Biographical information about Tvardovsky. Biography The last years of his life, the death of the poet (Tvardovsky A

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born June 8 (NS 21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province, in the family of a blacksmith, a literate and even well-read man, in whose house a book was not uncommon.

The first acquaintance with Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov took place at home, when these books were read aloud on winter evenings. Poems began to write very early. He studied at a rural school. At the age of fourteen, the future poet began to send small notes to the Smolensk newspapers, some of them were printed. Then he ventured to send poetry. M. Isakovsky, who worked in the editorial office of the newspaper "Working Way", received the young poet, helped him not only to be published, but also to form as a poet, influenced him with his poetry.

After graduating from a rural school, he came to Smolensk, but could not get a job, not only to study, but also to work, because he had no specialty. I had to exist "on a penny literary earnings and beat the thresholds of editorial offices." When M. Svetlov published Tvardovsky's poems in the Moscow magazine Oktyabr, he came to Moscow, but "it turned out about the same as with Smolensk."

Winter 1930 again returned to Smolensk, where he spent six years. “It is to these years that I owe my poetic birth,” Tvardovsky would later say. At this time, he entered the Pedagogical Institute, but left the third year and finished his studies already at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI), where he entered autumn 1936.

Tvardovsky's works were published in 1931-1933, but he himself believed that only from the poem about collectivization "Country Ant" ( 1936 ) He started out as a man of letters. The poem was a success with readers and critics. The release of this book changed the life of the poet: he moved to Moscow, in 1939 graduated from MIFLI, published a book of poems "Rural Chronicle".

In 1939 was drafted into the Red Army and participated in the liberation of Western Belarus. With the beginning of the war with Finland, already in the rank of officer, he was in the position of a special correspondent for a military newspaper. During the Patriotic War, he created the poem "Vasily Terkin" ( 1941-1945 ) is a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and the nationwide patriotic feeling. According to Tvardovsky, "Terkin" was ... my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart talk and a remark to the occasion.

Almost simultaneously with Terkin and the poems of the Front Chronicle, he began the poem House by the Road, completed after the war ( 1946 ).

In 1950-60 the poem "Beyond the distance - distance" was written.

Along with poetry, Tvardovsky always wrote prose. In 1947 published a book about the past war under the general title "Motherland and Foreign Land".

He also showed himself as a deep, insightful critic: the books "Articles and Notes on Literature" ( 1961 ), "The Poetry of Mikhail Isakovsky" ( 1969 ), articles about the work of S. Marshak, I. Bunin ( 1965 ).

For many years, Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine, courageously defending the right to publish every talented work that came to the editorial office. His help and support was reflected in the creative biographies of such writers as F. Abramov, V. Bykov, Ch. Aitmatov, S. Zalygin, G. Troepolsky, B. Mozhaev, A. Solzhenitsyn and others.

Artworks

1910 , June 8 (21) - was born on the farm Zagorye, now the Pochinkovsky district of the Smolensk region in the family of a rural blacksmith.

1920–1924 - years of study in a rural school, early interest in poetry. “He loved books very much and surprised us with his knowledge of them” (from the memoirs of the poet’s classmate A. N. Sedakova-Erofeeva).

1924 - Becomes a correspondent for local newspapers, publishes poetry, essays.

1925 , July 19 - the poem "New hut" was published in the newspaper "Smolenskaya village".

1926 - Participates in the work of the congress of rural correspondents.

1927 - the first trip to Moscow with poetry.

1930–1931 - is subjected to rude demagogic criticism, especially after the "dispossession" and expulsion of the family.

1931 - first publication: the poem "The Path to Socialism" (thanks to the support of E. Bagritsky).

1932 - enters the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. In Smolensk, the essay "The Diary of a Collective Farm Chairman" is published.

1935 - the "Collection of Poems 1930-1935" is published, highly appreciated in the review by VF Asmus in Izvestia.

1936 - the poem "Country Ant" (State Prize of the USSR, 1941).

1938 - the collection "Road", the cycle "About grandfather Danila".

1939 Graduated from the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature. The collection "Rural Chronicle" is published. The poet was awarded the Order of Lenin "for outstanding successes and achievements in the development of Soviet fiction."

1939 1939-1940 - participated as a war correspondent in the campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus, and then in the Finnish campaign (1939-1940). The cycle of poems In the Snows of Finland (1939-40) and the prose notes From the Karelian Isthmus (published in 1969) are dedicated to her.

1941 - collection "Zagorye".

1941–1945 - works in front-line newspapers. They publish poems created during the war years, combined into the "Front Chronicle", essays, correspondence. During these years, the poem "Vasily Terkin (A Book about a Fighter)" was written (USSR State Prize, 1946).

1946 - poem "House by the road".

1947 - receives the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the poem "House by the Road". His book "Motherland and Foreign Land" is subjected to unfair attacks in the press. The beginning of trips to Siberia, which continued in the 1940s-1950s.

1950–1960 - Works on the poem "For the distance, the distance."

1953 - the first chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - the distance" are published. Novy Mir began to publish sharply critical articles on contemporary literature, which aroused the indignation of semi-official criticism.

