Legislative framework of the Russian Federation. Approaches to categorizing sources of ionizing radiation Classification of radiation sources

In the name of the Russian Federation

presiding judge G.K. Shamshutdinova

under secretary A.K. Zaitseva,

having considered in open court in the building of the Kirovsky District Court of Astrakhan, located at the address: Astrakhan, st. Embankment 1 May, 43, administrative case No. 2a-1959/2016 on the administrative claim of the Federal Budgetary Institution of Health "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Astrakhan Region" to the prosecutor's office of the Sovetsky district near the city of Astrakhan regarding the recognition as illegal of the presentation,

U S T A N O V I L:

The FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Astrakhan Region" filed an administrative claim in court, indicating that on 02/18/2016 the institution received a submission from the prosecutor's office of the Sovetsky district of Astrakhan No. 07-52/16 dated 02/18/2016, according to which the following were established in the activities of the institution violations: the Federal Budgetary Institution of Health "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Astrakhan Region", which is covered by the List of Positions of Workers at Nuclear Energy Facilities, in violation of clause 16 of NP-067-11, does not have permission to carry out work in the field of atomic energy use. To date, the institution has not sent an application to the Don Interregional Territorial Directorate for Supervision of Nuclear and Radiation Safety of Rostechnadzor to obtain permits for workers to carry out work in the field of atomic energy use. The institution does not have personnel with the necessary qualifications to operate radiation sources.

According to the submission, they were asked to: immediately consider it, take specific measures to eliminate violations of the law, their causes and conditions conducive to them, take measures aimed at strengthening control over compliance with legal requirements in this area, obtain permission in the prescribed manner by the personnel of the institution in the manner, provided for by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 3, 1997 No. 240; resolve the issue of bringing the responsible person to disciplinary liability.

Disagreeing with this submission, the administrative plaintiff asks to declare it illegal.

At the court hearing, the representative of the administrative plaintiff Pushkarev S.N. supported the arguments of the administrative claim.

Representatives of the administrative defendant Konovalov S.S., Bezuglaya N.R. They did not agree with the arguments of the claim.

After listening to the parties, questioning witnesses, and examining the case materials, the court comes to the following conclusion.

DECIDED:

The administrative claim of the FBUZ “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Astrakhan Region” is satisfied.

To recognize as illegal the submission of the prosecutor of the Sovetsky district of Astrakhan dated February 18, 2016 No. 07-52\16.

The court decision can be appealed to the Astrakhan Regional Court within a month.

Court:

Plaintiffs:

The Federal Law establishes the specifics of regulating the operation of radiation sources containing radionuclide sources (Article 36.1). In order to reduce administrative barriers, federal law establishes a procedure for organizations operating radionuclide sources of categories 4 and 5 in terms of potential radiation hazard, which significantly simplifies obtaining permission from the regulatory body.

Categorization of radionuclide sources according to potential radiation hazard in the Russian Federation was introduced by federal norms and regulations NP-038-11, and the categorization methodology is described in detail in the safety manual RB-042-07.
The operation of radiation sources of these categories means their intended use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair.

The procedure for registering organizations is established by the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the registration rules, the organization submits to the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision a notification about the implementation of activities for the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories. The notification form and instructions for filling it out are set out in the Order of Rostechnadzor.

There is no fee for registering an organization, and a notification is drawn up by the organization in the form established by the registering authority and submitted to the registering authority (its territorial body) at the place of the proposed activity of operating radiation sources before the actual implementation of this activity.

Notification form (download)

Links:
1. Federal Law “On the Use of Atomic Energy” N 170-FZ of November 21, 1995.
2.
3.
4. Rules for registration of organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2012 No. 1184.
5. Order of Rostechnadzor dated October 29, 2013 No. 505 “On approval of the notification form for carrying out activities for the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories.” "(Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 19, 2013 N 30667).

Categorization is an important step in subsequent regulatory control. Taking into account changes over time in the characteristics of radionuclide sources when categorizing them according to potential radiation hazard allows optimizing their placement for storage and more rational use of storage volumes.

Issues of safety and security of sources of ionizing radiation (IRS), prevention of radiation accidents are of concern to the world community. In this regard, in the early 1990s, the IAEA took a number of measures. In collaboration with other organizations, the International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Sources of Ionizing Radiation (BSS) was developed. To support its implementation, a model project to improve radiation protection infrastructure was organized, in which IAEA Member States participated. In 1998, the IAEA developed an international Action Plan on the Safety and Security of Radiation Sources, revised in 2000. This work resulted in the first Categorization of Radiation Sources and Code of Conduct for the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, issued by the IAEA in 2004. 72 states, including Russia, made political commitments to support this code and statements of intention to work to comply with its guiding principles.

In the code, the IAEA required member countries to develop a common system for categorizing radiation sources, which should be based on a logical and transparent methodology to ensure the flexibility of the system for application in the widest possible range of activities. All subsequent IAEA documents on source safety and security in one form or another develop individual provisions of this document.

In development of the provisions of the code, the IAEA developed technical documents establishing the correspondence between the activity of a radionuclide and the category of its potential danger to humans, and recommended safety standards to all Member States (IAEA Safety Standard Series No. GS-R-1. Vienna, 2003; Categorization of Radioactive Sources: IAEA Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.9, Vienna, 2005; Dangerous quantities of radioactive material (D-values), Emergency Preparedness and Response Series, Vienna, 2006.

On this basis, IAEA documents were created, which proposed a relative ranking of radioactive sources and activities into five categories of potential radiation hazard (Categorization of radioactive sources. IAEA-TECDOC-1344. Vienna, 2003; Security of radioactive sources. IAEA-TECDOC-1355. Vienna, 2003). At the same time, sources of the first category are potentially the most dangerous, and sources of the fifth category are not dangerous. For each category, threshold activity values ​​(D-values) of various radionuclides are considered. If the category of a specific radiation source (type of source) is established, then it remains constant, regardless of in which country and in what type of practical activity this source is used. This makes it possible to unify and optimize the requirements for ensuring radiation safety and security of radionuclide sources for all hazard categories. The categorization proposed by the IAEA applies only to sealed radionuclide sources.

Russian regulatory framework

The introduction of IAEA approaches into the practice of safety regulation at nuclear energy facilities and the national economy is an important task for Russia.

When analyzing the existing regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation, which historically was developed by various state control and regulatory bodies, inconsistencies were revealed in the classification of radiation objects by potential hazard, set out in paragraph 3.1 of OSPORB-99, and the categorization of radionuclide sources proposed by the IAEA.

According to the Russian document OSPORB-99, all radiation facilities that contain or use radionuclide sources are divided into four categories based on potential danger. These categories are intended to compare radiation objects and radionuclide sources of different complexity and purpose. Russian Basic Sanitary Rules cover a wider range of facilities and events at them than IAEA documents.

The lack of specific methodological developments inevitably led to the introduction of subjective assessments into the categorization of radiation objects, which correspond mainly to one (third of five) category proposed by the IAEA.

In addition, there is a certain problem in terminology. Different Russian documents use different terms in relation to the same concepts. The concept of radiation sources is widespread and applies both to objects using radioactive substances or devices that emit or are capable of emitting ionizing radiation, and specifically to sources of ionizing radiation. The radiation source may be natural or man-made, specially created for a beneficial use, or a by-product. Closed radiation source is a radiation source, the design of which prevents the release of the radionuclides it contains into the environment under the conditions of use and wear for which it is designed. When using open radiation sources, the radionuclides it contains may enter the environment. Any radiation-hazardous object can also be classified as radiation sources. When characterizing objects, the terms “ionizing radiation sources” (IRS) and “radionuclide sources” (RSS), “radioactive substances” (RS) and “radioactive waste” (RAW) are used.

Rostechnadzor issued, in development of the existing ones, a new document “Establishing the category of potential hazard of a radiation object”, then developed and put into effect on March 1, 2008 the safety guide RB-042-07, which proposed a methodology for categorizing sealed radionuclide sources according to potential radiation hazard.

Depending on the potential radiation hazard, the methodology establishes five categories of sealed radionuclide sources. The category of any source is established based on the numerical value of the ratio of the actual activity (A) to the recommended threshold activity value for a given radionuclide (D-value):

• first category – A/D≥1000;
• second category – 1000>A/D≥10;
• third category – 10>A/D≥1;
• fourth category – 1>A/D≥0.01;
• fifth category – 0.01>A/D, A/D is greater than the level of exemption from regulatory control.

