Statistics of fires in sports facilities. Statistics of fires in Russia and the world

The causes, parameters and consequences of fires need to be studied in order to reduce the risks of new emergencies. For this purpose, fire statistics are kept in each state separately and in the world. The second direction is formed by three organizations: CTIF, VTsPS and TsPS CTIF. The American NFPA recently joined them. This association studies and systematizes complete information about fires, damage from emergencies, and develops fire safety systems. In Russia, this area is within the competence of VNIIPO. This unit of the GPS collects data on the country and individual regions.

Fire statistics are maintained to obtain complete quantitative information to assess threats and the level of fire protection at facilities for various purposes, in climatic and natural zones, and in specific settlements. This information allows the Ministry of Emergency Situations to plan its work rationally. Information is collected according to the following parameters:

• when and where the fire occurred;
• what damage was caused by the fire: direct and indirect;
• number of injured and killed people;
• type of fire;
• causes and frequency of incidents.

Important! Research into fires that have occurred allows one to analyze the actions of fire departments in emergency situations, the correctness of the chosen tactics, the adequacy of legislative acts and other aspects. This is how strategies, technologies, approaches to extinguishing fires and the number of firefighters in Russia are adjusted.

Fire data for various objects

World fire statistics for objects of various purposes shows comparable quantitative indicators for individual countries:

1. Residential buildings are the most fire-hazardous objects; more than 70% of the total number of fires occur here.
2. Industrial fires account for a little more than 3%.
3. Shopping malls, hotels and other retail facilities are slightly behind production, their percentage is 2.8.
4. Agricultural facilities are also characterized by increased danger, their number reaches 2.3%.
5. Administrative institutions become the site of fires in 1.7% of cases.
6. Construction sites and warehouses become the source of fires in 0.% and 0.4% of cases, respectively.

On a note! According to worldwide data, fires occur much less frequently in preschool educational institutions and schools than in other facilities. This trend intensified in 2016-2017.

Fire statistics for countries, including the Russian Federation, report that the most common causes of fires are:

• violation of the rules for installing electrical wiring and equipment, as well as failure to comply with operating requirements;
• gas leaks and improper operation of gas equipment;
• violation of technological processes in which flammable substances are used;
• smoking.

You should understand! The above data suggests that in most cases the cause of fires is the human factor. Even large-scale forest fires in recent years occurred due to human negligence. The second largest component is the civilizational component. Natural factors rarely cause fires.

Fire statistics around the world

Organizations keeping records of data around the world report that every year more than 3 million fires occur in Europe, Asia, America and Australia, in which more than 20 thousand people die from smoke, fire and other factors. In most cases, fires occur in transport, mainly on trains, in buildings and structures. About 90% of the total number of victims die at these facilities:

• the largest number of fires occurs in the United States of America;
• in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus - the largest number of human casualties;
• The largest volume of forest fires occurs in Russia and the USA; damage from emergencies annually amounts to up to 0.65% of the gross national product.

Buildings account for the largest percentage of total fires – more than 38%. The reasons for this are:

• the impossibility of ensuring a sufficient level of control over the fire safety of the housing stock;
• the large presence of people in high-rise buildings, the presence of sick people with limited mobility, as well as the lack of control over people at night;
• high fire load in high-rise buildings, formed by household appliances, furniture and finishing materials;
• high speed of flame propagation up the floors.

Statistical organizations annually compile a ranking of countries by fires, this allows them to determine trends and the effectiveness of measures taken in certain states.

Data for Russia

Fire statistics in Russia report that on average about 150 thousand fires occur per year. According to official reports on the website of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, more than 9.5 thousand people die in them. Most fires occur in densely populated regions, among which Moscow and the Moscow region confidently “lead” - about 8 thousand fires annually. St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region show statistics half as low. According to primary quantitative indicators, the situation in the remote northern regions is more prosperous. For example, in the Komi Republic a little more than 1 thousand emergencies occur per year, and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - less than 50. But the indicators change critically when recalculating the deaths per 100 thousand people, that is, taking into account the population density. But these are average data. If we consider the number of fires in Russia over the last six years by year, the following trend is determined:

• 2012 – 162.9 thousand emergencies, of which 99.3 thousand occurred in cities.
• 2013 – 153.5 thousand fires, in cities – 93.1 thousand.
• 2014 - 150.8 thousand fires, in large settlements - 89.6 thousand.
• 2015 - 146.6 thousand emergency situations, in cities - 86.4 thousand.
• 2016 – 139.1 thousand fires, 88.4 thousand – in large populated areas.
• 2017 – 132.4 thousand fires, in urban infrastructure – 78.1 thousand.

