Good in general is the ability of objects to satisfy human needs.

The neoclassical school places emphasis on Special attention demarcation economic benefits and non-economic benefits. This distinction is related to the concept of rarity. Non-economic goods are available in unlimited quantities. An economic good is a rare good. It is the relationship between need (or in the terminology of K. Menger, a prominent representative of the Austrian school, need) and the amount of goods available for disposal that makes them economic or non-economic. So, if you live in the taiga, tree trunks for building a home are not economic benefits for you. After all, their number vastly exceeds your need for this building material. And water to drink if you live on the shore cleanest lake, is not an economic good. It will become such for you only in the desert, where a person’s need for drinking turns out to be higher than the amount of water available to satisfy this need.

The neoclassical school emphasizes that a commodity is an economic good intended for exchange, but in this definition there is no indication that the commodity must necessarily be a product of labor - it is not without reason that K. Menger draws attention to this circumstance, giving a scientific explanation of the category of goods.

It is interesting that such a feature of a product as the ability to move in space from one person to another prompted this scientist to think about the need to distinguish between the concept of a product in the everyday and scientific sense of the word. Those products that a merchant or manufacturer keeps ready for exchange and which are moving things, easily movable in space, are called goods in the ordinary sense. Goods in the scientific understanding, emphasizes K. Menger, are economic goods, regardless of their ability to move, regardless of the persons offering them for sale, of their materiality, regardless of their nature as a product of labor, intended for exchange. (K. Menger. Foundations of political economy).

Consumer choice in conditions of relative scarcity economic resources based on their understanding of their needs. There are two approaches to designating means of satisfying needs. The latter are called either “utilities” or “goods”.

In the simplest cases, goods turn out to be immaterial - light, rays of the sun, service, communication between people. Material utilities, starting with air and water, are also called goods. Currently, society even has to think about the sufficiency of natural goods to ensure normal life. This is especially true for other resources.

The insufficiency of goods became the reason for the emergence of economic science. Limited resources have always existed. In market conditions, it takes the form of a shortage - a lack of goods compared to the demand for them. Deficiency - a common problem challenges faced by both rich and poor countries. Goods are also distinguished from the point of view of their correlation with each other: interchangeable and complementary. Science has yet to systematize benefits.

1. Structure of needs

Economy as a sphere of human activity is the production of consumer goods associated with the expenditure of resources - everything that increases well-being by satisfying various needs of people. The main goal economic activity is the satisfaction of needs. The most well-known classification of human needs has been developed American psychologist A. Maslow (Fig. 1). In his scheme, needs are grouped in ascending order from primary (at the bottom of the “pyramid” of needs) to higher (at the “top” of the pyramid).

Some modern social scientists suggest more enlarged classification, highlighting three main types of human needs:

Basic needs (food, clothing, shelter);

Needs for general conditions life activity (in health, in education, in culture, in movement in space, in personal safety);

Needs for activity (work, family and household activities, leisure).

If the satisfaction of basic needs can be unambiguously measured using indicators such as, for example, the volume and structure of consumption various goods and services, then the satisfaction of more “elevated” needs is much more difficult to assess. The characteristics of satisfying needs in activity include, in particular, human motivation. Obviously, this factor is very difficult to measure.

To satisfy their needs, people consume benefits - everything that a person uses to satisfy his desires and obtain pleasure. So, for example, a good can be an object that a person eats or wears or uses for some purpose. A fortune can be a blessing environment if it gives a person pleasure. Information can also be a blessing.

Among the entire set of goods, we can conditionally distinguish the so-called essential goods that are needed to maintain human life. These goods are always air, water and food, and in most cases also clothing and housing. The boundary between essential goods and “simply pleasant” goods is quite arbitrary. Traditionally, these benefits include the simplest and most necessary food products for health.

But there are also anti-goods - these are objects and states of the environment that a person does not want to consume, as they give him unpleasant sensations. Moreover, some anti-goods are lethal for humans. When these “goods” are consumed, life may become impossible, and therefore we can say that the absence of such anti-goods is a good of prime necessity.

Consumption of a good brings a person pleasure, which in economic theory is called usefulness . This concept is completely unrelated to health benefits, but only to the subjective feeling of pleasure that a person experiences when consuming some good. Accordingly, the unpleasant sensations caused by the consumption of anti-goods are called anti-utility (or negative utility).

The utility (or anti-utility) that a person receives from consuming a good (or anti-good) plays a serious role in a person’s choice of behavior. Consumption of the same good can bring completely different benefits to each person. It follows from this that there is also no clear boundary between goods and anti-goods - the same object can be a good for some people and an anti-good for others.

