State regulation of labor migration.

On national level migration regulation is carried out the following authorities:
a) Ministry of Labor (monitors the use of foreign labor);
b) Ministry of Justice ( legal support) and other services (border control);
c) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (issues entry visas);
d) national migration services;
e) intermediary migration firms.
The main methods of regulating international labor migration are administrative and economic.
Administrative and legal:
a) measures of national legislation that determine the legal, political and professional status of immigrants in a given country;
b) control over the entry of immigrants into the country, issuing permits for entry, work, and residence permits for immigrants in the country;
c) measures of intergovernmental agreements to regulate labor migration.
Economic:
a) recruiting foreign workers - providing work, comparatively high level salaries, housing and medical care, obtaining qualifications and education;
b) involving private intermediaries in the recruitment of immigrants;
c) issuing licenses allowing the recruitment of workers abroad.
Typically, government regulation is carried out through the adoption of budget-financed programs aimed at limiting the influx of foreign labor (immigration) or encouraging migrants to return to their homeland (re-emigration).

Immigration regulation means that the state does not prevent the entry of those categories of workers that are needed in a given country, restricting the entry of everyone else. The list of desirable immigrants varies from country to country, but they usually fall into one of the following categories:
a) workers who are ready for minimum fee perform heavy, harmful, dirty and unskilled work;
b) specialists for new and promising industries - programmers, highly specialized engineers, bank employees;
c) representatives rare professions– painting restorers, diamond cutters, doctors practicing alternative methods of treatment;
d) world-famous specialists - musicians, artists, scientists, athletes, doctors, writers;
e) large businessmen moving their activities to the host country, investing capital and creating new jobs.

Main features of immigration law:

a) professional qualifications (strict requirements are established for the level of education and work experience in the specialty);

b) restrictions of a personal nature (strict requirements are imposed on the immigrant’s health status);

c) quantitative quotas (set maximum amount immigrants).

Economic regulation may introduce restrictions: a) financial – ensure a reduction in the number of immigrants (for example, firms have the right to hire foreigners only after achieving a certain sales volume or after making certain payments to the state budget); b) temporary – establish maximum periods of stay foreign workers on the territory of the country; c) geographical - geographical and national structure immigration, which is regulated through quotas on the entry of immigrants from certain countries.

When forming national policy in the field of foreign labor migration the requirements of international conventions must be taken into account. The International Labor Organization (ILO) was created in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles. Location – Geneva (Switzerland). Its members are more than 170 countries. As specialized institution Since 1946 it has been a member of the UN system. Main objectives of the ILO:
a) ensuring full employment and rising living standards;
b) encouragement of economic and social programs;
c) respect for fundamental human rights;
d) protecting the life and health of workers;
e) regulation of population migration.

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) was founded in 1949 as the International Organization for Refugees, later its powers were expanded and in 1989 it was renamed IOM. It includes 81 countries, incl. 46 are IOM members, 35 are observers. IOM is not part of the UN system, but works closely with it.

The main functions of the IOM according to the charter are:
a) development long-term programs in the field of regulation migration flows;
b) providing assistance in organizing migration;
c) development technical cooperation in the field of migration;
d) preventing brain drain and re-emigration;
e) provision expert services in connection with international labor migration.
f) organizing the movement of refugees;
g) providing states with a forum for the exchange of views, experiences and cooperation.

Currently, a significant number of institutions and organizations, primarily within the UN, as well as regional groupings, are dealing with problems related to population migration and labor resources. The Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at the UN deals with the protection of refugees, the implementation of durable solutions, primarily repatriation. Row international treaties adopted by WHO ( World Organization health), contains special norms concerning physical condition migrant workers. UNESCO conventions have provisions aimed at improving the education of migrant workers and members of their families. In Europe, the Intergovernmental Committee on Migration Issues (CIME) is responsible for ensuring and protecting the rights of migrant workers.
At the integration level, regulation of international labor migration is carried out through the implementation of agreements, treaties, rules, contracts concluded between the states of integration associations. Main goals:
a) creation of common information systems on labor migration within the framework of the integration association;
b) taking joint measures to combat illegal migration;
c) adoption of joint technical measures to exercise control over emigrants.

