Introductory information. Management of ASR Tactics of conducting rescue operations in air transport

When organizing emergency rescue operations to eliminate the consequences of transport accidents and disasters, the following features must be taken into account:

* accidents and catastrophes occur along the route, as a rule, suddenly, in most cases at high speeds of transport, which leads to bodily injury to the victims, often to a state of shock, and often to death;

* untimely receipt of reliable information about what happened, which leads to a delay in assistance and an increase in the number of victims, including due to the lack of survival skills among the victims;

* the absence, as a rule, at the initial stage of work of special equipment, the necessary means of extinguishing fires and difficulties in organizing effective methods of evacuation from emergency vehicles;

* difficulty in determining the number of victims at the scene of an accident or catastrophe, the difficulty of sending a large number of them to medical institutions, taking into account the required specifics of treatment;

* complicating the situation in the event of an accident of vehicles transporting hazardous substances;

* the need to organize a search for the remains of the dead and material evidence of the disaster, often over large areas;

* the need to organize reception, accommodation and services (food, communication services, transportation, etc.) of arriving relatives of victims and organization of sending the dead to their burial places;

* the need for an early resumption of traffic on transport communications.

Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters) in air transport

If an air transport accident occurred in the area of ​​the airport, then the direct organization of search and rescue of the crew and passengers of the aircraft is entrusted to the head of the airport with the involvement of forces and resources from aviation units (enterprises and organizations) based at this airfield, regardless of their departmental affiliation.

Emergency rescue operations in such cases are carried out by emergency rescue teams, which include crews from various services (control room, launch, fire and rescue, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, etc.).

The priority measures to save people in such an accident are usually associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft through exits located on the same side within 90 seconds.

In this case, all main, service and emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. Evacuation of people can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, and windows in the cockpit. It must be remembered that the design of the emergency exit locks makes it possible to open them both from inside the cabin and from the outside, that is, this work can be performed by a rescuer.

When organizing emergency rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, it is necessary to remember that: after 2-3 minutes. after a flaming combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches a lethal concentration; the temperature inside passenger cabins increases sharply with their height (at floor level - 50 °C, and at a height of 1.5 m from the floor - 250 °C); Fire extinguishing work should be carried out using insulating protective equipment.

Evacuation of passengers should be carried out simultaneously with fire extinguishing on the windward side. Opening the fuselage must begin with the doors, since they have a higher throughput than the various holes made.

In the event of a plane crash outside the airport area, management of the organization of search and rescue work for crews and passengers of aircraft in distress is organized by the heads of departments of the Federal Aviation Service or the commanders of the relevant aviation associations of the Armed Forces, in the areas of responsibility (areas of search and rescue operations) in which the aviation accident occurred. incident.

In this case, search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:

* when receiving a distress signal from an aircraft, as well as when receiving signals from emergency radio stations (beacons);

* upon receipt of a report from the crew of the aircraft who observed the disaster, as well as reports from other eyewitnesses of the disaster;

* if within 10 min. after the estimated time of arrival, the aircraft has not arrived at its destination and there is no radio contact with it for more than 5 minutes;

* if the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the prescribed time, and radio contact with them stopped;

* in case of loss of radio communication with the aircraft crew and the simultaneous loss of the radar tracking mark or loss of radio communication for more than 5 minutes, if the radar tracking was not carried out;

* in all other cases when the aircraft crew requires assistance.

Search and rescue operations begin from the moment the command is given for the departure of a search and rescue aircraft (helicopter) and for the departure of ground search and rescue teams. First of all, with their help, the crash site of an airplane (helicopter) is detected.

After landing or disembarking the search and rescue team, the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft in distress to a safe place immediately begins. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary conditions for their survival, protecting them from bad weather, and providing them with first aid.

After removing the victims from the disaster zone, rescuers begin collecting the remains of the victims for their further identification. If, as a result of a plane crash, all the people on board the aircraft died, then rescuers are obliged to search for and collect the remains of the victims, “black boxes” and ensure the safety of valuables.