In any case, whatever the tastes of the population, whether it strives for more and more acquisition of various goods or limits itself only to the goods of prime necessity, there is some general structure human needs.

All benefits can be divided into several groups depending on the need they satisfy.

1. Food brings together all products from the most necessary to the simply enjoyable.

2. Clothes combine all the things that a person wears in order to “adapt” himself to weather conditions, or simply for beauty.

3. The dwelling is designed to create a microclimate in a small space.

4. Furniture includes various devices that provide a comfortable position for the body or convenient placement of things.

5. Transport includes all devices that help a person move in space.

6. Spiritual benefits include all benefits that are used by a person to satisfy his spiritual and intellectual needs, to have a pleasant or interesting pastime.

7. “Instruments of consumption” combine many small, medium and large goods intended for performing certain operations. In many cases, “instruments of consumption” help to consume other goods.

2. Free and economic benefits

All goods that the country’s population can consume are divided into two groups, depending on the limitations of their consumption.

Free benefits (non-economic) - these are goods that for their consumption do not require the renunciation of other goods, and, therefore, can be consumed in unlimited quantities.

Economic benefits - these are goods that, for their consumption, require the renunciation of a certain amount of other goods and therefore cannot be consumed in unlimited quantities.

Firstly, these are simply rare goods that can be used in various ways.

Secondly, these are goods that require limited resources to produce.

Benefits can be economic or non-economic depending on the conditions of the area and time in which a person finds himself. For example, water will be a free good on the river bank and an economic good in the desert.

Most of the goods known to us are economic for one simple reason - man invented these goods himself and they require production, for which the economy exists. Moreover, the development of the economy most directly depends on the magnitude of the population’s desires to consume various goods. If the desires of the population are limited, then the economy will develop only until all these desires are satisfied, and after reaching this point, the development of the economy will stop.

But if people's desires are unlimited, everything will be different. When it turns out that people can provide themselves with everything they strive for, they will immediately or after a while want something more. People will want to increase the amount of goods they consume, or they will simply invent new goods. Thus, the economy will constantly develop towards an ever greater increase in the production of goods.

Benefit as a system-forming category of management. Concept of goods and services.

Product – this is a specific form of good - an economic good produced for exchange. K. Menger argued that an economic good becomes a commodity regardless of its ability to move, regardless of the persons offering it for sale, of its materiality, regardless of its nature as a product of labor, since it is necessarily intended for exchange. The product as such has two properties:

The ability to satisfy any human need;

. Means, things suitable for satisfying needs, are called goods.

Good - this is an object, phenomenon, process, product of labor that satisfies a certain human need and meets the interests, goals, and aspirations of people.

Some goods are available in almost unlimited quantities (for example, air), others are available in limited quantities. The latter are called economic benefits. They consist of things and services.

Economic benefits - desirable but limited in quantity goods and services. Economic benefits include those benefits that can be obtained in limited quantities compared to the needs that they can satisfy.

Non-economic benefits (free benefits) provided by nature without human effort. These goods exist in nature “freely”, in sufficient quantities to fully and constantly satisfy certain human needs (air, water, light, etc.).

There should be a clear distinction between economic and non-economic benefits. This difference is related to the concept rarities. Non-economic goods are available in unlimited quantities. An economic good is a rare good.

See also:

It is the relationship between need, or necessity (in the terminology of K. Menger, a prominent representative of the Austrian school), and the amount of goods available for disposal that makes them economic or non-economic

For example, if you live in taiga , tree trunks for building a home are not economic benefits for you. After all, their number is a huge number of times greater than your need for this building material.

Drinking water , if you live on the shore of a pristine lake, is not an economic good. It will become such for you only in the desert, where a person’s need for drinking turns out to be higher than the amount of water available to satisfy this need.

Due to scarcity, every economic good has a price.

Price - monetary value cost.

The price of a good depends mainly on the costs of its production and delivery, as well as on the number of people who want to have it.

The desirability and value of goods depends on their usefulness, i.e., the ability to satisfy needs.

4. Private And public goods are divided depending on whether a particular benefit satisfies the needs of one person or benefits everyone.

Public benefitsThere are three principles: firstly, they cannot be sold on the market, they are indivisible. Secondly, the principle of exclusivity does not apply to them, i.e. they cannot be provided to some and deprived of others. The benefit can also be used by those who do not pay for it (traffic lights, street lighting, beacons). Thirdly, if a good is provided for at least one person, then provision for others does not require additional costs.