State migration policy is the purposeful activity of the state to regulate the processes of export-import of labor. Its goal is to protect the interests of both migrants and countries of migration.

Emigration policy includes direct migration measures, such as: limiting the issuance of foreign passports; direct or indirect travel ban individual categories workers and the introduction of emigration quotas; presenting certain requirements to subjects of labor migration. Indirect measures migration policy involve the implementation of foreign exchange and banking policies to encourage foreign currency transfers from abroad. Customs policy provides benefits for returnees and special emigration programs for the return of migrants.

State immigration policy can involve three types: policies based on limiting the stay of immigrants in the country; a policy allowing indefinite stays with the right of entry for family members; policy allowing permanent residence and presupposes the right to obtain citizenship.

The instruments of immigration policy are: quality requirements for the workforce (certificates of education, work experience in the specialty); age limit for migrants; health status; personal restrictions (criminal record, involvement of a specific party); restrictions financial nature(employment fee); time limits (working time in the country); explicit prohibitions on certain professions, which migrants cannot borrow; system of sanctions against illegal migrants.

International regulation of migration processes is carried out by:

International Labor Organization (ILO); International Organization for Migration (IOM) at the UN; United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR); OECD Migration Monitoring System.

Initially, international labor migration was spontaneous. But then host countries tried to institutionalize it. So, already at the end of 19? at the beginning of the 20th century in Germany, France, Switzerland it was widely distributed temporary hire foreign workers for certain period, providing for their mandatory deportation, that is, their departure back to their homeland. In the United States of America since the end of the 19th century. immigration controls were introduced.

Currently, almost all countries of the world are actively influencing the processes of export and import of labor. Government regulation is aimed at getting the maximum effect from positive consequences international migration, and minimize the negative consequences of this phenomenon.

Currently, in labor importing countries, a system of measures of state regulation of immigration has developed, which includes legislation on the legal, political and professional status of immigrants, national immigration services, as well as interstate agreements on migration issues.

On international level activities of national immigration services is coordinated by the SOPEMI (Permanent Monitoring System for Migration) service created by the member countries of the OECD (Organization for Economic and Social Development).

Intergovernmental agreements on the employment of foreign labor stipulate the conditions for the stay of migrants in the host country, the observance of which is intended to protect the interests of migrants. Thus, in intergovernmental agreements on the hiring of foreign labor concluded between Germany and exporting countries, there is a provision that the hiring and payment of foreign workers is carried out by employers on the basis of the same clauses tariff agreements, as for German workers.

Immigration services of countries control, first of all, the entry of immigrants into the country. They issue entry permits in accordance with the requests of entrepreneurs for the workers they need, and similar resolution issued for a specified period.

The first stage in regulating migration processes can be considered the organization of the recruitment of foreign workers, which is carried out on the basis of intergovernmental agreements.

International agreements can be bilateral or multilateral. These agreements establish certain quantitative limits (quotas) on the entry of citizens into a particular country. Multilateral agreements take place between the countries of the European Union. Special meaning This is where the regulation of immigration from third countries (i.e. from countries outside the European Union). These agreements are usually implemented through national authorities dealing with labor issues (for example, in Switzerland - Federal department industry, crafts and labor; in Finland - the Ministry of Labor; in China - State Administration for Foreign Professionals Affairs). The procedure for implementing immigration agreements is as follows. The party sending workers abroad conducts a preliminary selection of candidates in accordance with criteria agreed upon with the other party. The authorized body of the sending party verifies the compliance of the proposed migrant candidates with the conditions international agreement, and then forwards data about these candidates authorized body the receiving party.

In general, host country restrictions do not apply to the following categories of workers:

• - workers applying for low-paid jobs, work with heavy and harmful conditions labor, not prestigious and low-skilled work.
• - specialists in fast-growing and priority areas of economic activity.
• - representatives of rare professions (diamond cutters, restorers of paintings and ancient manuscripts).
• - specialists highly qualified and representatives of liberal professions (outstanding scientists, musicians).
• - management personnel of companies and their divisions, as well as entrepreneurs who transfer their activities to the host country and create new jobs.