1950–1954 (and 1958-1970) - editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine.

1954 - Tvardovsky wrote and wanted to publish the satirical poem "Terkin in the Other World" (it was typed for the fifth issue of Novy Mir). The poem was banned, and he was removed from his post as editor-in-chief.

1956 - in the collection "Literary Moscow" new chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - distance" were published, including "Friend of childhood".

1960 - the final chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - the distance" were printed thanks to the support of Khrushchev.

1961 - The book "For the distance - the distance" receives the Lenin Prize.

1962 – Tvardovsky seeks publication in Novy Mir (No. 11) of A. Solzhenitsyn's story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which has become an important milestone in literary and social life.

1963 - the satirical poem "Terkin in the Other World" is published (printed thanks to the support of N.S. Khrushchev).

1965 - based on the poem, the Moscow Theater of Satire puts on a wonderful performance, which was soon removed from the repertoire, allegedly at the request of ... the actors themselves.

1966 – Tvardovsky refuses to approve the court verdict against the writers A. Sinyavsky (1925–1997) and Y. Daniel (1925–1988), accused of anti-Soviet activities.

1967 - "From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967" (USSR State Prize, 1971).

1968 - Tvardovsky refuses to sign a "collective" letter in which writers approve of the invasion of Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia. (). Attacks on the "New World" are intensifying. Censorship does not allow the poem "By the Right of Memory" (to be published only 17 years later), which, without the knowledge of the author, is published in the foreign press (1969).

1969 - cycle "From new poems".

1970 , February - after a months-long critical campaign about Novy Mir in the press, the leadership of the Writers' Union, at the direct prompting of the Central Committee of the CPSU, removes Tvardovsky's closest collaborators from the editorial board of Novy Mir and replaces them with alien and hostile people. An attempt to turn to L. I. Brezhnev was unsuccessful. Tvardovsky is forced to resign.
June - stands up for the geneticist and dissident Zhores Medvedev (1925, Tiflis - 2018, London), who was forcibly placed in a psychiatric hospital.

1971 , January 18 - Tvardovsky dies in the dacha village of Pakhra near Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Name: Alexander Tvardovsky

Age: 61 years old

Place of Birth: farm Zagorye, Smolensk region

A place of death: Podolsky district, Moscow region

Activity: writer, poet, journalist

Family status: was married to Maria Gorelova

Alexander Tvardovsky - biography

The Zagorye farm in the Smolensk province was only an inconspicuous piece of land for everyone, but Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky proudly called it "my estate." Here he was born on June 21, 1910 - the second son - Sasha. He loved the boy, but he did not allow tenderness. In this part there was a mother - Maria Mitrofanovna, a woman of the kindest soul.

Since childhood, in the biography of Tvardovsky there was a love for writing. Sasha grew up as an impressionable child, loved nature, living creatures, and from childhood he composed poetry. The family's house was small, and the economy grew. In order not to disturb anyone, Sasha ran to the bathhouse, where he wrote down his poems. When he grew up, he began to send them to the Smolensk newspapers. The talented boy was eagerly printed, but he himself could not fully believe in himself. It seems that he will see his poem in the newspaper - he will be delighted. And the next day he will receive a slap in the face from his father and insulting: “A parasite, a versifier!”

Tired of his father's abuse, at the age of 17 the young man left home. He arrived in Smolensk, where, as he hoped, he would finally be able to live like a human being. Besides, what luck! - he was noticed by Mikhail Isakovsky, editor of the local newspaper. Seeing talent in the young man, he sent Tvardovsky's works to Moscow. There they were also greeted with a bang and the young man was invited to the capital.

But Moscow did not accept the poet and put him in his place. Finding no shelter, he was forced to return to Smolensk.

Alexander Tvardovsky - kulak son...

Bad news always comes at the wrong time. Only Tvardovsky met his beloved woman, only she gave him a daughter and they established a family life, personal life, as he learns, his parents are in trouble.

When in 1931 collective farms began to be created and prosperous peasants were dispossessed, the head of the family, Trifon Gordeevich, could not even think that this would affect him too. What kind of a fist is he, after all, he worked all his life without straightening his back? But the authorities saw it differently. All the property of the Tvardovsky family was taken away, and the father himself with his wife and other children were sent into exile in the Urals.

Alexander, learning about this, rushed to the secretary of the regional committee. It was pounding in my head: we must save, we must help! His ardor was cooled by the words: “You will have to choose: either the revolution, or father and mother. But you are a reasonable person, you will not be mistaken. .."

Tvardovsky paced the room for a long time, thinking. The wife understood everything, but could not help in any way: her husband's experiences were too personal. A few days later, he sent a letter to his parents saying: “Be of good cheer! Unfortunately, I can't write to you. Alexander".

Having distanced himself from the "unenviable" past and relatives, Tvardovsky did not manage to get rid of the stigma "kulak son". Because of him, the poet was expelled from the writers' association, a case was opened.