As a numerical value of the D-value, the developers recommend choosing the most potentially dangerous scenario leading to severe deterministic effects.

The proposed document is distinguished by a high degree of elaboration, extreme unambiguity and readiness for practical use, and each area of ​​application to categorization objects does not exclude each other, but can be improved by creating scientifically based methods for categorizing specific objects. This methodology contains criteria for classifying radiation sources as a potential hazard, but does not regulate methods and methods for further handling of sources depending on the category.

Taking into account the time factor

This paper proposes approaches to categorizing the potential radiation hazard of radiation sources, which can be considered as one of the possible options for improvement.

In OSPORB-99, all radiation sources supplied to RW management enterprises, qualified by the customer as radioactive waste, are considered as open sources of radiation, regardless of actual technical characteristics, degree of wear and other things. The categorization proposed by the IAEA and the safety guide RB-042-07 of Rostechnadzor are focused on sealed radioactive sources.

At enterprises for the management of radioactive waste, centralized services for accounting and control of radioactive substances and radioactive waste have been created, which are part of the state accounting and control system. Such services have put into practice and are improving systems for certification, identification and labeling of accounting units of radioactive waste and radioactive waste.

In order to optimize accounting and control at all stages of handling radioactive substances and radioactive waste, the State Unitary Enterprise MosNPO "Radon" has developed and uses a database for monitoring and accounting of radioactive waste in circulation, combining all systems. It contains complete information about radioactive substances and radioactive waste and allows you to trace their entire path from receipt at the enterprise to the place of placement for long-term storage. Control is carried out using personal identification numbers assigned to each accounting unit.

For incoming monitoring of the radionuclide composition of radioactive substances and radioactive waste entering the enterprise, express non-destructive methods are used, implemented in the form of mobile γ-radiation spectrometers "ISOCS", MDG-01D "Sadovnik". It is based on a method for recording γ-radiation with a semiconductor detector, which allows one to make a conclusion about the amount of α-emitting radionuclides (for example, 238 U) and transuranium elements (241 Am), determined by their daughter γ-emitting nuclides. To reduce the measurement error, additional equipment is used in the form of a rotating platform with an electric drive to rotate RW packages.

During long-term storage of radioactive waste, the activity of radionuclides changes due to natural decay, decreases or increases, while activity accumulates due to the resulting daughter nuclides, and their contribution to the total activity of the radioactive waste package can be significant. Depending on the ratio of the half-lives of the original and daughter radionuclides, several options for changing their activities are possible: the original radionuclide will decay faster than the daughter; the half-life of the original radionuclide is comparable to or slightly greater than the half-life of the daughter; The decay period of the original radionuclide is incomparably longer than that of the daughter. In this case, the category of the radiation source may also change.

This fact dictates the need to take into account and predict during the storage of radioactive substances and radioactive waste the change in radionuclide composition and total activity of radionuclides in the storage facility, based on input data. For this purpose, the State Unitary Enterprise MosNPO Radon has developed a methodology that allows one to predict changes in the characteristics of radioactive waste for each storage unit and, taking this into account, to evaluate its main parameters in a certain period of time.

The proposed method makes it possible to sufficiently fully characterize the radionuclide composition and total activity of each accounting unit from the beginning of storage. The initial data for the calculation are the declared characteristics of radioactive waste and radioactive substances and the results of expert measurements during incoming inspection. An important parameter for predicting changes in the radionuclide composition and total activity of a radioactive waste accounting unit is the calculation of the period of potential danger. This allows us to assume a change in the category of potential hazards of radioactive substances and radioactive waste during storage.

• determination of radionuclide characteristics of radioactive waste;
• determination of the activity of the parent and daughter radionuclides at the time of establishing the category of potential radiation hazard;
• calculation of the total activity of the parent and daughter radionuclides;
• calculation of A/D for a population of radionuclides;
• determination of the “calculated” category of potential radiation hazard at the time of categorization and for a certain period of time.

The proposed approach to categorization by potential radiation hazard allows us to take into account the fact of changes in the characteristics of radiation sources over time and reduce the likelihood of unintentional underestimation of their potential radiation hazard. Its implementation will allow:

• optimize the placement of radiation sources in storage facilities in accordance with the forecast of changes in the category of potential danger;
• formulate requirements for the storage of radiation sources depending on the category of potential danger;
• develop requirements for radiation sources storage facilities depending on the category of potential danger;
• formulate requirements for the use of matrix materials for the duration of the potential danger of radiation sources;
• use storage facilities more rationally, place radiation sources depending on the forecast of changes in the category of potential danger in near-surface type storage facilities, use new generation storage facilities (for example, borehole type) for longer storage.

Authors

I.P. Korenkov, Ph.D., Doctor of Biological Sciences, V.V. Verbitsky, T.N. Laschenova, Ph.D., Doctor of Biological Sciences, V.P. Dolgikh
State Unitary Enterprise MosNPO "Radon"

In accordance with Article 36 1 of the Federal Law "On the Use of Atomic Energy" of the Russian Federation" Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Approve the attached Rules for registration of organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories.

2. To establish that the application of an organization that has a license to operate in the field of atomic energy use for registration as an organization engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories is carried out no later than 10 working days before the expiration of the specified licenses.

3. Designate the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision as the body responsible for registering organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard.

4. The implementation of the powers provided for by this resolution is carried out within the limits established by the Government of the Russian Federation of the maximum number of employees of the central apparatus and territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, as well as budgetary allocations provided for the Service in the federal budget for leadership and management in the field installed functions.

5. The Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, within 3 months, bring its regulations into compliance with the Rules approved by this resolution.

6. Make the following changes to the acts of the Government of the Russian Federation:

A) paragraph 2 of the Regulations on licensing activities in the field of use of atomic energy, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 1997 N 865 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, N 29, Art. 3528), add the following paragraph:

“activities for the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories.”;

B) paragraph 7 of the Rules for organizing the system of state accounting and control of radioactive substances and radioactive waste, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 11, 1997 N 1298 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, N 42, Art. 4782), add the words ", as well as radioactive substances contained in radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories."

Chairman
Government of the Russian Federation
D. Medvedev

Note ed: the text of the resolution was published in the "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation", November 26, 2012, No. 48, Art. 6692.

Rules for registration of organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories

1. These Rules establish the procedure for registration of organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories (hereinafter referred to as the organization).

2. These Rules do not apply to activities related to the development, manufacture, testing, operation, storage and disposal of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants for military purposes.

3. To register an organization, a notification is submitted to the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (hereinafter referred to as the registration authority) about the implementation of activities for the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard (hereinafter referred to as the notification).

4. Registration of organizations is carried out by the registering authority by making an entry in the register of organizations engaged in the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard (hereinafter referred to as the register).

5. The register is maintained in the form and manner established by the registration authority.

6. The operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth radiation hazard categories means their intended use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair.

7. There is no fee for registering an organization.

8. The notification is drawn up by the organization in the form established by the registering authority and is submitted to the registering authority (its territorial authority) at the place of intended implementation of activities for the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard, before the actual implementation this activity.

9. The organization submits the notification to the registration authority directly or sends it by registered mail with a list of attachments with return receipt requested, or in the form of an electronic document signed with the electronic digital signature of the applicant.

10. The registration authority, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the notification, checks the completeness of the information contained in the notification and makes a decision to register the organization or to refuse its registration.

11. The basis for the registration authority to make a decision to refuse registration of an organization is the unreliability or incompleteness of the information provided in the notification.

12. The registration authority, within 10 days from the date of making a decision to register an organization or to refuse its registration, sends a written notification of the decision made.

13. The decision to refuse to register an organization may be appealed in court.

14. The organization is obliged to report to the registration authority information about changes in the data previously specified in the notification within 10 working days from the date of their change by submitting (sending) an application to the registration authority in any form with supporting documents attached.

15. An organization is excluded from the register on the basis of:

A) statements on termination of activities related to the operation of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard;

B) receiving information from the Federal Tax Service about the liquidation of an organization or the termination of its activities as a result of the reorganization of the organization.

16. In order to be excluded from the register, an organization submits an application to terminate its activities and documents confirming the fact of delivery of radiation sources containing only radionuclide sources of the fourth and fifth categories of radiation hazard for disposal or their transfer to another organization registered in accordance with these Rules.

17. Exclusion of an organization from the register on grounds other than those provided for in paragraph 15 of these Rules is not permitted.