It should be noted that state machine recruitment of foreign workers cannot always cope with the recruitment of workers in the required volume. In this regard, in many countries there is an institution of private intermediaries, i.e. firms or individuals who, having received from government agencies license for this type activities, are engaged in the selection of personnel to work abroad. However, the state must control the activities of such firms. The lack of such control often leads to an increase in illegal immigration.

The number of illegal immigrants is replenished not only by people who entered the country illegally. A major problem for host countries is the return of foreign workers to their home countries after the expiration of their contract (ie repatriation). The reluctance to return to their homeland is explained by the presence of economic, social, psychological problems, which repatriates will inevitably encounter in their home country.

A number of Western European countries have adopted programs aimed at stimulating repatriation. For example, in France and Germany they introduced material payments in case of voluntary dismissal of foreign workers, as well as their return to their homeland. In 1982, the Federal Republic of Germany introduced payments to Turkish and Portuguese workers, which were paid only six months after their return to their homeland. However, these measures did not lead to a significant reduction in the number of foreigners. The Dutch government tried to take similar measures. A draft law on financial assistance repatriates and limiting the length of stay of foreign workers in the country. However, these proposals from official circles caused negative reaction on the part of entrepreneurs, since if such a law was adopted, they would lose cheap, undemanding workers. Entrepreneurs said they would introduce a bonus for foreigners to stay in the country.

One of the means aimed at limiting the number of foreign workers is the regulation established in some European countries the fee for hiring foreign workers, which is gradually increasing. However, despite this tax, in many cases it is beneficial for entrepreneurs to use foreign labor, especially illegal ones, as less protected and more manageable.

Along with “soft” methods of regulating illegal immigration (payment of bonuses for returning to their homeland, etc.), the governments of recipient countries also use harsh coercive measures, up to and including forced expulsion from the country.

In general, it can be said that the process of repatriation of foreign workers from developed countries has been and is happening slowly, despite the measures taken of an economic and non-economic nature. Increasing repatriation would only be possible if differences in living and working standards between emigrant and host countries were reduced.

After the Republic of Belarus gained independence, a significant intensification of migration processes and their diversity can be noted. From Figure 2.1, which presents the migration situation in the Republic of Belarus, it is clear that compared to 2011 migration increase in our country has decreased significantly.

Figure 3 Migration situation in the Republic of Belarus for the 1st half of 2012 compared to same period 2011

Scientific research is devoted various aspects migration. The works of D. Bartram examine aspects of the regulation of labor migration related to demand in the labor market in various countries, the variability of state migration policy is noted.

B. Chisvich analyzes investments in human capital and their performance in the labor market from the point of view of migration processes. B. Chisvich's model - "human capital model of migration" - reflects the new A complex approach as opposed to the “simple human capital model of investment”.

G. Domenico, S. Spatini consider new approaches to solving unemployment issues in the EU, the role of public employment services, and private stakeholders in the labor market.

As noted by M.S. Blinov, conceptually one can distinguish American, European and Russian scientific schools. The studies focus on the expanding scope and geography of international migration, the determining impact of the globalizing labor market on the structure of migration processes: their circular nature, feminization, the growing share of highly qualified migrants and the importance of labor migration, the intensification of forced, illegal migration, the impact demographic changes, changes in the motivation of migrants, development of migration networks.

In foreign studies, conceptual conclusions are common, emphasizing that international migration is the result of economic development, a consequence of socio-political and economic integration. The steady demand for migrants is associated with the demand for labor resources and the situation in the labor markets of developed countries. The results of studies of migration processes served as the basis for the formation of theories of migration, which, in turn, are considered as conceptual framework for production practical solutions in the field of migration policy.

A. Shaparov emphasizes that in world practice there are liberal and conservative approaches to the development and implementation of migration policy. In the USA and Europe in the 1980s, tools for regulating migration were used based on the implementation of liberal migration policies, based on the demand for labor markets. Development of illegal migration processes, increasing social tension, impact economic crises caused a change in approaches to state regulation of migration processes. The state began to be seen as a key actor in the formation of migration policy. The level of national self-awareness and the incompleteness of its formation in countries with transitional economies influence priorities public policy in the field of migration.