Until the head of the commission to investigate the causes of the emergency arrives at the scene of the accident, it is prohibited to carry out any work at the scene of the accident, with the exception of an external inspection, recording traces of the aircraft’s movement on the ground, and evacuating the wounded and dead. The movement of the aircraft before the arrival of the specified commission is allowed only in cases where the emergency aircraft has fallen on a railway, highway, waterway or airfield and impedes the safe movement of vehicles or the landing of aircraft.

Emergency rescue work in case of plane crashes

Emergency rescue operations in case of air crashes are aimed at timely provision of emergency assistance to victims and prevention of possible consequences of the disaster, secondary damaging factors that can cause damage to the natural environment or major material damage.

In emergency situations, the number of people saved often depends on the efficiency of the rescue service. If necessary, we will ensure the combat readiness of professional rescuers and modern rescue equipment as soon as possible.

Emergency rescue work on land and water

It happens that plane crashes occur in places remote from the airport; in such cases, urgent organization and search of the aircraft is necessary. In cases of emergency landing of an aircraft on a water surface, professional rescue divers and appropriate equipment are involved in rescuing people.

After discovering a crashed plane, rescuers are required not only to ensure the rescue of people, but also to provide them with first aid, as well as to prevent panic. If the disaster area is in a hard-to-reach place, the rescue service sets up a temporary camp containing everything necessary for the life support of the victims.

Procedure for emergency rescue operations

Search activities

Search for an aircraft in distress using rescue vehicles (air, land, water) equipped with the necessary equipment and equipment.

Preparing a rescue plan

Based on the search results, the coordinates of the disaster site are clarified, the current situation is assessed, and the consequences of the emergency are predicted.

Emergency response

Promptly taking all necessary measures to eliminate the accident and prevent its likely consequences.

General operating principles

Advance preparation of forces and means for operational actions to eliminate accidents;

Emergency response to the occurrence or threat of an emergency;

Continuous and consistent implementation of the developed rescue plan until its complete completion;

Application of modern technologies that ensure the most effective result of rescue operations;

Compliance with all necessary safety measures.

Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters)
by air transport

If an air transport accident occurred in the area of ​​the airport, then the direct organization of search and rescue of the crew and passengers of the aircraft is entrusted to the head of the airport with the involvement of forces and resources from aviation units (enterprises and organizations) based at this airfield, regardless of their departmental affiliation.

Emergency rescue operations in such cases are carried out by emergency rescue teams, which include crews from various services (control room, launch, fire and rescue, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, etc.).

The priority measures to save people in such an accident are usually associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft through exits located on the same side within 90 seconds.

In this case, all main, service and emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. Evacuation of people can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, and windows in the cockpit. It must be remembered that the design of the emergency exit locks makes it possible to open them both from inside the cabin and from the outside, that is, this work can be performed by a rescuer.

When organizing emergency rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, it is necessary to remember that: after 2–3 minutes. after a flaming combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches a lethal concentration;the temperature inside passenger cabins increases sharply with their height (at floor level - 50 ° C, and at a height of 1.5 m

from the floor – 250 °C); Fire extinguishing work should be carried out using insulating protective equipment.

Evacuation of passengers should be carried out simultaneously with fire extinguishing on the windward side. Opening the fuselage must begin with the doors, since they have a higher throughput than the various holes made.

In the event of a plane crash outside the airport area, management of the organization of search and rescue work for crews and passengers of aircraft in distress is organized by the heads of departments of the Federal Aviation Service or the commanders of the relevant aviation associations of the Armed Forces, in the areas of responsibility (areas of search and rescue operations) in which the aviation accident occurred. incident.

In this case, search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:

when receiving a distress signal from an aircraft, as well as when receiving signals from emergency radio stations (beacons);

upon receipt of a report from the crew of the aircraft who observed the disaster, as well as reports from other eyewitnesses of the disaster;

if within 10 min. after the estimated time of arrival, the aircraft has not arrived at its destination and there is no radio contact with it for more than 5 minutes;

in the event of loss of radio communication with the aircraft crew and simultaneous loss of the radar tracking mark or loss of radio communication for more than 5 minutes, if radar tracking was not carried out;

in all other cases when the aircraft crew requires assistance.

Search and rescue operations begin from the moment the command is given for the departure of a search and rescue aircraft (helicopter) and for the departure of ground search and rescue teams. First of all, with their help, the crash site of an airplane (helicopter) is detected.