18. The organization is considered to have ceased its activities from the date of submission of the application or information provided for in paragraph 15 of these Rules.

19. The registration body, upon written request, provides free information about organizations to interested federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom to the extent necessary for them to fulfill their powers, or reports absence of the requested information within 3 working days from the date of receipt of the relevant request.

In accordance with subclause 5.2.2.1 of the Regulations on the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 N 401 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 32, Art. 3348; 2006, N 5, art. 2527; 2008, no. 2581; 2009, no. 738; 4081; Art. 5976; Art. 960; Art. 3835; I order:

Approve and put into effect from June 1, 2011 the attached federal norms and rules in the field of atomic energy use “General provisions for ensuring the safety of radiation sources” (NP-038-11).

Head N.G. Kutyin

Note ed.: the order was published in the "Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities", N 24, 06/13/2011.

Federal norms and rules in the field of atomic energy use "General provisions for ensuring the safety of radiation sources" NP-038-11

1. Purpose and scope

1.1. These federal norms and rules in the field of the use of atomic energy "General provisions for ensuring the safety of radiation sources" (hereinafter referred to as the General Provisions) were developed in accordance with the Federal Law of November 21, 1995 N 170-FZ "On the Use of Atomic Energy" (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation) Federation, 1995, Art. 4552; 2001, Art. 2949, Art. 2; 2004, No. 3607, No. 5498; 2007, No. 834; 2008, No. 3418; 2009, No. 1, Art. 17; No. 52, Art. 6450), Federal Law of January 9, 1996 No. 3-FZ “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, No. 3, Art. 141; 2004, no. 35, art. 3607; 2008, no. 3616).
Also during the development, the recommendations contained in IAEA documents and the accumulated domestic and foreign experience in ensuring the safety of stationary and mobile radiation sources were taken into account.

1.2. The list of abbreviations, as well as terms and definitions used in these General Provisions, are given in Appendices No. 1 and No. 2. In the requirements relating to both stationary and mobile radiation sources, the abbreviation RI is used, in other cases it is specifically indicated: " stationary RI" or "mobile RI".

1.3. These General Provisions establish the goals, basic principles, criteria and general safety requirements implemented during the design (construction), placement, construction (manufacturing), commissioning, operation and decommissioning of radioactive materials.

1.4. The requirements of these General Provisions apply to all types of activities in the field of use of atomic energy, which are based on the use of RnI and (or) radioactive substances as part of radioactive materials.

The classification of radioactive materials by purpose, which are subject to the requirements of these General Provisions, is given in Appendix No. 3.

1.5. The requirements of these General Provisions apply to radioactive materials operated on the territory and as part of nuclear installations (including nuclear power plant units, research nuclear installations and nuclear fuel cycle facilities), as well as to storage facilities in terms of requirements not specified by other federal norms and rules in the field use of nuclear energy extending to these facilities.

1.6. The requirements of these General Provisions do not apply to radioactive materials used in activities related to the development, manufacture, testing, operation and disposal of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants for military purposes.

1.7. The requirements of these General Provisions do not apply to:

For transportation of radioactive materials, radioactive materials and mobile radioactive materials outside the territories of organizations;
on radioactive substances contained in radioactive waste, emissions and discharges;
for accounting and control of radioactive materials, radiological sources, radioactive substances and radioactive waste;
to extend the design life of the RI.

In these cases, the requirements of other federal norms and regulations in the field of the use of atomic energy apply.

1.8. The requirements of these General Provisions do not apply to radioactive sources that do not contain RnI or radioactive substances in which ionizing radiation is generated due to changes in the speed of charged particles, annihilation or nuclear reactions.

2. Goals, basic principles and criteria for ensuring the safety of radiation sources

2.1. The main goal of ensuring the safety of radioactive sources during normal operation, disturbances of normal operation, including design basis accidents, is to prevent radiation exposure on personnel, the public and the environment in excess of established limits.

2.2. The main goal should be achieved by implementing the basic principles of ensuring radiation safety:

Non-exceeding of permissible limits of individual radiation doses for personnel and the public (principle of standardization);
prohibition of the commissioning and operation of radioactive sources, in which the benefit obtained for humans and society does not exceed the risk of possible harm caused by irradiation additional to the natural radiation background (principle of justification);
maintaining at the lowest possible and reasonably achievable level, taking into account economic and social factors, individual radiation doses and the number of exposed persons during commissioning, operation and decommissioning of radioactive sources (optimization principle).

2.3. All organizational and technical measures to ensure the safety of RS, planned and implemented during the operation of RS, must be commensurate with the categories of potential radiation hazard of RS for humans (hereinafter referred to as the hazard categories of RS), established in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 3.5. - 3.7. of these General Provisions.
The sufficiency of these measures and their proportionality with the established hazard category of the RS must be justified in the design and (or) in the technical documentation of the RS and presented in the SAR of the RS.

2.4. RS satisfies safety criteria if its radiation impact on personnel, the public and the environment during normal operation, violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, does not lead to exceeding the main limits of radiation doses for personnel and the population, standards for emissions and discharges of radioactive substances and exceeding the content of radioactive substances in environment.

2.5. For normal operation of radioactive materials, permissible limits of radiation doses, permissible levels of exposure to ionizing radiation on personnel and the population, as well as permissible emissions and discharges of radioactive substances into the environment are established in accordance with federal norms and regulations in the field of atomic energy use.

2.6. The safety of radioactive sources must be ensured through the consistent implementation of the concept of defense in depth, based on the use of a system of physical barriers to the spread of ionizing radiation and radioactive substances into the environment, as well as a system of organizational and technical measures to ensure their integrity and effectiveness.

2.7. The system of organizational and technical measures generally consists of five levels of defense in depth.

Level 1 (RS placement conditions and prevention of deviations from normal operation):

selection of a site (premises) suitable (suitable) for placing a stationary RS (for RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3) and taking into account the conditions for placing a stationary RS in the project;
design (construction) of RS based on a conservative approach, as well as taking into account operating experience of similar RS;
ensuring the required quality of RI systems and work performed;
operation of RS only for its intended purpose and in accordance with the requirements of operational and (or) technical documentation, operating instructions;
ensuring diagnostics of equipment and systems important for the safety of radioactive sources and maintaining them in good condition by timely identifying defects, taking preventive measures, replacing worn-out systems and organizing an effective system for documenting the results of work performed;
selection of RI personnel and provision of the required level of qualification for actions during normal operation and deviations from normal operation, including accidents;
formation and maintenance of a culture of safety and security among RI personnel.

Level 2 (Management of deviations from normal operation and prevention of design basis accidents by normal operation systems):

identifying deviations from normal operation and eliminating the causes of these deviations;
control of radioactive sources during operation with deviations from normal operation.

Level 3 (Management of design basis accidents and prevention of beyond design basis accidents by safety systems) for RI of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3:

preventing initiating events from developing into design basis accidents;
preventing design basis accidents from developing into beyond design basis accidents using safety systems;
mitigation of the consequences of accidents that could not be prevented by localizing released radioactive substances.

Level 4 (Beyond design basis accident management) for RI of hazard categories 1 and 2:

preventing the development of beyond design basis accidents and mitigating their consequences;
protecting the RS premises from destruction during beyond design basis accidents and maintaining its integrity;
return of radioactive substances to a controlled state, in which the release of radioactive substances ceases and their retention within established boundaries is ensured. Level 5 (Emergency Preparedness and Response):
preparation of action plans to protect personnel and the public in the event of radiation accidents and liquidation of their consequences and ensuring readiness to implement these plans (for RI of hazard category 1);
preparation of action plans for the protection of personnel in the event of radiation accidents and liquidation of their consequences and ensuring readiness for the implementation of these plans (for RI of hazard categories 2 and 3).
The number, composition and characteristics of physical barriers, as well as the number of levels of defense in depth and the completeness of their implementation for each specific RS are established and justified in the design and (or) in the technical documentation of the RS in accordance with the hazard category established for it.

2.8. The concept of defense in depth should be implemented at all stages of activities related to ensuring the safety of radioactive sources.

2.9. During normal operation, all physical RS barriers provided for in the design and (or) technical documentation must be operational. If any of the provided physical barriers are found to be inoperable, the operation of the RS must be stopped and measures must be taken to bring it into a safe state.

2.10. Organizational and technical measures to prevent and mitigate the consequences of accidents during the operation of RS must be proportionate to the hazard category of the RS.