G. Freeman believes that at this stage pan-European institutions are unable to ensure implementation national interests, the problems associated with illegal migration will intensify, the limiting factor in making tough decisions is international legal norms in the field of human rights. The declared protection of human rights and liberal values ​​in practice does not agree with the division of migrants into categories of desirable - from EU countries, etc., and undesirable - from post-Soviet countries, third world countries, including migrants who do not represent economic value.

F. Duval, analyzing the results of a number of studies, comes to the conclusion that the global trend in regulating migration processes is a focus on the implementation of restraining and restrictive policies.

The following components can be distinguished, which are the basis government controlled migration in the country:

• - institutional support for the implementation of migration policy;
• - legal support migration policy;
• - program approach to migration management;
• - regulatory issues international cooperation in accordance with the fundamental requirements of the UN;
• - establishing regulatory legal requirements to the regulation of migration processes in the country, the implementation of state migration policy in the Republic of Belarus;
• - state policy documents, defining goals and objectives in the field of migration;
• - regulatory aspects of regional cooperation and the development of a common migration policy within the CIS, EurAsEC, Common Economic Space and interaction with the EU.

To achieve the set goals and objectives in the field of public administration in Belarus, a program approach is used. Three state migration programs were developed and implemented in the country for 1998-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, Government program combating human trafficking, illegal migration and related illegal acts for 2008--2010, the National Program of Demographic Security of the Republic of Belarus for 2007--2010, including the subprogram “Optimization of migration processes”. The National Program for Demographic Security of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015 was adopted.

The National Program for Demographic Security of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015 in the chapter “External migration in the interests of development of the Republic of Belarus” provides for the creation of a mechanism based on selective approach to attract immigrants taking into account their investment, educational potential, age; security financial support foreign families and specialists during the move and during the period of arrangement; organization of rational settlement of immigrants, based on the interests of regional development; development of measures for adaptation and integration of immigrants into Belarusian society; using the opportunities of consular offices, diasporas and communities abroad and in the Republic of Belarus to attract immigrants.

Internal migration flows are uneven, which causes a shortage of labor resources in agricultural areas, including environmentally polluted ones, where there are serious deviations in the demographic structure of the population (large specific gravity elderly people), outflow of qualified specialists.

Globalization processes that affect the development of the world economy necessitate the unification of states into regional unions. For Belarus at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, it is important to participate in regional cooperation within the CIS, which makes relevant definition priorities in the development and implementation of joint migration policy.

Figure 2 presents data from the Department of Citizenship and Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, as of July 15, 2012, on the state of migration. The figure shows that 65 percent foreign citizens permanently resides on the territory of the Republic of Belarus.

Figure 4 Registration of foreign citizens and stateless persons

From the point of view of labor market regulation, two approaches can be used: creating jobs with higher labor productivity based on the introduction of new technologies and new technology and reducing the need for labor resources, solving demographic and structural problems of the labor market by attracting labor migrants.

Based on a general analysis of the variability of migration policy, recommendations can be formulated for the development of a strategic policy of the Republic of Belarus in the field of migration:

• - key criterion The migration policy strategy is to preserve demographic and labor potential, provide labor resources for demand in the labor market of Belarus;
• - results of analysis, assessment and planning of demand for labor migrants are key parameters for the development of migration policy;
• - a strategic priority is to improve the mechanism for attracting legal migrants in order to reduce the flow of illegal migration;
• - parameters defined for threads external migration, must be adjusted with the direction and dynamics of flows internal migration, the needs of regional labor markets and individual areas.
• - the development of a strategic policy of the Republic of Belarus in the field of migration with the active interaction of leading government bodies in the field of migration management with the participation of EU experts would allow the country to move to new level solving problems in the field of migration.

Unlike other areas, the regulation of labor migration largely remains within the competence of national governments - due to linguistic, historical, cultural, religious and other traditions. The developed countries, fearing social instability, are forced to resort to harsh immigration control. Exists real danger that instead of the “Iron Curtain” that separated East and West in the past, a new curtain will fall - between North and South, preventing the resettlement of people.