After landing or disembarking the search and rescue team, the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft in distress to a safe place immediately begins.

Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary conditions for their survival, protecting them from bad weather, and providing them with first aid.

After removing the victims from the disaster zone, rescuers begin collecting the remains of the victims for their further identification.

If, as a result of a plane crash, all the people on board the aircraft died, then rescuers are obliged to search for and collect the remains of the victims, “black boxes” and ensure the safety of valuables.

Until the head of the commission to investigate the causes of the emergency arrives at the scene of the accident, it is prohibited to carry out any work at the scene of the accident, with the exception of an external inspection, recording traces of the aircraft’s movement on the ground, and evacuating the wounded and dead.

The movement of the aircraft before the arrival of the specified commission is allowed only in cases where the emergency aircraft has fallen on a railway, highway, waterway or airfield and impedes the safe movement of vehicles or the landing of aircraft.

Emergency rescue work in case of plane crashes.

It happens that plane crashes occur in places remote from the airport; in such cases, urgent organization and search of the aircraft is necessary. In cases of emergency landing of an aircraft on a water surface, professional rescue divers and appropriate equipment are involved in rescuing people.

After discovering a crashed plane, rescuers are required not only to ensure the rescue of people, but also to provide them with first aid, as well as to prevent panic. If the disaster area is in a hard-to-reach place, the rescue service sets up a temporary camp containing everything necessary for the life support of the victims.

Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters)
by air transport

Procedure for emergency rescue operations

• Search activities
• Search for an aircraft in distress using rescue vehicles (air, land, water) equipped with the necessary equipment and equipment.
• Preparing a rescue plan
• Based on the search results, the coordinates of the disaster site are clarified, the current situation is assessed, and the consequences of the emergency are predicted.
• Emergency response
• Promptly taking all necessary measures to eliminate the accident and prevent its likely consequences.

General operating principles

1. Advance preparation of forces and means for operational actions to eliminate accidents;
2. Emergency response to the occurrence or threat of an emergency;
3. Continuous and consistent implementation of the developed rescue plan until its complete completion;
4. Application of modern technologies that ensure the most effective result of rescue operations;
5. Compliance with all necessary safety measures.

Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters) in air transport

If an air transport accident occurred in the area of ​​the airport, then the direct organization of search and rescue of the crew and passengers of the aircraft is entrusted to the head of the airport with the involvement of forces and resources from aviation units (enterprises and organizations) based at this airfield, regardless of their departmental affiliation.

Emergency rescue operations in such cases are carried out by emergency rescue teams, which include crews from various services (control room, launch, fire and rescue, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, etc.).

The priority measures to save people in such an accident are usually associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft through exits located on the same side within 90 seconds.

In this case, all main, service and emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. Evacuation of people can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, and windows in the cockpit. It must be remembered that the design of the emergency exit locks makes it possible to open them both from inside the cabin and from the outside, that is, this work can be performed by a rescuer.

When organizing emergency rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, it is necessary to remember that: after 2–3 minutes. after a flaming combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches a lethal concentration; the temperature inside passenger cabins increases sharply with their height (at floor level - 50 ° C, and at a height of 1.5 m from the floor – 250 °C); Fire extinguishing work should be carried out using insulating protective equipment.

Evacuation of passengers should be carried out simultaneously with fire extinguishing on the windward side. Opening the fuselage must begin with the doors, since they have a higher throughput than the various holes made.

In the event of a plane crash outside the airport area, management of the organization of search and rescue work for crews and passengers of aircraft in distress is organized by the heads of departments of the Federal Aviation Service or the commanders of the relevant aviation associations of the Armed Forces, in the areas of responsibility (areas of search and rescue operations) in which the aviation accident occurred. incident.

In this case, search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:

• when receiving a distress signal from an aircraft, as well as when receiving signals from emergency radio stations (beacons);
• upon receipt of a report from the crew of the aircraft who observed the disaster, as well as reports from other eyewitnesses of the disaster;
• if within 10 min. after the estimated time of arrival, the aircraft has not arrived at its destination and there is no radio contact with it for more than 5 minutes;
• if the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the prescribed time, and radio contact with them ceased;
• in the event of loss of radio communication with the aircraft crew and simultaneous loss of the radar tracking mark or loss of radio communication for more than 5 minutes, if radar tracking was not carried out;
• in all other cases when the aircraft crew requires assistance.