2.11. For newly designed (constructed) RS, reliability indicators of systems important for the safety of RS, initiating events and expected consequences of accidents must be defined in the design and (or) in the technical (operational) documentation of the RS.

The initiating events and pathways of possible design basis accidents must be considered with an assessment of their consequences and a forecast of the radiation situation.

2.12. Technical solutions and organizational measures affecting the safety of RS must be taken taking into account the requirements of scientific and technical documentation, operating experience of prototypes (analogues) of this RS, the results of research and testing, as well as the specifics and features of the RS during its future decommissioning.

This approach should be applied not only at the stages of design (construction), selection of location, construction and operation of RS, manufacturing of equipment for RS, but also during the reconstruction and modernization of RS and (or) systems important for the safety of RS.

2.13. The quality assurance activities of the organization operating the RS must ensure the safe operation of the RS and the reliability of systems important for the safety of the RS, in accordance with the design documentation, as well as with the requirements established in the quality assurance program for the performance of various types of work affecting the safety of the RS, with commissioning, operation and decommissioning of radioactive materials.

2.14. The activities of organizations engaged in the placement, design (construction), construction (manufacturing) of radioactive materials, as well as organizations engaged in the production of systems important for the safety of radioactive sources, or the provision of other services in the field of atomic energy use for the organization operating the radioactive materials, must ensure the quality of work performed and provision of services within the framework of appropriate programs to ensure the quality of these services and works.

2.15. All persons in organizations associated with the placement, design (construction), construction (manufacturing), operation and decommissioning of RS, design (construction) and manufacture of systems important for the safety of RS must develop a safety culture and safety culture by conducting the necessary selection, education and training of personnel for various types of activities affecting the safety of RI, establishment and strict adherence to discipline with a clear distribution of personal responsibilities of managers and performers, development and strict compliance with the requirements of current instructions for performing work and their periodic updating taking into account accumulated experience.

These persons must know the nature and degree of influence of their activities on the safety of RS and the safety of R&I as part of RS and be fully aware of the consequences that may result from non-compliance or unclear compliance with the requirements of federal standards and regulations in the field of the use of atomic energy and operational documentation of RS .

3. Classification of radiation sources, their systems and elements

Classification of radiation sources

3.1. For the purpose of differentiated establishment and implementation of the requirements of these General Regulations for ensuring the safety of RS, classification of RS is carried out according to the following criteria:

Purpose of RI;
RI mobility;
type of RnI used as part of the RI;
potential radiation hazard of RI.

3.2. According to their purpose, radioactive materials are divided into complexes, installations, devices, equipment and products. Classification of radioactive materials according to this criterion is carried out in accordance with the definitions given in Appendix No. 2.

3.3. Based on mobility, RIs are divided into stationary and mobile (mobile and portable) RIs in accordance with the definitions given in Appendix No. 2.

3.4. According to the type of R&I used as part of the RI, the latter are divided into:
RS, which only uses airborne radiation;
RI, which includes only ORnI;
RI, which includes ZRnI and ORnI.

3.5. The potential radiation hazard of RS is determined by the possible radiation impact on personnel and the population during radiation accidents and is determined taking into account the categories of potential radiation hazard of R&I (hereinafter referred to as the hazard category of R&I) used as part of the RS.

Five RnI hazard categories are established:

Category 1. Extremely dangerous to humans.
Category 2. Very dangerous for humans.
Category 3. Dangerous to humans.
Category 4. Danger to humans is unlikely.
Category 5. Hazard to humans is very unlikely.

For radiopharmaceuticals, hazard categories no higher than 4 are established.

The hazard category of a stationary RS, which contains only one RS, cannot be higher than the maximum hazard category of this RS, determined on the basis of the RS's passport activity (as of the date of its manufacture).

if the RS contains a set of radioactive materials, which in the event of an accident may have a joint radiation impact on personnel or the population, the hazard category of the radioactive material is determined by the hazard category of the totality of these radioactive materials;
in other cases, the hazard category of RS should be determined by the RS assigned to the highest hazard category.

3.7. For designed stationary RS and constructed mobile RS, the hazard category is established by the design organization and is indicated in the design of the stationary RS or in the technical documentation (passport) of the mobile RS.

Classification of systems (elements) of radiation sources

3.8. Based on their impact on safety, RS systems are divided into:
systems important for the safety of radioactive sources;
systems that do not affect the safety of radioactive sources.

3.9. Systems important for the safety of radioactive sources include:

System for moving and fixing ZRnI (working position or storage position);
system for blocking the beam of ionizing radiation;
control system (remote control);
radiation hazard warning and warning system;
a locking system that prevents unauthorized access to R&I and unplanned exposure of personnel;
BRNI fastening system for stationary RI;
power supply system;

special ventilation system.

3.10. Elements of RS systems are divided into three safety classes.

Safety class 1 includes R&I of hazard categories 1, 2, and 3, as well as elements of systems important for the safety of RS, failures or damage of which are the initial events of accidents leading to exposure of personnel and (or) the public above the main radiation dose limits, or release (discharge) of radioactive substances into the premises of stationary radioactive substances and (or) into the environment.

Safety class 2 includes R&I of hazard categories 4 and 5, as well as elements of systems important for the safety of RS that are not classified in safety class 1.

Safety class 3 includes elements of RS systems that do not affect the safety of RS.

3.11. Safety classes of RS system elements are established during the design (construction) of RS.

3.12. Requirements for the quality of RS system elements classified as safety classes 1 and 2 are established in the design and (or) technical documentation of the RS. A higher safety class must meet higher requirements for ensuring the quality of their manufacture in accordance with the requirements of the normative and technical documentation.

The quality of manufacturing of system elements classified as safety class 3 is subject to general industrial requirements.

Requirements for categorizing radionuclide sources according to potential radiation hazard

3.13. Manufacturers of RnI must categorize them according to potential radiation hazard and indicate the established hazard categories of RnI in passports and, if available, in catalogs of produced RnI.

3.14. Categorization of previously manufactured and operated R&I according to potential radiation hazard must be carried out by the organization operating the RS. Established R&I hazard categories must be indicated in the R&I passports.

3.15. In cases where simultaneous radiation exposure from a set of radiological sources is possible, hazard categories must be established for each radioactive source and for the entire set of radiological sources. The combination of several R&I into a totality is carried out in each specific case by the organization operating the RI.

3.16. The procedure for categorizing R&I by potential radiation hazard and the frequency of review of the established R&R hazard categories are established by the organization operating the R&I, depending on the half-lives of the radionuclides contained in the R&R.

Mandatory revision of hazard categories should be carried out only for radionuclides containing radionuclides with a half-life less than the designated service life of radionuclides when conducting a scheduled inventory.

4. Safety requirements implemented during placement, design (construction) and construction (manufacturing) of radiation sources

General requirements

4.1. The placement, design (construction), construction (manufacturing) of RS and its constituent systems must be carried out in accordance with these General Provisions and other federal norms and rules in the field of atomic energy use.

4.2. When designing (constructing) radioactive sources, preference should be given to systems whose design is based on a passive principle of operation.

4.3. Systems important for the safety of RS must be designed, manufactured, installed and maintained so that the provided safety functions are performed to the extent specified by the design and (or) technical documentation of the RS, taking into account the mechanical, thermal, chemical and other loads from external influences established in the design natural and man-made origin, as well as from internal loads arising during the operation of radioactive sources.

4.4. When designing electrical and electronic equipment of radioactive materials operating in fields of ionizing radiation, it must be ensured that the operability of systems important for the safety of radioactive materials is maintained during the design life of the radioactive equipment.

4.5. The design and (or) technical documentation of the radioactive equipment must define and justify:

Purpose of RS, type of RS used as part of RS, hazard category of RS, as well as the established class of work for RS, which includes RS and (or) RS (in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards and regulations);
list of systems important for the safety of radioactive materials;
safety classes of RS system elements included in its composition, established in accordance with paragraph 3.10 of these General Provisions;
list of violations of normal operation and design basis accidents;
organizational and technical measures to prevent violations of the limits and (or) conditions of safe operation of radioactive materials, as well as to prevent accidents and limit their consequences for any initiating event taken into account by the design;
organizational and technical measures to prevent erroneous or unauthorized actions of personnel that may lead to violation of the limits and (or) conditions for the safe operation of RS;
technical means and organizational measures to ensure, to the required extent, the types of radiation monitoring provided for a specific RI;
communication means to ensure control of stationary radioactive sources in normal operation modes and in case of deviations from normal operation, including accidents;
measures to ensure safety during RS decommissioning in accordance with the requirements of Section 6 of these General Provisions.