On the one hand, this is a serious humanitarian problem, since the right to movement and emigration is understood as universal human right. On the other hand, it is hardly realistic to expect that advanced countries will refuse to protect their own labor markets. Thus, the construction of universal standards and forms of international regulation of migration flows encounters acute international disagreements.

In regulating migration flows, developed countries pursue a rather strict selective policy, making various demands on immigrants. International conventions, including Universal Declaration human rights, adopted by the UN on December 10, 1948, declare the free choice of place of residence and work as fundamental rights person. At the same time, international legal acts, regulating migration processes between countries participating in agreements, as well as with third countries, as a rule, establish liberal norms for the movement of population and labor within integration groups and restrictive ones in relation to third countries.

Prospective immigrants must have the physical and mental health, be of working age, have “social purity”, i.e. not be a member of communist parties or extremist groups. When issuing entry permits, preference is given to qualified specialists, especially those with rare professions or those who have achieved outstanding success (famous musicians, artists, sports coaches), as well as wealthy citizens who are ready to invest in the economy of the host country.

Regulation of labor migration is carried out at the national and interstate levels. Regulation of labor migration to interstate level carried out through participation in conventions International organization labor (ILO), adoption of UN recommendations, within the framework of integration agreements (for example, EU countries adhere to common principles in the regulation of labor migration).

On national level Two approaches can be distinguished:

• 1) assimilation – it is followed by the USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Israel: attracting migrants to permanent place living with family, but without predetermined employment;
• 2) otkhodnichesky – hiring workers at the invitation of national companies for a certain period of time (without family, but for a certain workplace).

Russia strictly adheres to the otkhodnik principle for labor from the CIS countries and far abroad and assimilation for refugees and migrants from among the Russian-speaking population from the republics of the former USSR.

IN migration processes Russia participates in two ways: both as a donor country and as a host state. Contrary to the alarmist forecasts of the late 1980s, there was no mass emigration from Russia. Although the number of those who left is large. During the period from 1990 to 2010, 3.6 million people left Russia. From 1990 to 2000, emigration of the population constantly increased: from 103.7 thousand people. in 1990 to 145.7 thousand in 2000. Since 2001, the number of emigrants has sharply decreased, amounting to about 30 thousand people in 2011.

At the same time, the number of immigrants increased sharply, mainly from former republics Soviet Union – Central Asia and Transcaucasia, as well as Ukraine and Moldova. In the 1990s, a significant part of the immigrants from these countries were Russian and Russian-speaking people, who were forced out due to the growth of nationalist sentiments. Today, immigrants are predominantly unskilled local labor forced out of their countries due to economic difficulties. As a rule, such migrants do not know Russian, are unfamiliar with Russian culture, and do not set the goal of assimilating in our country. They often accept the lowest wages and occupy jobs that are not prestigious for the indigenous population. All this has a negative impact on Russian market labor, reduces the level of wages for Russian citizens. Coupled with the emigration of qualified workers, such immigration leads to the degradation of the country’s labor potential.

The purpose of state regulation of labor migration is to achieve the desired scale of immigration for the receiving country, as well as to select the necessary workers. External labor migration is regulated through bilateral and multilateral intergovernmental agreements.

At the national level migration regulation carried out by the following bodies:

Ministry of Labor (monitors the use of foreign labor);

Ministry of Justice (immigration service, and other border control services);

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (consular department issues entry visas);

national migration services;

intermediary migration firms.

Basic methods of regulating international labor migration :

Administrative and legal:

Measures of national legislation that determine the legal, political and professional status of immigrants in a given country;

Action national services immigration incl. control over the entry of immigrants into the country, issuing permits for entry, for work, for the duration of the immigrants’ stay in the country)

- measures of intergovernmental agreements regulating labor migration.

Economic:

· recruiting foreign workers - providing work, relatively high wages, housing and medical care, obtaining qualifications and education;

· involvement of private intermediaries in the recruitment of immigrants;

· issuing licenses allowing the recruitment of workers abroad.

Typically, government regulation is carried out through the adoption of budget-financed programs aimed at limiting the influx of foreign labor (immigration) or encouraging migrants to return to their homeland (re-emigration).