Search and rescue operations begin from the moment the command is given for the departure of a search and rescue aircraft (helicopter) and for the departure of ground search and rescue teams. First of all, with their help, the crash site of an airplane (helicopter) is detected.

After landing or disembarking the search and rescue team, the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft in distress to a safe place immediately begins. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary conditions for their survival, protecting them from bad weather, and providing them with first aid.

After removing the victims from the disaster zone, rescuers begin collecting the remains of the victims for their further identification. If, as a result of a plane crash, all the people on board the aircraft died, then rescuers are obliged to search for and collect the remains of the victims, “black boxes” and ensure the safety of valuables.

Until the head of the commission to investigate the causes of the emergency arrives at the scene of the accident, it is prohibited to carry out any work at the scene of the accident, with the exception of an external inspection, recording traces of the aircraft’s movement on the ground, and evacuating the wounded and dead. The movement of the aircraft before the arrival of the specified commission is allowed only in cases where the emergency aircraft has fallen on a railway, highway, waterway or airfield and impedes the safe movement of vehicles or the landing of aircraft.

1. When organizing emergency rescue operations to eliminate the consequences of transport accidents and disasters, the following features must be taken into account:

Accidents and disasters occur along the route, as a rule, suddenly, in most cases at high speeds of transport, which leads to bodily injury to the victims, often to a state of shock, and often to death;

Late receipt of reliable information about what happened, which leads to a delay in assistance and an increase in the number of victims, including due to the lack of survival skills among the victims;

As a rule, at the initial stage of work, there is a lack of special equipment, the necessary means of extinguishing fires and difficulties in organizing effective methods of evacuation from emergency vehicles;

Difficulty in determining the number of victims at the scene of an accident or disaster, the difficulty of sending a large number of them to medical institutions, taking into account the required specific treatment;

Complicating the situation in the event of an accident of vehicles transporting hazardous substances;

The need to organize a search for the remains of the dead and material evidence of the disaster, often over large areas;

The need to organize the reception, accommodation and services (food, communication services, transportation, etc.) of arriving relatives of the victims and the organization of sending the dead to their burial places;

The need for an early resumption of traffic on transport communications.

by air transport

If an air transport accident occurred in the area of ​​the airport, then the direct organization of search and rescue of the crew and passengers of the aircraft is entrusted to the head of the airport with the involvement of forces and resources from aviation units (enterprises and organizations) based at this airfield, regardless of their departmental affiliation.

Emergency rescue operations in such cases are carried out by emergency rescue teams, which include crews from various services (control room, launch, fire and rescue, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police, etc.).

The priority measures to save people in such an accident are usually associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft through exits located on the same side within 90 seconds.

In this case, all main, service and emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. Evacuation of people can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, and windows in the cockpit. It must be remembered that the design of the emergency exit locks makes it possible to open them both from inside the cabin and from the outside, that is, this work can be performed by a rescuer.

When organizing emergency rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, it is necessary to remember that: after 2–3 minutes. after a flaming combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches a lethal concentration; the temperature inside passenger cabins increases sharply with their height (at floor level - 50 ° C, and at a height of 1.5 m from the floor – 250 °C); Fire extinguishing work should be carried out using insulating protective equipment.

Evacuation of passengers should be carried out simultaneously with fire extinguishing on the windward side. Opening the fuselage must begin with the doors, since they have a higher throughput than the various holes made.

In the event of a plane crash outside the airport area, management of the organization of search and rescue work for crews and passengers of aircraft in distress is organized by the heads of departments of the Federal Aviation Service or the commanders of the relevant aviation associations of the Armed Forces, in the areas of responsibility (areas of search and rescue operations) in which the aviation accident occurred. incident.

In this case, search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:

When receiving a distress signal from an aircraft, as well as when receiving signals from emergency radio stations (beacons);
upon receipt of a report from the crew of the aircraft who observed the disaster, as well as reports from other eyewitnesses of the disaster;
if within 10 min. after the estimated time of arrival, the aircraft has not arrived at its destination and there is no radio contact with it for more than 5 minutes;
if the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the prescribed time, and radio contact with them ceased;
in the event of loss of radio communication with the aircraft crew and simultaneous loss of the radar tracking mark or loss of radio communication for more than 5 minutes, if radar tracking was not carried out;
in all other cases when the aircraft crew requires assistance.