Accounting for placement conditions, design and construction of stationary radiation sources

4.6. For stationary radioactive sources of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, the design basis and lists of design basis and beyond design basis accidents must be determined, taking into account possible extreme impacts of natural and man-made origin at the place (site) of their placement in accordance with the requirements of federal norms and regulations in the field of use of nuclear power. energy.

4.7. When designing and constructing physical barriers (for example, biological protection, labyrinth, safety door) of stationary RS of hazard categories 1 and 2, the possibility of safe entry into the RS work room must be provided. The design of the security door must ensure that it can be opened from the inside.

4.8. Physical barriers provided for by the design of stationary radiation sources must ensure that the levels of radiation exposure on personnel and the public are reduced to acceptable values.

4.9. The presence of channels and openings for transport, technological and other systems in the biological protection of stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 should not reduce its effectiveness, and their design should prevent unauthorized entry of people into the workroom during RS operation.

4.10. In the working area of ​​a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 and in adjacent rooms, sound and light alarms must be installed with information output to the control panel and (or) workplaces, warning personnel about an accident or deviations from the normal operation of the RS.

4.11. The design of a stationary RS when using ORnI and (or) radioactive substances, taking into account the belonging of radionuclides to one of the radiation hazard groups and the established class of work, should provide for zoning of the RS working premises with the allocation of unattended premises, periodically serviced premises and premises for the permanent residence of personnel.

4.12. The working premises of a stationary RS must be equipped with supply and exhaust or exhaust ventilation, the operating mode and technical characteristics of which must be justified in the design of the stationary RS.

At the same time, in premises of radioactive materials of hazard categories 1, 2, 3 and 4, where work is carried out with ORnI and (or) radioactive substances, during which the release of radioactive gases, vapors or aerosols is possible, ventilation systems must be equipped with purification filters.

4.13. The design of a stationary RS must implement the principle of separate ventilation of unattended rooms with RS, periodically serviced rooms with RS and rooms with RS for permanent staff stay.

4.14. The devices and structures included in the stationary RS intended for storage of RS (for example, niches, wells, safes) must be designed in such a way that when placing or removing individual RS, personnel receive minimal radiation from the remaining RS.

4.15. In the design of stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, it is necessary to provide interlocking systems that exclude:

Unauthorized opening of the protective door to the RS work room in the event of a power outage when the RSnI is in the working position (with an open beam of ionizing radiation);
transferring the ZRnI to the working position or opening the beam of ionizing radiation with the protective door (installation hatch) open or the radiation monitoring system not working.

4.16. The design of a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must provide for the possibility of forced transfer of the RS&I to the storage position in the event of a malfunction of the interlock system, power outage, fire, as well as other initiating events taken into account in the RS design.

4.17. The design of a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must provide for the provision of the following information to the control panel:

RI operating mode;
position of the ionizing radiation beam (“operating”, “storage”) or the device for blocking the ionizing radiation beam (“open”, “closed”);
operating mode of the ventilation system (when using open RnI);
dose rate value in the work room and adjacent rooms;
exceeding the control level of dose rate in the workplace; fire occurrence; failure of the interlock system;
water level in the RI basin with water and mixed types of protection, as well as its changes.

4.18. The control panel of a stationary radiation source must provide for transferring the radiation control device to the operating position (opening the ionizing radiation beam) only with the help of special technical means (for example, a key). When the control panel is turned off, the ZRnI should be automatically transferred to the storage position.

4.19. The room where the control panel of stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 is located must be equipped with telephone or other communication with the emergency services of the organization operating the RS.

4.20. In the workroom of a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 and (or) in the room where the RS control panel is located, emergency power supplies must be provided that are automatically turned on when the main power supply is turned off.

4.21. The design of a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must provide a light alarm informing about the position of the RS&I (the presence or absence of ionizing radiation in the work room), with information displayed above the entrance to the work room and (or) to the RS control panel.

4.22. The design of stationary radiation sources must provide for the minimization of radioactive contamination of irradiated objects (or samples), as well as the possibility of its elimination.

4.23. As part of the stationary radioactive equipment, where work with ORnI and radioactive substances is carried out, a room (or space allocated) must be provided for storing ORnI and radioactive substances.

4.24. The design of stationary radioactive waste, during the operation of which the generation of radioactive waste is possible, must provide for storage places (or repositories) for radioactive waste, and also take into account the requirements of federal norms and regulations in the field of atomic energy use regarding issues of ensuring safety when handling radioactive waste (collection, sorting, processing, temporary storage and radiation control).

4.25. The design of a stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 with ORI and with ZRRI, when working with which their depressurization is possible, must provide technical solutions to facilitate the decommissioning of the RS after the expiration of the design service life, including:

The use of smooth and non-absorbent surfaces of work areas and floor coverings in places where radioactive substances are most likely to be contaminated;
ensuring access to equipment for decontamination and dismantling;
providing conditions for direct decontamination, for example, pipelines, cable tunnels, tanks, and minimizing hard-to-reach places from the point of view of decontamination;
providing access to carry out work with decontaminated and dismantled equipment;
availability of reliable ventilation and drainage systems to prevent and control the spread of radioactive substances during operation and decommissioning of radioactive substances;
the presence of systems for handling solid and liquid radioactive waste that are generated during the decommissioning of radioactive waste, as well as places for their temporary storage.

4.26. The requirements of paragraphs 4.27 also apply to stationary RS. - 4.32., relating to design and manufacture.

Design and manufacture of mobile radiation sources

4.27. Mobile radioactive sources of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, containing protective devices, must have devices for reliable fixation of the position of the protective devices or a device (valve, shutter) that blocks the beam of ionizing radiation. The design of the locking devices must exclude the possibility of spontaneous or unauthorized transfer of the protective equipment into the operating position (opening of the ionizing radiation beam) in all operating modes, as well as under external and internal influences established in the design basis.

4.28. Mobile radioactive sources of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must have a manual drive for forced mechanical movement of the radioactive sources to the storage position and (or) shutting off the ionizing radiation beam. In the event of power failures or unauthorized shutdown of the control system, the ZRnI must be automatically transferred to the storage position and remain in it until the ZRnI control system is re-enabled from the control panel.

4.29. Mobile RS must have a system for indicating the output of the ionizing radiation beam from the SRRI (for example, “open”, “closed”), independent of the control system for switching the SRRI positions (“working” or “storage”) or the position of the device (valve, shutter) closing beam of ionizing radiation.

4.30. The output devices of the mechanical indication system should be located on the BRNI, and the electrical and radiometric systems - on the control panel. For mobile radios operating according to a pre-established program, it is allowed to place the output devices of the display system on the BRNI.

4.31. The design of the BRnI, which is part of a mobile RS, must ensure a reduction in the dose rate on the surface of the BRnI and at a given distance from it at two main positions of the SRRI ("working" or "storage") or positions of the device blocking the beam of ionizing radiation ("open", "closed"), to the values ​​​​established in the technical documentation for this type of mobile RI.

4.32. Technical means and devices for installing and replacing (charging and recharging) ZRnI in BRnI must be designed and manufactured in such a way as to ensure the safety of performing this work (either at the workplace or in special chambers) provided that the radiation exposure levels established by federal standards are not exceeded and rules in the field of atomic energy use.

Design and manufacture of sealed radionuclide sources

4.33. When designing RS&I intended for use as part of RS for various purposes, it must be ensured that their tightness and strength characteristics are maintained within the limits established in the normative and technical documentation for a specific type of RS&I, throughout the entire designated service life and taking into account the external influences of man-made and natural gases established by the normative documents. origin.

4.34. For ZRnI, the conditions and methods for checking them for external influences must be determined in accordance with the requirements of the normative and technical documentation for specific types of ZRnI.

4.35. ZRnI must be marked to identify the type, serial number, year of manufacture, and manufacturer of the ZRnI.

Marking must be applied to the outer surface of the protective equipment in any way (for example, engraving, etching, indelible paint, barcode application) that ensures its clarity throughout the entire designated service life of the protective equipment.

Specific methods of execution, content, place and quality of marking must be established in the normative and technical documentation for specific types of ZRnI.

ZRnI, which do not have sufficient surface, the design features and (or) material of which makes the application of marking technically unacceptable, are not marked.