This trend made it possible to predict that in 2018 there will be even fewer emergencies. The statistics in the Russian Federation regarding forest fires are less optimistic; up to 30 thousand hectares of forest burn out in one year. The reasons for the death of arrays are:

• careless handling of fire by citizens – more than 60%;
• fire that spread to forests from agricultural sites – 10%;
• accidents caused by expeditions – 2%;
• technological processes in logging – less than 1%.

In 17% of cases, the reasons could not be determined.

Application of statistical information in various industries

World fire statistics provide up-to-date information for many industries. This primarily applies to construction, since buildings and structures are being erected everywhere. In this area, requirements and methods, both Russian and international, are developed taking into account statistical data:

• a classification of objects according to fire safety and types of production has been created;
• a system of fire resistance of materials has been developed with recommendations for objects of various specifications;
• the development of industrial construction projects is carried out based on technological processes, raw materials used, and the number of employees;
• infrastructure design is carried out taking into account fire loads;
• the planning of buildings and premises is carried out taking into account safety, including the possibility of evacuating people.

The energy sector is no less tightly regulated by statistical data. The world ranking of countries by the number of fires allows us to predict the situation for the current year. Based on how many fires are possible in a given area, it is possible to effectively consolidate the efforts of firefighters from all countries of the world.

Fundamentals of fire and explosion hazards.

In the Federal Law “On Fire Safety” dated December 21, 1994 No. 69-FZ, GOST 12.1.033-81 (2001) “SSBT. Fire safety. Terms and definitions" and GOST 12.1.004-91 (1999) "Fire safety. General requirements" provides basic concepts and their definitions in the field of fire safety.

Fire– uncontrolled combustion causing material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, and the interests of society and the state.

At the same time, fire is understood as a process characterized by social and economic damage as a result of the impact on people and material assets of thermal decomposition or combustion factors, as well as the fire extinguishing agents used.

Fire safety– the state of protection of the individual, property, society and state from fires.

Statistics and causes of fires.

Every year in Russia there is an average 579 fires that kill 44 person and 37 get injured. The fire destroyed 160 buildings, 24 units of motor and tractor equipment and 8 heads of livestock. Daily material damage amounts to 3.4 million rubles. The cities of the Russian Federation account for 65.4% of the total number of fires, 5.51% of the number of deaths and 0.5% of people injured in fires, and 60.3% of material damage.

Most fires are recorded in the residential sector. Their share of the total amounted to 71%, and material damage – 49.6%. As a result of careless handling of fire, 44.28% of fires occur, which caused 22.1% of material damage of the total. Violation of the rules for the design and operation of electrical equipment was the cause of every fifth fire (19.3%), and the share of damage from them was 25%.

Fire mode– rules of human behavior, procedures for organizing production and (or) maintenance of premises (territories), ensuring the prevention of violations of fire safety requirements.

Fire safety measures– actions to ensure fire safety – actions to ensure fire safety, including compliance with fire safety requirements.

Ignition source– a means of energetic influence that initiates combustion.

Combustible environment– a medium capable of burning independently after removal of the ignition source.

There are two approaches and assessments of the fire and explosion hazard of production: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic method is based on a certain quantitative differentiation of production into categories, classes, etc. The probabilistic approach is based on calculating the probability of achieving a certain level of fire and explosion hazard, i.e. on the concept of acceptable risk.

The Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ provides for the introduction of new approaches to the establishment and application of requirements voluntarily accepted by the manufacturer for the processes of production and circulation of products and services, the introduction into practice of mandatory technical regulations, and also establishes a voluntary status national and other standards and regulatory requirements.