Immigration regulation is that the state does not prevent the entry of those categories of workers who are needed in a given country, restricting the entry of everyone else. Scroll desirable immigrants varies from country to country, but usually they fall into one of the following categories:

Workers who are willing to do hard, harmful, dirty and unskilled work for a minimum wage;

Specialists for new and promising industries - programmers, highly specialized engineers, bank employees;

Representatives of rare professions - painting restorers, diamond cutters, doctors practicing unconventional methods of treatment;

World-famous specialists - musicians, artists, scientists, athletes, doctors, writers;

Large businessmen moving their activities to the host country, investing capital and creating new jobs.

Main features of immigration law:

Professional qualifications. Strict requirements are established for the level of education and work experience in the specialty.

Personal restrictions. Strict requirements are imposed on the immigrant's health, political and social appearance, and an age limit is established (usually 20-40 years).

Quantitative quotas(the maximum number of immigrants is set). Quantitative quotas can be introduced throughout the economy as a whole, determining the maximum share of foreign labor among all labor resources, within individual industries, individual businesses, or as a limit on the total number of immigrants entering the country in one year.

Economic regulation introduces certain financial restrictions to ensure a reduction in the number of immigrants. For example, firms have the right to hire foreigners only after achieving a certain sales volume or after making certain payments to the state budget, or immigrants must invest an amount specified by law in the economy of the host country, prove the legality of this money and create a certain number of jobs, or the immigrant must pay for registration immigration and employment at a local enterprise...

Temporary restrictions. Maximum periods of stay of foreign workers in the country are established, after which they must leave the country or obtain permission to extend their stay in the country.

Geographical priorities. The geographical and national structure of immigration is established by law, which is regulated through quantitative quotas on the entry of immigrants from certain countries.

Prohibitions. Explicit and hidden prohibitions on hiring foreign labor are usually contained in laws on professions that foreigners are prohibited from practicing.

Legislation establishes sanctions for violation of immigration procedures, which can be imposed both on the migrants themselves and on those who help them enter the country illegally or hire them to work.

Traditional government measures By re-emigration are as follows:

Re-emigration incentive programs. They include a wide range of activities, ranging from measures for the forced repatriation of illegal immigrants to the provision of financial assistance to immigrants wishing to return to their homeland. However, the effectiveness of these programs is quite low.

Programs vocational training immigrants. It is assumed that having received an education in a developed country, immigrants can count on more prestigious and well-paid jobs in their homeland. However, the interest of immigrants in these programs turned out to be quite low, because they did not provide guarantees of employment after returning home.

Economic assistance programs for countries of mass emigration. Developed countries enter into agreements with labor exporting countries on investment in part of the transfer of workers to their homeland and part public funds in the creation of new enterprises in developing countries that could become places of work for re-emigrants (for example, Germany and Turkey).

Migration policy is a set of measures for state and interstate regulation of immigration and emigration flows of the population on a legislative basis.

A special place in migration policy is occupied by the regulation of labor migration. Export and import of labor are carried out on the basis of national legislation, as well as bilateral and multilateral interstate agreements.

Government regulation immigration workforce has two main goals:

1) achieving its desired scale for the country;

2) selection of the necessary workers from the general flow of potential immigrants.

When filtering immigrants, a complex system of restrictions has been developed, which is similar in many countries. First of all, high demands are placed on workforce qualifications(availability of a diploma of higher or secondary specialized education, documents confirming a certain length of work experience in the specialty, etc.). For example, in Australia the following Russian diplomas are recognized as legal: industrial engineers, computer specialists and accountants, as well as certificates of professional education for fitters, electricians, and metal workers. Moreover professional work experience must be at least three years old. In the United States, many companies and research institutes, despite the availability of vacancies, can only hire experienced researchers with at least 5 years of experience. And in Oman, the UAE and Qatar, chefs need at least 5 years of experience.

Age limit is the next priority requirement. For example, Sweden and Norway accept oil drillers only between the ages of 20 and 40; the UAE requires doctors and paramedical personnel aged 30–45 years.

An important “filter” for the entry of foreign workers is their health status. In particular, drug addicts, people with AIDS and various mental illnesses are prohibited from entering. Swedish and Norwegian hiring firms conduct preliminary medical and psychological testing of foreign job candidates.