4.36. In any case, information about the RSNI given in paragraph 4.35. must be included in the RSNI passport indicating the hazard category. Requirements for additional information about the characteristics of ZRNI entered in the passport are established by other federal norms and rules.

5. Ensuring safety during commissioning and operation of radiation sources

Commissioning of radiation sources

5.1. For stationary RI of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, a commissioning program must be developed, including a list, sequence and description of commissioning work.

5.2. By the time a stationary radiation source is put into operation, a radiation monitoring system must be put into operation. In addition, a radiation safety service must be created or an official responsible for monitoring radiation safety must be appointed, taking into account the number and hazard categories of radioactive materials used as part of the radiation sources.

5.3. When commissioning a stationary radiation source of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, a check must be carried out for compliance of the structure and installation of its equipment and systems with the design documentation.

When putting a mobile radio into operation, its configuration and operability must be checked for compliance with the technical documentation.

5.4. When carrying out the RS commissioning program, the characteristics of systems important for the safety of the RS must be determined and documented, and the operating characteristics of the RS must be clarified. The list of characteristics and parameters to be documented is determined in the project and (or) in the technical documentation of the RI.

5.5. Commissioning works, inspections and tests of systems important for the safety of RS must be carried out by personnel of the organization operating the RS, who have the appropriate qualifications and are duly authorized to carry out such work, or with the involvement of personnel of specialized organizations that have permits (licenses) to perform the relevant types works

5.6. During commissioning, systems important for the safety of radioactive sources must undergo direct and complete testing for compliance with design indicators. If direct and complete verification is not possible, which must be justified in the design, indirect or partial verifications must be carried out. The possibility of diagnosing (checking) the state of systems important for the safety of radioactive sources, as well as the possibility of their representative testing, must be provided.

5.7. When carrying out commissioning work under the RS commissioning program at the stage of testing systems important for the safety of RS, in the design mode of operation, measures must be provided for the safe transportation and charging of the RSnI in the BRnI.

5.8. Commissioning works must confirm that the RS as a whole, as well as systems important for the safety of the RS, operate in accordance with the design and (or) technical documentation of the RS and safety requirements.

5.9. Deficiencies in the operation of systems important for the safety of radiation sources identified during commissioning must be eliminated, the corresponding entries must be made in the design and (or) technical documentation, and also reflected in the general safety assessment of the radiation sources.

5.10. Based on the results of work carried out under the program for commissioning stationary RS, a RS commissioning certificate must be drawn up, confirming the compliance of the characteristics of the RS and its systems with the design and (or) technical documentation.

5.11. Before the start of operation in the design mode, stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 are accepted by a commission appointed by the organization operating the RS.

Ensuring safety during the operation of radiation sources

5.12. During the operation of RS, the radiation safety of personnel and the public must be ensured by complying with the requirements of these General Provisions, the requirements of other federal standards and regulations in the field of atomic energy use, as well as instructions for the operation of RS.

5.13. The organization operating the RS must ensure operational control over the radiation safety of the RS and the radiation safety of the RS personnel, including personnel of third-party organizations involved in the maintenance or repair of the RS, as well as ensure the development and implementation of measures to reduce radiation exposure on personnel to a reasonably achievable level.

For stationary radiation sources of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3, the radiation situation must be monitored on the basis of stationary radiation monitoring equipment.

In other cases, including during the operation of mobile radiation sources (for example, in field or production conditions), the use of portable radiation monitoring equipment is permitted.

5.14. The organization operating the RS, on the basis of design and (or) technical documentation, must develop the necessary instructions for personnel actions for normal operation modes, operation with deviations from normal operation and in case of accidents.

The operating instructions for RS must provide for measures (indicating their frequency) to monitor the integrity and effectiveness of physical barriers in order to prevent deviations leading to violation of the established limits for the safe operation of RS.

5.15. When operating stationary radioactive sources in which ORnI and (or) radioactive materials are used, periodic radiation monitoring of radioactive contamination at workplaces, surfaces of premises and equipment must be carried out.

5.16. The organization operating the RS must ensure for RS of all hazard categories the accounting, control and storage of R&I (active, having completed their designated service life, unused, emergency) and radioactive substances.

5.17. RS and RS that are temporarily not used during the operation of RS must be located in specially equipped storage areas that ensure their safety and exclude unauthorized access to them. The total activity of RnI and (or) radioactive substances located in storage areas must be justified.

5.18. Systems important for the safety of RS, and technical systems for the safe storage of RS, RS, and RW must perform their functions in accordance with the operational documentation, and control and alarm systems must be in constant readiness to signal violations of the normal operation of RS, including accidents.

5.19. The operational documentation of the radioactive equipment must provide for measures to ensure safety and prevent accidents during charging (recharging) of the airborne missiles. In this case, it is not allowed to charge the SRRI into the BRRNI with an activity exceeding the activity specified in the design or technical documentation of the RS.

5.20. The organization operating RS must ensure the physical protection of RS and the safety of RS and RS, including the conditions for receipt, storage and use of RS and RS in accordance with federal standards and regulations in the field of atomic energy use.

5.21. In the premises of a stationary RS where work with RS is carried out, it is prohibited to carry out other work that is not specified in the design and (or) technical documentation of the RS and is not related to the operation of the RS.

5.22. All technological operations with ORI and RS performed during the operation of RS must be presented in the design and (or) technical documentation of the RS, and also set out in operating instructions that are developed and approved by the organization operating the RS.

5.23. When operating RS, it is prohibited to perform actions and operations not provided for in the operating instructions and (or) other documents approved in the prescribed manner by the organization operating the RS, unless they are aimed at taking emergency measures to prevent accidents and other circumstances threatening the health and life of personnel , population or environmental pollution.

5.24. To maintain the functionality of systems important for the safety of radioactive sources and to prevent their failures, the following must be carried out: regular maintenance, inspections, repairs and tests. The specified work must be carried out in accordance with approved instructions, programs and schedules developed by the organization operating the radiation source, based on its design and (or) technical documentation.

When carrying out this work, organizational and technical measures must be provided to exclude the possibility of unauthorized changes in circuits, equipment and algorithms of operation of systems important for the safety of radioactive sources.

5.25. After maintenance and repair, systems important for the safety of radioactive sources must be checked for operability and compliance with design characteristics, and the results of inspections and tests must be documented.

The design and technical documentation of the RS and any changes made to it must be stored throughout the entire service life of the RS. Test reports, inspections and documentation on the maintenance and repair of the RS and its systems must be stored until the next repair or test.

5.26. An organization operating RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must analyze and assess the state of radiation safety of RS and develop action plans to ensure the safe operation of RS, as well as timely (in accordance with the terms of the license) in the prescribed manner provide information on the state of radiation safety of RI to the territorial bodies of Rostekhnadzor in OSRB RI.

5.27. An organization operating RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must ensure the collection, processing, analysis and storage of information about failures of systems important for the safety of RS and erroneous actions of personnel, as well as its transfer to developers and manufacturers of RS.

5.28. RS operation should be carried out only for its intended purpose. Changes to the RS design documentation are permitted if there is an appropriate safety justification.

5.29. RS operation should be carried out only during the design service life (designated service life). Extension of the design service life of radioactive materials is permitted if the requirements of the relevant federal norms and regulations in the field of atomic energy use are met.

Handling of unused and expired sealed radionuclide sources

5.30. The use of ZRnI as part of RS is allowed only during the designated service life established (recommended) by the manufacturer of the ZRnI and specified in the ZRnI passport. Upon expiration of the designated service life, the ZR&I must be promptly transferred to a specialized organization for disposal in the prescribed manner.

Extension of the service life of protective equipment is permitted in accordance with federal standards and regulations in the field of atomic energy use.

5.31. During temporary storage of SRI with expired designated service life (hereinafter referred to as spent SRI) are subject to accounting and control.

5.32. Temporary storage of spent radioactive substances in the organization operating the radioactive materials must be carried out in separate containers (packages, cells of protective safes).

Joint storage (for example, in one storage facility, room, safe) of spent and operated SRNI is allowed, provided that the tightness of the spent SRNI is confirmed by appropriate measurements.

Protective containers with spent radioactive substances contained in them must have appropriate markings (inscription, label).

5.33. Temporary storage of spent radioactive substances in the organization operating the radioactive materials is allowed for no more than 1 year after the expiration of the designated service life.

Selection and training of personnel to operate radiation sources

5.34. Before the start of commissioning work, the RI must be staffed with personnel who have the necessary qualifications and are allowed to work independently in the prescribed manner.