Public goods include: education, healthcare, science, energy, public transport, hydraulic structures, water management, sports, cultural and recreational facilities, police, defense, fire department and public management.

Because private business cannot or does not want to provide society with these types of goods, then they are forced to take care of their production and assortment state.

5. Normal And subordinates (inferior).

The demand for normal goods increases as income increases, and decreases along with the latter. For subordinate goods, the opposite is true.

6. Interchangeable(substitutes) and complementary(complementary). Substitutes include not only many consumer goods (for example, pen and pencil, tea and coffee) and production resources, but also transport services (train - plane - car), leisure spheres (cinema - theater - circus), etc. Complementary goods are goods that cannot be consumed one without the other (table and chair, car and gasoline, pen and paper).

According to Marx's theory ( ), cost (value) of an economic good determined costs to society necessary labor , i.e. labor performed under average socially normal conditions of production and average labor intensity.

According to , the value of goods depends on their rarity , first of all, on the intensity of the need and the amount of goods that can satisfy this need. It is assumed that any need can be satisfied by several goods, and any economic benefit can be used to satisfy different needs.

MICROECONOMICS

QUESTION No. 1. Subject and method of economic theory

Economics is a special field public life. The main purpose of the economy is to create wealth that can satisfy the material needs of people. People not only participate in economic relations, but also direct their efforts to understand the nature of these relationships and the laws of their development. That is why economic science arose.

Economic theory studies the interaction of people in the process of finding effective ways to use limited production resources in order to satisfy the material needs of society.

Normative economics is a direction in economic science, based on value judgments regarding what the economy should be, goals economic development and economic policy.

Positive economics means the analysis of facts on the basis of which principles of economic behavior are formulated.

Methods of economic theory:

1. Abstraction, i.e. abstraction from everything that does not correspond to the nature of the phenomenon being studied. Based on abstract analysis, economic categories (“product”, “price”, “profit”) are obtained. Categories constitute the logical “skeleton” of economic theory.

2. Induction method– a method of inference based on a generalization of facts.

3. Deduction method– a method of reasoning by which a hypothesis is tested by real facts.

4. Mathematical methods.

5. Modeling. A model is a simplified picture of reality.

Theoretical economics teaches us to understand complex economic world, produces economic type thinking. Economic Thinking Means Acceptance rational decisions based on a comparison of costs and benefits.

QUESTION No. 2.The relationship of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, their organic unity

Phases of reproduction and their relationship.

Reproduction has four phases: production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

Production is the starting point at which a product is created, or more precisely, material goods and services. That is why it plays a decisive role in the life of society.

Distribution is the phase of reproduction where distribution occurs, firstly, of the results of social production, and secondly, of resources, or factors of production.

Exchange means the exchange of activities between people and the exchange of products of labor. K. Marx and his followers considered only branches of material production productive and in every possible way emphasized the unproductive nature of exchange. According to other economists, exchange is also productive and increases wealth, if the latter is not reduced only to things that can be touched.

Consumption is the use of a product in the process of satisfying needs, the final phase of reproduction. A distinction is made between personal and industrial (productive) consumption. In the first case, utilities are reduced or destroyed and products are consumed. In this sense, consumption is a kind of negative production. In the second, means of production are consumed and work force, as a result of which the products of labor are created.

All phases of reproduction are interconnected, interact, and are in unity. The decisive role in this unity belongs to production. Without production, the remaining phases are unthinkable. At the same time, distribution, exchange and consumption have the opposite effect on production.

Distribution depends on direct process production in three respects: by content, because only what has been produced can be distributed; by quantity, because you can distribute only as many goods and services as they are created; in form, because the nature of production determines the nature of distribution. Distribution relations, being dependent on production relations, in turn influence exchange and consumption in a direct way, and in a reverse way - on production.

Production defines both the exchange of activities and the exchange of projects. In the context of the transition to a market, the importance of exchange relations increases. The market itself is a system of exchange relations (seller - buyer). An important function of exchange (market) is to stimulate the efficiency of production and economic activity.

Without production there can be no consumption, because production creates an object for consumption. Production takes precedence over consumption. This is manifested not only in the fact that it creates products for consumption, but also in the fact that it generates needs and leads to consumption, ultimately determining its level and structure. At the same time, for all its importance, production only makes sense when it serves consumption. It is consumption that is both the goal and the driving motive of production. It dictates the social order of production, predetermines the volume and structure of the product produced.

