactors:

3.1. Microbes.

3.2. Insects.

4. Radiation factors:

4.1. Pollution.

4.2. Radiation.

5. Temperature factors, sparks and splashes of molten metal.

Rules for the use of PPE

Labor protection legislation in the Russian Federation requires workers to correctly use the PPE issued to them, and employers to take measures to prevent them from working without PPE or with faulty PPE, as well as in faulty and dirty workwear and safety shoes. Workers must take care of the personal protective equipment provided to them for use. The application assumes that employees must inform employers about the need to repair or test PPE, put workwear and safety shoes in order by carrying out the procedures provided for by Intersectoral Rules No. 290n.

When issuing workers with personal protective equipment, as well as personal protective equipment that protects against falls from heights, the employer must provide instructions on the rules for using them, as well as train workers in their use.

Electrical protective equipment for personal protective equipment for workers must be subjected to mechanical and electrical performance tests strictly within the time limits specified in the rules for their use.