Before being allowed to work independently, personnel must undergo:

Instruction on radiation safety and internship at a specific workplace;
testing knowledge of production instructions (by profession) and radiation safety instructions.

Before being allowed to work independently, as well as periodically, RI personnel must undergo a medical examination in accordance with the procedure established by the organization, confirming the absence of contraindications to working with RnI and RV.

5.35. The personnel selection and training system should be aimed at achieving, monitoring and maintaining the level of qualifications necessary to ensure the safe operation of RS in all modes, as well as to perform actions aimed at preventing accidents and mitigating their consequences.

An integral element of training should be the formation and maintenance of a culture of safety and security among RI personnel.

5.36. The organization operating the RS must have a documented procedure for training, instruction, testing knowledge of the rules of safe work, current instructions, as well as rules for admitting RS personnel to independent work.

Ensuring emergency preparedness and response

5.37. Action plans for the protection of personnel and the public in the event of radiation accidents at RS are developed by the organization operating the RS, taking into account the established hazard category of the RS.

For RI of hazard categories 1 and 2, in the event of an accident in which radiation exposure to the population is possible, action plans to protect personnel and the population in the event of a radiation accident must be developed, agreed upon and approved in the prescribed manner.

5.38. Before putting into operation, hazard category 1 RIs must be equipped with at least two independent means of communication with a higher-level organization and organizations that, in accordance with the provided plans, must take measures to protect personnel and the public in the event of radiation accidents at the RI.

5.39. Action plans for the protection of personnel and the public in the event of a radiation accident at a hazard category 1 reactor must determine who (designated official), through what communication channels, in what time frame and which organizations notifies about the accident.

5.40. An organization operating RS of hazard categories 1 and 2 must provide and maintain in constant readiness an emergency supply of the necessary radiation monitoring devices, communications equipment, medicines and personal protective equipment to implement action plans for the protection of personnel in the event of a radiation accident at RS. The emergency stock must be periodically checked and updated as the expiration (storage) dates of the funds included in it expire.

5.42. RS personnel of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must be prepared to act in case of radiation accidents and liquidation of their consequences. For this purpose, the organization operating the radiation source must ensure the development of a program for training and conducting emergency training of personnel to practice actions in the conditions of a radiation accident at the radiation source and the organization of training. The frequency of emergency drills is established by the organization operating the RS, and their results must be documented.

6. Ensuring safety during decommissioning of radiation sources

General requirements for decommissioning of radiation sources

6.1. Planning for the decommissioning of RS in the form of complexes, installations and apparatus, as well as in the form of products of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 must be carried out at all stages of the RS life cycle, including design (construction), placement, construction (manufacturing), operation, and also during modernization, maintenance and repair.

6.2. The decision to decommission the RS is made by the organization operating the RS. The basis for making a decision to decommission a radioactive material should be the impossibility or inexpediency of its further operation for its intended purpose or repair (modernization).

6.3. Before the expiration of the design life of the RS, the organization operating the RS must ensure the development of a plan for decommissioning of the RS, which defines:

The main organizational and technical measures for the decommissioning of the RS, including the planned timing of their implementation in preparation for the decommissioning of the RS and during its decommissioning;
possible strategies (options) for RS decommissioning, as well as a brief description of the planned final states of RS after completion of work on its decommissioning;
sequence and tentative schedule for the implementation of the stages of decommissioning of radioactive materials.

6.4. As part of the RS decommissioning plan or the RS OOB, a justification for the safety of performing all work provided for in the plan must be presented.

6.5. The RS decommissioning plan must take into account the radiological hazard of the RS (hazard category of the RS and the type of RS used in its composition) and its technical complexity (for example, the complexity of the design, systems and components, placement in a separate structure.

6.6. The RS decommissioning plan must be submitted for consideration to Rostechnadzor no later than one year before the end of the design service life for RS of hazard categories 1 and 2 and no later than 6 months before the end of the design life for RS of hazard categories 3 and 4. For any RI of hazard category 5, a decommissioning plan is not developed.

6.7. When developing a RS decommissioning plan, the organization operating the RS must select and justify the choice of one of three strategies (options) for RS decommissioning or a combination of them:

1) immediate decommissioning of radioactive materials - removal of all radioactive materials, radioactive substances and operational radioactive waste and their transfer for storage or disposal to a specialized organization;

2) delayed decommissioning of the radioactive material - maintaining the radioactive material under supervision until the complete natural decay of radionuclides (during which controlled access to the radioactive material may be allowed).

3) phased decommissioning of RI - phased decommissioning work so that the time between stages can be used for:

Creating the necessary conditions for handling generated radioactive waste;
solving organizational and technical issues;
redistribution of necessary resources (for example, finances, personnel).

6.8. Work on the decommissioning of RS must be carried out by personnel of the organization operating the RS, or by personnel of specialized organizations that have licenses (permits) to perform the relevant work, and must be provided with all types of radiation monitoring provided for a specific RS.

6.9. After completion of work on the decommissioning of RS, the organization operating the RS must submit to Rostechnadzor the necessary documents to exclude the RS from the list of supervised nuclear energy facilities.

Decommissioning of stationary radiation sources

6.10. Before starting work on the decommissioning of complex stationary radioactive sources of hazard categories 1 and 2 in the form of complexes, apparatus, installations, including buildings, structures, additional equipment, the operating organization must conduct radiation and (if options for delayed or phased decommissioning are considered) engineering inspection RI. Based on its results, it is necessary to select and justify a strategy (option) for the decommissioning of the RS and the final state of the RS, which will occur after all work on the decommissioning of the RS has been completed.

For RI of hazard categories 3, 4 and 5, where activities were carried out using ORnI and (or) radioactive substances, or where during operation there were accidents accompanied by radioactive contamination of equipment, premises, and territory, a radiation survey must be carried out.

6.11. The organization operating the radioactive source must develop a report on the results of the radiation and engineering examination of the radioactive source.

The results of radiation and engineering surveys should be the basis for the development of a detailed plan for the decommissioning of radioactive sources or for adjusting the existing plan (if any).

6.12. In the plan for decommissioning of stationary RS, the types and technology of the work performed, measures and technical means to ensure their safety, the sequence of execution, the necessary human, financial and material and technical resources must be determined and justified, including for each stage, if selected phased decommissioning.

6.13. The decommissioning plan for a stationary RS should provide that the dismantling of the physical barrier system, ventilation system, fire extinguishing system and radiation control system should be carried out at the final stages of decommissioning as their need is eliminated.

6.14. Before the start of work on the decommissioning of stationary RS of hazard categories 1 and 2, the organization operating the RS must review existing (or develop new) action plans for the protection of personnel and the public in the event of radiation accidents in order to take into account the specifics of the work provided for in the decommissioning plan RI.

6.15. When decommissioning stationary radioactive materials, accounting and control of the generated radioactive waste and radioactive substances that are temporarily stored in the premises of the radioactive substances must be carried out.

6.16. At all stages of decommissioning of stationary radioactive materials, the access regime for personnel to the work sites and the physical protection and safety of radioactive materials, radioactive materials, radioactive substances, dismantled contaminated equipment and generated radioactive waste must be ensured.

6.17. Dismantling of stationary RS of hazard categories 1, 2 and 3 is documented in an act. The act is signed by the persons who carried out the dismantling and approved by the head of the organization operating the radioactive material.

Decommissioning of mobile radiation sources and radiation sources based on serial radioisotope devices

6.18. The plan for the decommissioning of mobile radioactive sources (for example, flaw detectors, mobile irradiation units) must include measures to implement the option (strategy) of immediate decommissioning, as well as to justify the safety of work, including the management of radioactive waste generated as a result of decontamination and dismantling of equipment (collection, temporary storage, transfer for disposal).

6.19. The decommissioning plan for relatively simple RS in the form of serially produced RIP (for example, density meters, level meters, moisture meters, thickness gauges) should provide for the implementation of a strategy (option) for immediate decommissioning and contain organizational and technical measures, a list and sequence of implementation of the main decommissioning works operation of RI.

6.20. The decommissioning plan for RS in the form of serially produced RIP must be based on the technical and operational documentation of the RS with planning and technical support for work related to the safe unloading of all SR&I and their removal (transfer) for storage (disposal) to a specialized organization for radioactive waste management and subsequent decontamination of the remaining equipment and premises.