QUESTION No. 3. Economic goods and their classification, possibilities of full and partial complementarity and interchangeability of goods

Economic benefits and their classification Good serves to satisfy people's needs. Good is a means of satisfying human needs. It is for the sake of satisfaction specific needs people in benefits and economic activities are carried out in any country. The classification of goods is very diverse. Let us note the most important of them from the point of view various criteria classifications.

Economic and non-economic benefits

From the point of view of the limited nature of goods in relation to our needs, we talk about economic goods.

Economic benefits- these are the results of economic activity that can be obtained in limited quantities compared to needs.

Economic benefits include two categories: goods and services.

But there are also goods that, compared to needs, are available in unlimited quantities (for example, air, water, sunlight). They are provided by nature without human effort. Such goods exist in nature “freely”, in unlimited quantities and are called non-economic or free.

And yet, the main range of people’s needs is satisfied not by free benefits, but by economic benefits, i.e. those benefits whose volume:

· insufficient to fully satisfy people's needs;

From the point of view of the limited nature of goods in relation to our needs, we talk about economic goods.

Economic benefits are the results of economic activity that can be obtained in limited quantities compared to needs.

Economic goods include two categories: goods and services.

But there are also goods that, compared to needs, are available in unlimited quantities (for example, air, water, sunlight). They are provided by nature without human effort. Such goods exist in nature “freely”, in unlimited quantities and are called non-economic or free.

And yet, the main range of people’s needs is satisfied not by free benefits, but by economic benefits, i.e. those benefits whose volume:

Insufficient to fully meet people's needs;

Can only be increased through additional costs;

You have to distribute it one way or another.

Consumer and production goods

From the point of view of consumption of goods, they are divided into consumer and production. Sometimes they are called commodities and means of production. Consumer goods are designed to directly satisfy human needs. These are the final goods and services that people need. Production goods are the resources used in the production process (machines, mechanisms, machines, equipment, buildings, land, professional skills (qualifications).

Material and intangible benefits

From the point of view of material content, economic benefits are divided into material and intangible. Material goods can be touched. These are things that can accumulate and be stored for a long time.

Based on the period of use, material goods of long-term, current and one-time use are distinguished.

Intangible benefits represented by services, as well as such living conditions as health, human abilities, business qualities, professional excellence. Unlike material goods, services are a specific product of labor, which basically does not acquire a material form and the value of which lies in the beneficial effect of living labor.

The beneficial effect of services does not exist separately from its production, which determines fundamental difference services from a material product. Services cannot be accumulated, and the process of their production and consumption coincides in time. However, the results from the consumption of the services provided can also be material.

There are many types of services, which are divided into:

Communication - transport, communication services.

Distribution - trade, sales, warehousing.

Business - financial, insurance services, auditing, leasing, - marketing services.

Social - education, healthcare, art, culture, social security.

Public - services of bodies state power(ensuring stability in society) and others.

Private and public goods

Depending on the nature of consumption, economic benefits are divided into private and public.

A private good is provided to the consumer taking into account his individual demand. Such a good is divisible, it belongs to the individual with the rights private property, can be inherited and exchanged. A private good is given to the one who paid for it.

Public goods indivisible and belong to society.

Firstly, this national defense, environmental protection, lawmaking, public transport and order, i.e. those benefits that are enjoyed by all citizens of the country without exception.

Interchangeable and complementary goods

Among the goods, there are also interchangeable and complementary goods.

Interchangeable goods are called substitutes. These goods satisfy the same need and replace each other in the process of consumption (white and black bread, meat and fish, etc.).

Complementary goods or complements complement each other in the process of consumption (car, gasoline).

With all this, economic benefits are divided into normal and inferior.

Normal goods include those goods the consumption of which increases with the increase in the welfare (income) of consumers.

Inferior goods have the opposite pattern. As income increases, consumption decreases, and as income decreases, consumption increases (potatoes and bread).

10. A specific form of economic good is a commodity.

Product concept

Goods are a product of activity (including work, services) intended for sale or exchange.

The object of the transaction (product) must, first of all, due to its properties, arouse the buyer’s interest and ultimately satisfy certain needs, i.e. have use value.

In addition, most products (with some exceptions, e.g. land plot, reservoir, etc.) are products of labor; their sellers are either the producers themselves or intermediaries, who, as a result of the transaction, transform their potential income to real.