Search and rescue operations begin from the moment the command is given for the departure of a search and rescue aircraft (helicopter) and for the departure of ground search and rescue teams. First of all, with their help, the crash site of an airplane (helicopter) is detected.

After landing or disembarking the search and rescue team, the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft in distress to a safe place immediately begins. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary conditions for their survival, protecting them from bad weather, and providing them with first aid.

After removing the victims from the disaster zone, rescuers begin collecting the remains of the victims for their further identification. If, as a result of a plane crash, all the people on board the aircraft died, then rescuers are obliged to search for and collect the remains of the victims, “black boxes” and ensure the safety of valuables.

Until the head of the commission to investigate the causes of the emergency arrives at the scene of the accident, it is prohibited to carry out any work at the scene of the accident, with the exception of an external inspection, recording traces of the aircraft’s movement on the ground, and evacuating the wounded and dead. The movement of the aircraft before the arrival of the specified commission is allowed only in cases where the emergency aircraft has fallen on a railway, highway, waterway or airfield and impedes the safe movement of vehicles or the landing of aircraft.

3. Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters)
in water areas

General requirements

4.1 ASR in water areas should be aimed at searching and rescuing people in distress during an accident of a sea (river) object, as well as the population caught in an emergency zone caused by dangerous hydrological phenomena: flood, high water, high water, catastrophic flood, traffic jam, ice jam, flooding, tsunami (GOST R 22.0.03).

4.2 When conducting ASR in water areas, the following main activities must be carried out:

Search for victims and the population in the emergency zone;

Rescue of victims and population;

Providing medical assistance to victims and the population;

Evacuation of victims and population from the emergency zone.

4.3 The search is carried out in places where victims may be located:

Above the surface of the water (high places, upper floors of buildings and structures, trees);

On the surface of the water (emergency sea and river objects);

Underwater (premises of residential and industrial facilities located below the water level, sunken sea and river objects).

4.4 The search for victims in the emergency zone is carried out:

Flying over emergency zones on aircraft;

Technical and visual inspection of emergency zones on watercraft and underwater vehicles;

Using information obtained by technical intelligence, communications, including space systems, as well as eyewitness accounts.

4.5 The search for emergency sea (river) sunken objects is generally divided into:

Search for people floating on the water;

Search for marked and unmarked objects.

4.5.1 The search for people floating on the surface of the water in collective or individual means of rescue is carried out continuously using all available means.

4.5.2 The search for designated emergency facilities is carried out:

Coastal (ship) radio direction-finding stations and through the satellite system from emergency radio beacons;

Visually, through the use of emergency beacons and special lighting equipment.

4.5.3 The search for unmarked objects is carried out visually and by technical means that record the physical fields of objects or changes in the physical fields of the environment caused by them.

4.5.4 The search for sunken sea (river) objects, as well as underwater vehicles, is carried out using hydroacoustic search tools. Based on established contacts, objects are examined for the purpose of identification and classification.

4.6 After completing the search, you must:

Identify and mark the locations of victims;

Determine ways and means of unblocking and removing victims.

4.7 Rescue of victims and the population in flood zones and from emergency and sunken sea (river) objects.

4.7.1 Carrying out emergency rescue operations to save people in a flood zone is divided into three main types:

Evacuation of people above the surface of the water (upper floors and roofs of buildings, trees, etc.);

Rescue of people on the surface of the water;

Removing people from rooms below the water level.

4.7.2 Evacuation of people above the surface of the water must be carried out in the following ways:

Along the preserved flights of stairs, using assault ladders, rescue hoses, rescue ropes, cable cars with landing on floating devices;

Helicopters equipped with rescue winches.

4.7.3 Evacuation of victims is carried out in parallel from the upper levels and from the surface of the water; at the first stage - from blocking sites to floating facilities and further to casualty collection points.

If the water level rises rapidly, people should initially be placed in a safe, non-flooded area on specially prepared sites, with further evacuation carried out by aircraft and boats.