Decommissioning of radioisotope thermoelectric generators

6.21. Those that have spent their established or extended service life, as well as faulty RTGs, are subject to decommissioning and transfer to either the manufacturer or a specialized organization for radioactive waste management for temporary storage or disposal.

6.22. When decommissioning an RTG, engineering and radiation inspections are carried out to determine the feasibility of dismantling and transportation.

6.23. The organization operating the RTG, based on engineering and radiation surveys, must develop a plan for decommissioning the RTG, containing a list, sequence and time schedule for carrying out organizational measures and dismantling work.

Work related to engineering and radiation inspection, dismantling of RTGs can be combined into one stage.

6.24. Dismantling of RTGs must be carried out by specially trained personnel according to instructions developed by the organization carrying out the dismantling and in accordance with the requirements of technical documentation for a specific product.

6.25. The dismantling of each RTG is documented in an act. The act is signed by the persons who carried out the dismantling and approved by the head of the organization.

The report must include the following information: type of product, year of manufacture, serial number of the product, passport number for ZRnI, date of commissioning, place of operation, brief description of the technical condition of the product before dismantling, time of start and end of dismantling.

If certain information about the product is missing (for example, if documentation is lost), this fact must be reflected in the report.

6.26. Write-off of RTGs from the organization's balance sheet is carried out after receiving an act of placing the product on the balance sheet of the manufacturer or an act of transferring the product to a specialized organization for temporary storage or disposal.

Appendix No. 1 to the General Provisions

List of abbreviations

BRnI - radionuclide source unit
ZRnI - sealed radionuclide source
NTD - normative technical documents
OOB RI - report on justification of the safety of a radiation source
ORnI - open radionuclide source
OSRB RI - report on the state of radiation safety of a radiation source
RAW - radioactive waste
RV - radioactive substance
RI - radiation source
RIP - radio isotope device
RTG - radioisotope thermoelectric generator
RnI - radionuclide source

Appendix No. 2 to the General Provisions

Terms and Definitions

1. Radiation accident - loss of control of radiation caused by equipment malfunction, erroneous actions of personnel, natural disasters or other reasons that led to exposure of people and (or) radioactive contamination of the environment exceeding the limits established by radiation safety standards.

2. RS safety - the property of RS during normal operation, deviations from normal operation and design basis accidents to limit the radiation impact on personnel, the population and the environment to appropriate limits.

3. Radionuclide radioactive source unit - a structural element of a device, installation, product, designed to accommodate radioactive sources in it and ensure safe operation of radioactive sources due to the presence of physical barriers and devices for transferring radioactive sources from the storage position to the working position and vice versa, and (or) devices overlap of the ionizing radiation beam.

4. RS commissioning is a process during which the functioning of RS systems and (or) RS as a whole is checked for compliance with design and (or) technical documentation.

5. Decommissioning of RS is an activity carried out after the cessation of RS operation, excluding its further use and aimed at ensuring the safety of personnel, the population and the environment, up to the complete release of RS from the control of state safety regulatory bodies in the use of atomic energy.

6. Beyond design basis accident - an accident caused by initial events of deviations from normal operation and design basis accidents that are not taken into account.

7. Closed radionuclide source - a radiation source whose design prevents the radionuclides it contains from entering the environment under the conditions of use and wear for which it is designed.

8. Open radionuclide source - a source of radiation, the use of which may release the radionuclides it contains into the environment.

9. Initiating event - a single failure in RI systems, an external event or a personnel error. The initiating event includes all dependent failures that are its consequence.

10. Safety culture - in relation to organizations and individuals means a set of characteristics and attitudes that establish that safety and security issues are given attention commensurate with their importance.

11. Safety culture - in relation to organizations and individuals means a set of characteristics and attitudes that establish that safety issues are given attention commensurate with their importance.

12. Violation of the normal operation of the RI - a violation in the operation of the RI in which a violation of the established operational limits and conditions occurred. At the same time, other limits and conditions established by the project, including the limits of safe operation, may be violated.

13. Normal operation of RS - operation of RS within the operational limits and conditions specified by the design.

14. Consequences of the accident - the radiation situation resulting from the accident.

15. Limits of safe operation of RI - values ​​of parameters and characteristics established by the RI design for normal operation, deviations from normal operation and design basis accidents.

16. Design basis accident - an accident for which the design defines the initial events, final states and provides technical means and organizational measures to ensure that its consequences are limited to the limits established for such accidents (50 mSv for RI personnel and 5 mSv for the population).

17. Radiation sources - complexes, installations, apparatus, equipment and products not related to nuclear installations, which contain radioactive substances or generate ionizing radiation.

Complex - a set of technical devices (installations, apparatus, equipment, products) for interrelated purposes, containing R&I, the operation of which is carried out within the framework of a single technological process.

Installation - a technical device containing one or more R&I, intended for the implementation of radiation technologies, research in the field of the effects of ionizing radiation on matter, metrological certification of devices and R&I.

Apparatus - a technical device containing one or more RnI, designed to use the properties of ionizing radiation for various purposes.

Equipment - technical devices in which, in order to perform a certain part of the technological process, products containing radioactive substances or radioactive substances are placed, as well as technological equipment necessary for performing work with radioactive substances or radioactive substances.

Product - a technical device containing R&I or RV and not related to complexes, installations, apparatus and equipment.

Within the framework of these General Provisions, radioactive waste also includes complexes, installations, apparatus, equipment, products containing nuclear materials in quantities and/or concentrations established in the federal norms and rules in the field of atomic energy use for accounting and control of radioactive substances.

18. Stationary radiation source - geographically isolated, that is, located in a separate building (room) or a technologically independent nuclear energy facility, the purpose and design of which imply its operation at a permanent location throughout the entire design life, which includes one or more complexes, installations, devices, products, including personnel, equipment for carrying out work, and means of physical protection.

A stationary radioactive source may include storage facilities (storage locations) for mobile radioactive sources, radioactive sources, radioactive substances and radioactive waste, provided for by its design. Stationary RIs include, for example:

Research or educational laboratory where work is carried out using R&I or RV;
radiology department of a medical institution;
stationary industrial irradiation installation;
an industrial workshop or production site where stationary RIs are installed or activities with RIs and (or) RIs are carried out.

19. Mobile radiation source - a mobile or portable complex, installation, apparatus, equipment or product.

Mobile RI RI, mounted and used (operated) for its intended purpose on vehicles (self-propelled or specially adapted for transportation).

Portable RS - RS, the design and weight of the component blocks (parts) of which allow them to be carried (or, if necessary, transported, including in assembled form) and used (operated) for their intended purpose directly at the site of work in the premises (without re-equipment and strengthening the protection of premises) or in the field.

Mobile RIs include, for example:
portable RIP (for example: radioisotope density meters, moisture meters, level meters);
portable and mobile radionuclide flaw detectors; radioisotope icing alarms installed on aircraft.

20. System - a set of elements designed to perform specified functions.

21. Systems important for the safety of RI - systems whose failures disrupt the normal operation of the RI or prevent the elimination of deviations from normal operation and can lead to accidents.

22. Construction of radioactive sources - activities for the construction of buildings, structures and structures of stationary radioactive sources, including construction, transport, installation and other work.

23. Security of R&I - measures aimed at preventing unauthorized access to R&I or damage to them, as well as their loss, theft or unauthorized transfer.

24. RS maintenance is a set of operations to maintain the operability and serviceability of the RS and its systems when used (operated) for their intended purpose and stored.

25. Conditions for the safe operation of RS - the minimum conditions established by the design or technical documentation of the RS for the quantity, characteristics, performance status and conditions of maintenance of systems important for the safety of the RS, under which the safety of the RS is ensured.

26. Physical barrier - an engineering structure, technical means or part of the RS design that limits the spread of ionizing radiation and (or) radioactive substances into the environment, in particular, the radioactive substance matrix, the ZRnI capsule, the radiation-protective container, the BRnI, screen, labyrinth, canyon, walls.

27. Safety function - actions that ensure the achievement of a specific specific goal, aimed at preventing an accident or limiting its consequences.

28. Element - a structural unit that ensures the performance of specified functions independently or as part of a system and is considered in the RI design or in the technical documentation of the RI when performing a reliability and safety analysis.

29. RS operational limits - values ​​of parameters and characteristics of the state of RS systems specified by the RS design (or technical documentation) for normal operation.

30. Operating conditions of the RI - conditions established by the RI design for the quantity, characteristics, state of operability and maintenance of systems necessary for operation without violating operational limits.