Moreover, not every product of labor acts as a commodity, but only one that is intended for exchange, sale, transfer to someone with the condition of compensation for the efforts and costs of its production (for example, a chair made by the owner for his kitchen is not a commodity, but it will become such if it is transferred to a neighbor on any terms of compensation).

The object of a commercial activity is anything that can be sold or bought. Goods and services, money, securities, various property, information, results intellectual activity(patents and licenses, computer programs, works of art, science, literature). The exception is those goods whose free sale is prohibited by law: weapons, poisons, drugs.

A product in a broad sense means material or intangible property sold on the market.

A product can be a product of both physical and mental work, the result of a service, the ability to work itself, land and its subsoil - everything that has use value and value and can be exchanged for another product (money) by the owner of this use value.

In a narrow sense, a commodity is understood as a product of labor produced for sale in order to exchange for other products of labor or money on the market.

A product is anything that can satisfy a need and is offered to the market for the purpose of acquisition, use or consumption.

Types of goods

All products can be divided into two large groups:

tangible ( physical goods);

immaterial (intangible) - various services, consultations.

Goods in intangible (intangible, intangible) form are quite diverse and very specific. Among them are: cash and non-cash money, currency and securities, information, rights, services.

Cash and non-cash money, currency and securities (stocks, bonds, bills, government treasury bills), which are the object of transactions in financial entrepreneurship. main feature These goods are subject to rapid changes in exchange rate depending on many conditions (both related and not related to the activities of the entrepreneur).

Information (information about something), which often becomes the most popular and expensive product, evaluated depending on its content, novelty, reliability and timeliness. An entrepreneur is faced with primary and secondary information. He obtains the primary one himself as a result of some research, uses it and can act as a seller; receives secondary information from other individuals and organizations (research, analytical, statistical, etc.) on a paid basis.

Information acts as a specific product. This specificity is determined by the indivisibility of information and its relativity (it does not always bring profit to its owner). When transmitting information, its owner is not deprived of ownership rights. Only reliable, complete and timely information is cost-effective.

Thus, as a product, information has a number of specific properties:

it is not destroyed during consumption and has the potential for repeated consumption by many users. In the process of transfer to the consumer, it is not lost from the manufacturer;

the manufacturer does not know the consumer in advance;

an unambiguous valuation of the volume of information produced is impossible;

uncertainty and subjectivity of information usefulness;

a special mechanism of information aging. It does not wear out, but over time (except special cases) its usefulness decreases. Therefore, its relevance is important;

information is characterized by reliability, reliability and accessibility.

Moreover, its availability is different for different economic agents, i.e. these agents have incomplete, limited information. “Information is more valuable the smaller the number of its owners.”

Services of various kinds are any activity or benefit provided by one party (supplier) to another party (customer). Utility makes a service a commodity, i.e. goods.

The production of services can be associated with a product in its material form, or maybe not contact him.

Material goods- goods having a material form:

hard materials- steel, wood, coal;

liquid materials - varnish, oil, gasoline;

gaseous materials - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium.

Product characteristics

A product as an object of commercial activity has four fundamental characteristics: assortment; quality; quantitative; cost.

The first three characteristics satisfy real human needs (physiological, social, psychological, etc.). These characteristics make the product useful for certain groups consumers and becomes a commodity.

The main components of the product are: a set of physical and consumer properties; related products(laces, floppy disks); brand name ( trademark); high quality packaging; accompanying services; guarantees.

A product has two fundamental properties - use value and value.

Use value is the ability of a product to satisfy any human need, i.e. be a socially useful good.

Distinctive feature use value lies in the fact that it acts as a carrier of exchange value, i.e. the ability of a commodity to be exchanged in a certain proportion for other goods. Exchange value is a form of value, external manifestation everything is in the act of exchange.

The seller and buyer have different interests in the market. For the buyer, the value of a product lies in its usefulness. The seller strives to obtain the maximum benefit in the form of income when selling goods. commercial activity must ensure the connection of these interests, i.e. In the process of buying and selling goods, the losses and gains of the seller and buyer must be averaged.

A set of goods formed according to certain characteristics and satisfying a variety of individual needs, represents an assortment. The diversity of the product range is subject to classification, which includes division into groups, subgroups, types and varieties.

Classification of goods

Among all the classification features, the main feature is purpose.

According to their purpose, goods are divided into types:

goods of individual (final) consumption (consumer). These goods are purchased to satisfy personal needs, family or household consumption;

intermediate goods;

goods for industrial (production) purposes - goods intended for the production of other goods, for economic activity enterprises. They create its raw materials and technological support.