4.7.4 Rescue of people floating on water is carried out by:

Lifting onto floating craft and rescue vessels;

Towing by swimming using life-saving equipment (individual and collective), as well as improvised means.

4.7.5 When rescuing those floating on the water, the rescue vessel must observe the following order of selection of victims:

Floating on the water without personal means of rescue or using improvised means;

Dressed in bibs and vests;

Dressed in wetsuits;

Those in collective means of rescue.

Rescue is carried out using boats, lifeboats, mass recovery devices, life rafts, nets, trawls, multi-row ladders, lifebuoys and objects with positive buoyancy.

4.7.6 Removing people from spaces below the water level is the most difficult task. When making a decision to remove people from these premises, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors:

Design features of the room (distance of the ceiling from the water level, volume of the room, material of construction);

Number of people in the room;

Time spent by people in the room.

4.7.7 Unblocking and evacuation of people from premises located below the water level must be carried out with the participation of rescue divers. In this case, the possibility of decompressing the rescued must be provided.

4.7.8 Technology and means of releasing people from premises located below the water level should be determined based on the equipment of emergency rescue teams. For all methods of rescue from such premises, it is necessary to have self-contained breathing apparatus for the victims, and when releasing the room, provide the maximum possible air cushion in it.

4.7.9 Evacuation of people from the interior of emergency marine (river) facilities during fires and flooding is carried out by rescue teams along the shortest routes using release methods (opening decks, bulkheads). In this case, it is necessary to take measures to protect victims from open fire and combustion products (fire retardants and respiratory protection).

4.8 Rescue of people from inverted sea (river) objects, compartments with an air cushion must be carried out by rescue divers using individual breathing apparatus for victims. At the same time, measures must be taken to maintain the emergency facility afloat.

4.8.1 When rescuing people from sea (river) objects in distress, first of all, a search and rescue aircraft should be sent to them, equipped with devices for dropping life-saving equipment, means of communication and marking the place, medicines, clothing and food, which are placed in airborne discardable containers (ASC).

4.8.2 Evacuation of people from emergency sea (river) facilities is carried out in the following sequence:

Helicopters equipped with rescue winches with devices for selecting people;

By ships (vessels) located in the disaster area using watercraft and cargo equipment;

By specialized rescue vessels by moving from side to side, rescue craft, using an overhead ropeway or rescue containers, pneumatic rescue devices.

4.8.3 The choice of method and means of evacuation of victims is determined by:

Location of people;

Their physical and moral condition;

Availability of evacuation means for rescuers;

The degree of risk for rescuers and victims under the influence of external factors;

The level of professional training of rescuers.

4.9 Providing medical care to victims

4.9.1 First medical aid to victims is provided by rescuers, medical instructors and doctors of rescue units, as a rule, at the site of release of victims using standard and improvised means, as well as by the victims themselves in the form of self- and mutual assistance. The optimal period for providing first aid is up to 30 minutes after injury.

The main goal of first aid is to save the lives of victims, eliminate the effects of damaging factors and quickly evacuate from the affected area.

4.9.2 To provide first medical aid, medical aid points (MAP) are organized, which must be prepared to provide assistance for:

Mechanical injuries;

Long-term compartment syndrome;

Hypothermia;

Frostbite;

Drowning;

Electrical injury;

Damage caused by chemicals;

Carbon dioxide poisoning;

Acute oxygen starvation;

Barotrauma of the lungs;

Acute mental disorders.

4.9.3 Points for providing medical assistance to victims are deployed:

On watercraft to provide assistance to victims immediately after removal from water or flooded premises;

In places where watercraft are safely moored to provide assistance to victims delivered by watercraft;

In close proximity to collection points for victims for medical triage, assistance and evacuation to inpatient medical facilities, as well as psychotherapeutic assistance.

4.9.4 First medical aid is provided by PHC doctors for medical reasons in order of urgency.

The main goal of first medical aid is to preserve the functions of the vital organs and body systems of victims, ensuring the vital functions of the body at all stages of evacuation.

4.10Evacuation of victims and population from the emergency zone

4.10.1 Evacuation of victims in need of treatment to medical institutions is carried out primarily by ambulance transport, accompanied by a medical worker, ensuring the provision of emergency medical care along the way. The required number of ambulance transport is determined based on operational information at the emergency rescue operations control center with emergency medical personnel conducting medical triage.