Fire risk– a measure of fire danger that determines the possibility of a fire occurring at human objects, causing harm to people, property, production and the environment, characterizing the action (or inaction) of persons responsible for fire safety.

Assessing the risk of fire allows you to assess the state of the fire hazard of an object in real time and take appropriate and sufficient fire prevention measures.

The causes of fires can be divided into four types:

1. Society – reflects the totality of the causes of fires that were the result of people’s activities, their behavior when using fire and fire-hazardous products in production, everyday life, etc. These include: carelessness when smoking, electric and gas welding work, violation of the rules for operating electrical installations and electric heating devices, improper installation of heating stoves and violation of the rules for their operation, deliberate arson, careless handling of fire, children playing pranks with fire.
2. Technology - reflects the totality of the causes of fires that arose as a result of failures and malfunctions of equipment, machines, units, as well as due to imperfect technology for processing substances and materials.
3. Nature – reflects the totality of the causes of fires from the action of natural forces and the functionality of microorganisms.
4. Other causes are causes whose manifestations were not identified during fire investigations. Social – 85%, technological reasons – 2%, natural – 1%, other – 13%.

Physico-chemical foundations of the combustion and explosion process.

Burning is a complex physical and chemical process of transformation of initial combustible substances and materials into combustion products, accompanied by intense release of heat, smoke and light radiation from a flame.

Explosion- this is a relatively large release of an amount of energy in a finite limited volume in a relatively short period of time.

Combustion is possible under three conditions: a combustible substance with a certain ignition temperature and a certain power.

The physicochemical basis of combustion lies in the thermal decomposition of a substance or material into hydrocarbon vapors and gases, which, under the influence of high temperatures, enter into chemical interactions with an oxidizing agent (air oxygen), turning during the combustion process into carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). carbon), soot (carbon) and water, and this produces heat and light radiation.

Based on the speed of propagation, deflagration, explosive and detonation combustion are distinguished. The most important feature of the combustion process is the self-accelerating nature of the chemical transformation.

The main parameters characterizing an explosion (explosive combustion) are: maximum explosion pressure, pressure at the shock wave front, average and maximum rate of pressure increase during an explosion, high-explosive or crushing properties of an explosive environment.

Ignition is the ignition of a flammable medium under the influence of an ignition source, accompanied by the appearance of a flame.

Self-ignition is a phenomenon of a sharp increase in the rate of an exothermic reaction, leading to combustion in the absence of an ignition source.

Hazardous fire factors affecting people and material assets are:

Ø flames and sparks;

Ø increased ambient temperature;

Ø toxic products of combustion and thermochemical decomposition;

Statistics of fires in Moscow for 2014

According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in 2014, the situation with fires in the city of Moscow in 2014 was characterized by the following main indicators:
- fires registered - 6,846;
- registered fires - 13,722;
- 152 people died in fires;
- 542 people were injured;
- people saved - 1,546 people;
- material damage - 1 billion 639 million 267 thousand 297 rubles.
As can be seen from the data, both the number of fires/ignitions and the damage caused by them are very significant. On average, every day in the city, fire departments responded to 19 fires (in 9 cases these were fires in residential buildings), in which 2 people were killed or injured of varying degrees of severity, and the established material damage exceeded 4.9 million . rub.

In 2014 in residential buildings and outbuildings of the city 3,457 fires were registered, which caused material damage in the amount of 42 million 526 thousand 344 rubles, which is 50.5 and 2.6% of the citywide values, respectively. The fires killed 114 people and injured 445 people. Most often, fires in residential buildings occurred in rooms (living, sleeping quarters) - 941 cases, staircases - 487, kitchens - 372 and balconies (loggias) - 365. The main cause of fires in the residential sector of Moscow, as before, remains careless handling with fire - 1,783 fires or 52% of all fires in housing. The second largest number of fires is violation of the rules for the design and operation of electrical equipment, which accounts for 30.3% of all fires in housing or 1,045 cases.
In industrial buildings located in Moscow, 118 fires were registered in 2014, the estimated material damage from which amounted to 44 million 437 thousand 248 rubles. Five people died and were injured of varying degrees of severity in the fires. Most often, fires in the category of industrial buildings occurred in domestic, auxiliary and temporary buildings and structures - 42 cases and in buildings intended for the maintenance, operation and repair of equipment.