Another requirement for foreign labor is its social and political impeccability. Thus, the United States restricts the entry into the country of members of a communist or any other totalitarian party; persons convicted of criminal offenses or whose presence in the country could harm its international interests are also not allowed.

To regulate the number of entrants it is used immigration quota indicator on the scale of the economy, industries and even enterprises, which is revised every year. When determining the quota, the country's needs for foreign labor in certain categories are taken into account, as well as the state of the national labor and housing markets, the political and social situation in the importing country.

In addition to the quota, the receiving country can set for immigrants limitation period stay and work, prohibit work in some specialty, in some industries or enterprises, define professions , for whom a preferred mode of entry into the country has been established. For example, in Norway, work permits for foreigners are issued only for one year; in Turkey, there is a list of professions that foreigners cannot engage in (doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, pilots, miners, drivers, fishermen, waiters, property sales agents, brokers stock exchange, watchmen, tour guides).

The object of regulation is not only immigration, but also re-emigration (the return of immigrants to their homeland). Currently, developed countries have developed programs designed to stimulate the outflow of immigrant workers from the country:

1. Material compensation programs that provide cash payments to immigrants for the premature termination of their activities, payment of expenses associated with their departure to their homeland, including the cost of tickets.

2. Vocational training programs - provide for the organization of special vocational training for unskilled workers with the aim of their rapid integration into the economy of their home country.

3. Economic assistance programs for countries and regions of mass emigration - with the aim of stimulating their internal economic development, increasing jobs and employment, providing loans to workers - potential emigrants who want to open their own business in their homeland and not leave it.

State regulation of labor emigration or emigration policy of exporting countries should contribute to:

– reducing unemployment in the country due to the outflow of surplus labor;

– receipt of foreign currency into the country from emigrants;

– providing emigrants abroad with an appropriate standard of living;

– the return of emigrants to their homeland with the acquisition of professions and education abroad.

To receive foreign currency from emigrant citizens, the state grants them the right to open accounts in national banks and their foreign branches in both local and foreign currency, while paying a higher interest on deposits.

To involve migrants’ savings in the development of the national economy, the state stimulates their investment in securities, providing investors with financial benefits. For example, in India, government securities purchased are not subject to taxes. In addition, the state provides benefits and assistance to its emigrant citizens who wish to invest their earnings in the national economy. In Turkey, for example, persons with foreign currency bank accounts have priority rights to receive loans. In Pakistan, the law allows all Pakistanis working abroad to invest in all spheres of the national economy without a special government license; in India, state corporations have been created in each state that provide consulting services to Indians who have returned to their homeland and want to organize and independently run their own business.

States that export labor link this process with the conquest of foreign markets. For example, the Philippines encourages the departure of specialists such as heavy equipment installers, welders, and construction workers, as this is usually associated with increased exports of domestic construction materials and equipment.

Labor exporting countries actively influence the volume and structure of emigration flows. At the same time, in order to prevent the departure abroad of workers in scarce specialties and the depletion of personnel in certain regions of the country, the state establishes restrictions:

limiting (restriction) the issuance of foreign passports (China, South Korea, Vietnam);

the introduction of emigration quotas (share) or a ban on the departure of certain categories of workers;

identifying priority regions of the country based on employment criteria. For example, in Turkey preemptive right for labor emigration is provided to residents of economically developed areas, zones natural Disasters, members of agricultural cooperatives.

To speed up and facilitate the process of adaptation of returning migrants, states have developed special measures to facilitate their placement in the public or private sector of the economy.

Thus, migration policy must be thoughtful and balanced in order to streamline cross-country labor flows.

Conclusions:

International labor migration is the movement of the working-age population between countries caused by economic reasons.

It consists of emigration - leaving the country and immigration - entering the country. Emigration and immigration have both pros and cons for labor-importing and labor-exporting countries. Main international markets labor force are USA, Canada and Australia, countries Western Europe , Middle East, Asia-Pacific region, Latin America

and Africa (South Africa). The massive nature of migration flows has turned labor into an important factor in the socio-economic development of the world economy. Regulation of labor migration involves states conducting a thoughtful and balanced migration policy in order to minimize losses and increase