4.10.2 In order to reduce the psychotraumatic effect of an extreme situation in an emergency zone, the population is informed about the medical requirements for rescuing and transporting victims, about the location of emergency medical care, about the places where evacuation is carried out, and about the progress of rescue operations. Recommendations are given to reduce psychological tension and maintain vital functions.

4.10.3 During emergency rescue operations, medical workers of emergency rescue units monitor the physical and mental condition of the personnel of emergency rescue units. If necessary, medical assistance is provided or the work and rest schedule is regulated in order to maintain or restore the most effective activities of rescuers.

4.10.4 Medical units and emergency rescue units are equipped with standard medical equipment in accordance with supply standards.

The increase in necessary equipment in excess of established standards is allowed from the minimum reserve as justified by the heads of regional medical units after assessing the medical situation in the emergency area.

4.10.5 After completion of emergency rescue operations in the emergency area, the personnel of emergency rescue units and involved forces are sent to medical rehabilitation centers to restore health and performance.

The organization and duration of rehabilitation activities is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the governing documents of departmental rescue services included in the RSChS system.

4.10.6 When preparing professional rescuers to carry out ASR, the peculiarities of the psychological preparation of rescuers for conducting rescue operations in an emergency zone caused by hydrological phenomena and measures to maintain psychological stability among victims should be taken into account.

4.10.7 When carrying out ASR, the requirements for ensuring safety precautions, acceptable work schedule, rest and rehabilitation of rescuers must be observed in order to maintain the necessary performance.

4.10.8 The specific technology for performing ASR for search, rescue and evacuation of victims and the population from flood zones, inundations and tsunamis, as well as from emergency and sunken sea (river) objects is determined by manuals, manuals, rules and instructions of departmental rescue services of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the features of eliminating the consequences of flooding and flooding due to jams (jags), surge floods at the mouths of sea rivers, catastrophic floods due to the destruction of hydraulic structures should be taken into account during the planned preparation of emergency rescue teams and the population.

Issues covered at the seminar

1. Features of rescue operations in air transport and water areas.

2. Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters)
on air transport.

3. Search and rescue operations during liquidation of the consequences of accidents in air transport.

4. Features of liquidation of consequences of accidents (disasters)
in water areas.

Page 4

Plane crashes are a new type of emergency.

Decompression; in-flight injuries; safe seats on the plane; preparing for an accident during landing or takeoff; exits from the plane; forced landing on water.

Although plane crashes are rare, they are dangerous. In addition, this is perhaps the most unexplored, new type of situation requiring rescue work. In case of plane crashes, neither flight attendants nor crew members, as a rule, can help passengers, since accidents happen very quickly. Therefore, this chapter contains tips and recommendations for passengers in emergency situations. Rescue work in case of aircraft accidents (of course, there are ground rescue services at airports) proceeds according to the principle: “The rescue of drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves.”

One of the most common flight emergencies is decompression. Explosive and rapid decompression can be easily recognized. They usually begin with a deafening roar, which is accompanied by the outflow of air from the cabin. The cabin air is instantly filled with dust falling from the floor, seats and ceiling. In this case, the cabin can be plunged into fog for several minutes, since a decrease in air pressure leads to condensation of water vapor in the air. Even after decompression has occurred, loud noise may continue due to strong air currents rushing past the hole in the fuselage.

The compartments containing the oxygen masks should automatically open if the altitude in the cabin reaches 4000 or 5000 m. You will probably notice air quickly leaving your lungs - a process that cannot be stopped. In addition, an increase in pressure becomes noticeable, pain appears in the ears, in the cavities or in the intestinal area, caused by the expansion of gases in the body. The cockpit may become chaotic. There is no need to wait for orders and announcements from the flight crew, since the crew at this time will be up to their necks working to establish the cause of the situation and how much the incident may affect the rest of the flight, as well as operations to lower the aircraft to a safe altitude.

At the same time, flight attendants may try to make certain announcements, as well as help some passengers. But they themselves need to put on oxygen masks. Since the mask covers the nose and mouth, it becomes almost impossible to speak. At such critical moments, flight attendants are only able to help a small number of passengers. So you need to know how to put on a mask and how to turn on the oxygen.