In 2014 in unused buildings in Moscow 257 fires were registered, in which 4 people died and 8 people were injured of varying degrees of severity, and material damage amounted to 1 million 660 thousand 747 rubles. The main cause of fires - 216 cases - was careless handling of fire.
In 2014, 143 fires occurred at trade enterprises in Moscow, in which 3 people died and 5 people were injured of varying degrees of severity; material damage from fires amounted to 37 million 13 thousand 807 rubles. At this category of facilities, the main cause of fires is still violation of electrical equipment regulations and instructions - 88 cases. In comparison with the APPG, the number of fires due to arson increased from 10 to 12, violations of safety regulations during hot work - from 1 to 3, and for other reasons - from 8 to 17.
There were 95 fires in warehouse buildings in Moscow in 2014,
material damage from which amounted to 936 million 724 thousand 148 rubles. In fires of this category of objects, 2 people died and 3 people received burns and injuries of varying severity. The main cause of the fires was violation of electrical equipment regulations and safety regulations - 57 cases.

In 2014 in administrative buildings located on the territory of the city of Moscow, 134 fires were registered, the material damage from which amounted to 269 million 510 thousand 786 rubles. The main cause of fires was violation of electrical equipment safety regulations - 104 cases (77.6% of the total number of fires in this category of objects).

In buildings, public service premises in 2014, 116 fires occurred, with total material damage - 63 million 714 thousand 169 rubles. No deaths were recorded in 2014. However, 6 people were injured in these fires. The main cause of the fires that occurred was violation of electrical equipment safety regulations - 61 cases. Most often, fires in this category occurred in food establishments - 78 cases.

In buildings for educational purposes in Moscow in 2014, there were 30 fires, the material damage from which amounted to 231 thousand 716 rubles. There have been no recorded cases of death or injury to people due to fires in educational buildings. Most often, fires occurred in educational institutions. The main causes of the fires that occurred were: violation of electrical equipment regulations and instructions.

For 2014 in buildings and premises of healthcare and social services for the population of Moscow 19 fires occurred. Material damage from fires amounted to 327 thousand 606 rubles. No deaths or injuries were registered in fires in buildings of this category. The main causes of the fires that occurred were: violation of electrical equipment regulations and instructions.
In buildings and premises for cultural, leisure activities and religious rituals in the city of Moscow in 2014, 29 fires occurred, the material damage from which amounted to 17 million 781 thousand 730 rubles. During fires in this category, 2 people received burns and injuries of varying severity. The main causes of the fires that occurred were: violation of electrical equipment regulations and instructions.

Fire insurance

As can be seen from the statistical data, material damage, as well as damage caused to human life and health during fires, is quite high. When choosing fire insurance, you need to carefully consider the terms and conditions of the insurance, as well as determine the required amount of protection.

Taking out fire insurance for residential premises, it is important that fire insurance protects not only the property located in an apartment or house, but also liability to neighbors. Liability insurance in this case is an additional risk and covers damage caused not only by the fire itself, but also by the measures taken to extinguish it. Even if the fire was extinguished and it did not spread to the neighboring apartment, then during extinguishing, especially if there is more than one floor below, it is not possible to avoid the flood of neighbors. Insurance of apartments and/or houses against fire should include the risks of: fire damage, smoke, arson, and we also recommend expanding property insurance with a liability policy to neighbors

For non-residential premises, industrial buildings, warehouses, shops, offices, etc. The main source of fires is violation of electrical equipment. Fire insurance is also necessary for property owners to be able to restore their property; and tenants, so that in addition to the restoration of movable property (tables, equipment, appliances, etc.), they have the opportunity to receive compensation from a fire for goods stored in the sales area and warehouse. Tenant or property owner liability insurance will provide protection against claims from third parties.