Consumer goods taking into account the nature of consumption (depending on the degree of durability):

goods durable, i.e. used for a long time (cars, refrigerators, Cell Phones, furniture, TVs);

non-durable goods, i.e. those that are consumed immediately (bread, cigarettes, drinks) or in several doses (soap, toothpaste, washing powders):

disposable goods - consumed once;

services - an object of sale in the form of actions, benefits or satisfaction.

Types of goods based on raw materials (depending on the raw materials from which they are made):

food (fish, dairy, grocery);

non-food (knitwear, shoes, household goods, haberdashery).

This grouping is then detailed. This classification is necessary in order to ensure the necessary conditions storage of goods, their sale and operation. Sometimes a raw material characteristic serves as a characteristic of the quality and safety of a product (Chinese toys).

Based on production characteristics, a product is considered from the point of view of the complexity of production and operation:

complex technical (implementation and operation require specialized knowledge- TV, split systems);

not complex technical ( electric iron, kettle) - no specific preparation is required for sale and operation.

Depending on the modes and periods of storage:

perishable;

long-term storage(non-perishable).

During transportation, storage and sale of perishable goods, provisions are made special conditions temperature and humidity. In addition, the following products are distinguished:

hygroscopic (salt, sugar);

Such goods are stored separately from each other and sold at different points (distance of at least 10 m).

Types of goods by frequency of demand and stability:

Consumer goods (mass) are goods that are most often purchased by consumers (food products, household goods) with minimal effort to compare them with each other due to established habits and preferences. Commercial Operations for these goods are carried out at permanent basis By long-term contracts;

goods of periodic demand - when the population's demand is formed in the absence of goods in consumption (light bulbs);

Pre-selection goods are usually durable goods when there is a need to replace a product (electrical goods, furniture). During the selection process, buyers compare products with each other in terms of quality, prices, external design. Commercial transactions for these goods are carried out under long-term contracts with prepayment and with unstable frequency;

goods of rare demand (selective or special demand) - products from precious metals, antiques, electronic equipment, furs). Such products are practically not compared, since they are characterized by special unique properties. To purchase such goods, some buyers are willing to expend additional effort.

seasonal goods - clothing, shoes, Sports Equipment. Commercial transactions for these goods are also carried out according to the season.

Types of goods by interchangeability:

interchangeable, having the same thing special purpose and suitable for use or consumption of one product instead of another (ice cream, soft drinks). They can be like one product group(TVs, refrigerators), and different (cereals and vegetables). In the absence of one product, the buyer is offered substitute types of goods;

compatible - goods, the simultaneous storage, consumption or use of which does not cause undesirable interactions (tea and cake, fish and vegetables), are incompatible, for example. tea and coffee, fish and dairy products;

complementary - goods, the use of one of which requires the simultaneous use of another product ( Toothbrush and pasta, shoes and laces, computer and software, cars and tires).

Types of goods by nature of secondary use of goods:

recyclable, i.e. recyclable after use;

not recyclable - subject to destruction and burial.

Types of goods by the nature of interaction with each other:

substitute goods that satisfy one need, but differ in composition;

twin products that satisfy one need;

derivative goods - similar based on the main predecessor, more effectively satisfying needs.

According to behavior they distinguish:

leading products (most often appear as new products);

locomotive goods;

tactical goods (support or additional goods);

“inviting” goods - attract buyers because they are cheap.

Products can be divided according to the complexity of the purchase, when in addition to one type of product it is planned to purchase several more types of goods. For example, when purchasing a computer - monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer.

By stability, by customer perception (identical, new, similar, differentiated), etc.

In accordance with the noted characteristics, a portfolio of orders is formed trading enterprises with supplier companies.

For production or industrial goods, it is typical that the supplier is obliged to meet delivery deadlines. They are acquired by organizations (entrepreneurs) for use as main or working capital production.

Goods industrial purposes are divided into:

capital property- stationary structures, equipment (for trade organizations- cars, retail store equipment, stationary structures; for industrial - machines, equipment);

materials and parts (raw materials, semi-finished products and parts);

auxiliary materials and services (not present in the finished product, but supporting the production process - power cord, stabilizer).

These goods are usually purchased after preliminary technical economic assessment(especially capital property) in relatively large quantities (primarily raw materials) by specially trained people.

For ease of search necessary goods In conditions of market saturation and expansion of the range, their nomenclature was developed and the international Harmonized System for Description and Coding of Products (HS) was created, which is used in 50 countries.