On many airplanes, oxygen masks fall out of a compartment in the ceiling and hang in a position that a seated passenger can reach; on many, they are attached to the back of the seat in front (for the location and putting on of oxygen masks, see also the Appendices - Figures 1, 2.3.)

In addition to cases of decompression, there are a number of other types of emergency situations in flight. One of them is an evasive maneuver, in which the plane, at the will of the pilot, in order to avoid a collision in the air, can either gain altitude, dive, or make a sharp turn with a roll to the left or right. During these situations, although rare, passengers and flight attendants can be injured. Therefore, it is recommended not to leave your seat and remain fastened during the flight unless absolutely necessary (see also Table 2, in the Appendices).

The seat belt must be carefully adjusted before each takeoff and landing. The more slack in the seat belt, the greater the chance of injury. If a passenger is sitting in an upright position, as is the case during normal takeoffs and landings, and his seat belt is fastened with a lot of slack at the waist, he can slide under the belt in an accident and damage internal organs (see Appendix, Fig. 4).

You need to know in what position you should fix yourself. To reduce the severity of injury sustained in an accident. Even if the seat belt is not properly tightened around the waist, in a crash involving a strong impact,

a passenger still cannot suffer unnecessary injuries to his arms and legs any more than he can to his head and neck if he is thrown into the seat in front of him or struck against the armrests of his own seat.

The most suitable fixed position is as follows (see Figure 5): After fastening the seat belt, the passenger leans forward and places his arms in a crossed position on the seat in front of him; the head is pressed to the hands; the legs move forward as far as possible, but you cannot try to push them under the chair in front, otherwise the chair will break. It can damage your legs. If there is no chair in front (see Figure 6), then you need to bend over and clasp your hands tightly under your knees. The head should be placed on the knees or at least placed in the lowest position. Place your feet on the floor, pushing them forward as far as possible.

Infants under one year of age are unlikely to be secured with a seat belt. The child's center of gravity is located high enough above his hips that in the event of an accident the child can easily slide up from under the seat belt. There is no consensus on the best way to restrain or restrain a child during an airplane crash. This is due to the fact that there is no suitable reliable way to restrain the child during an impact. If an emergency is preceded by a warning period, some airlines use the following technique: the child is wrapped in a wool blanket and placed on the floor near the bulkhead in front of the parent. In this position, the child will seem to be already in the position into which he would be thrown forward or backward in most accidents (Figure 7). Some airlines offer a slightly different fixed position for the child: he must be laid across the body on the lap of an adult, as shown in Figure 8. Another version of the child’s position, proposed on other airlines, is shown in Figure 9: the child is seated on the parent’s lap, but facing backwards. In this position, the child is already pressed against the back of the chair located in front, and the child's head and torso are held to the side of the parent's body, and not in front of the parent's shoulder. Another position: it is recommended to hold the child across the chest in a diagonal position - in the traditional rocking position (Figure 10).

There are different types of exits for evacuation from an aircraft, and their location is indicated in the passenger memo issued to each person flying on an aircraft (see Figures 12, 13, 13).

There are a lot of potential dangers associated with a forced landing, since in an unexpected splashdown there is very limited time to prepare, if any at all. The plane can touch the surface so smoothly that passengers will not even understand whether it has landed or splashed down. On the other hand, the plane can fall apart and quickly sink,

For water rescue, the plane has a number of floating devices. Some, but not all aircraft seat cushions are designed to provide buoyancy for the cushioned passenger in the water. A floating chair cushion has straps or loops attached to it so that you can grab hold of it in the water. They are located on its reverse side (see Figure 15). While in the water, you should not press pillows to your chest, as due to the buoyancy properties of the pillow, your chest and head will gradually begin to sink into the water (Figure 16). Since the head is a vascular system. When it is in water, significant heat loss can occur. You should try to position your head and shoulders as high as possible (see Figure 17).

Life jackets are usually located in a pocket under the seat (see Figure 18) or in the back of the seat in front.

If exposed to water, reduce the rate of heat loss as much as possible. The US Coast Guard recommends the following method (see Figure 19): wrap your arms around your chest and lift your hips higher to reduce the flow of water against the groin area. According to some reports, this simple method