In 1936, Tvardovsky finished work on the poem "Country Ant", glorifying collectivization. The work turned out to be powerful, and most importantly, Stalin liked it. The noose around Tvardovsky's neck loosened. They immediately forgot that he was a "kulak son", and the poet was even able to return his relatives from exile. Finally, his conscience was silenced! After all, only now he was able to settle them in a Smolensk apartment without fear for his fate. He moved to the capital with his family - now he could afford it.

Life got better. The wife soon gave Tvardovsky a son. The father of the soul doted on him, spoiled him. And then ... buried - a one and a half year old baby caught pneumonia.

The loss in the biography of Tvardovsky was irreplaceable, Alexander Trifonovich did not find a place for himself. It seemed that he was a little distracted only on June 22, 1941, when he heard from Valya’s daughter: “Dad, the war has begun!” The next day he rushed to Kiev, where he was sent as a war correspondent. Tvardovsky preferred to cover events not from the outside, but climbing into the thick of it, where the fire was blazing, shells were exploding. Everyone was waiting - when will they hurt him, and the physical pain will replace the mental one? ..

Alexander Trifonovich returned from the war unharmed and not empty-handed. His friend and hero Vasily Terkin was invisibly present next to him. He and his comrades invented this soldier back in 1939, when the Soviet-Finnish war was going on. It was necessary to cheer up their own, so the correspondents began to write a humorous section in the magazine. During the Great Patriotic War, Terkin became a real talisman for soldiers. “Well, at least in this way I can make my contribution to this war,” Alexander Trifonovich thought to himself.

But the war ended, and with it Terkin. But Tvardovsky did not want to part with him and decided to send him ... to the next world.

Alexander Tvardovsky - my friend, Nikita Khrushchev

In the fall of 1961, the poet received a parcel from the Ryazan teacher Alexander Solzhenitsyn. There was a manuscript inside, on the first page the title was "One day for one convict." It sounds ambiguous, but it's worth reading... In the morning Tvardovsky woke up a different person.

Comrades dissuaded Alexander from publishing the story in the Novy Mir magazine, of which he was the editor. They recalled the recent dismissal due to an attempt to publish the political satirical poem "Terkin in the Other World." But Tvardovsky had already decided everything for himself: “Why do I need a magazine if I don’t print this in it?”

At that moment, Alexander Trifonovich had someone to rely on. Nikita himself was his unspoken protector. Khrushchev. The General Secretary happily let both Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky and his new Terkin pass.

But Brezhnev, who came to power, categorically did not like the "upstart" Tvardovsky. The Novy Mir magazine, which was considered advanced at that time, was an eyesore for Leonid Ilyich. The publication was hounded mercilessly. The editorial board also suffered - one fine day, four employees, close friends of Tvardovsky, were fired at once. Opponents of the poet were put in their place. Alexander Trifonovich could not work with them and wrote a letter of resignation.

Many people who knew Alexander Tvardovsky closely noted in his biography an extraordinary thirst for justice. Sincerely believing in the communist idea, he often opposed the party line. For example, he condemned the entry of troops into Czechoslovakia and refused to sign a letter in support of these actions. A little later, he stood up for the disgraced scientist Zhores Medvedev, who was first fired and then sent to a psychiatric hospital. Tvardovsky personally went to save Medvedev. To all warnings - “You have an anniversary on your nose - 60 years. They won’t give you the Hero of Socialist Labor!”, - he answered: “For the first time I hear that we give the Hero for cowardice.”

Alexander Tvardovsky - long-awaited peace

The patient was brought to the Kuntsevo hospital on time. A little more, and it would not have been possible to save him. The diagnosis is disappointing: stroke, partial paralysis. "I must have been worried," thought the doctor. So it was. No matter how the wife of Alexander Trifonovich asked not to worry, no matter how she persuaded him to think about himself - all in vain. Later, doctors reported: the poet had advanced lung cancer, which had metastasized, and he did not have long to live. And so it happened. Alexander Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 in the dacha village of Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow Region, and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich

Poems by A. T. Tvardovsky

1910 - 1971 Russian poet, editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine (1950 - 54, 1958 - 70). The poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-45) is a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and popular feelings of the era of the Great Patriotic War. In the poem "For the distance - the distance" (1953 - 60, Lenin Prize, 1961) and lyrics (book "From the lyrics of these years. 1959 - 67)", 1967) - reflections on the movement of time, the artist's duty, about life and death . In the poem "Terkin in the Other World" (1963) - a satirical image of the bureaucratic deadening of life. In the final poem-confession "By the Right of Memory" (published in 1987) - the pathos of the uncompromising truth about the time of Stalinism, about the tragic inconsistency of the spiritual world of a person of this time. The poems "Country Ant" (1936), "House by the road" (1946); prose, critical articles. Tvardovsky's lyrical epic enriched and actualized the traditions of Russian classical poetry. State Prizes of the USSR (1941, 1946, 1947, 1971).

Biography

Born on June 8 (21 n.s.) in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province, in the family of a blacksmith, a literate and even well-read man, in whose house a book was not uncommon. The first acquaintance with Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov took place at home, when these books were read aloud on winter evenings. Poems began to write very early. He studied at a rural school. At the age of fourteen, the future poet began to send small notes to the Smolensk newspapers, some of them were printed. Then he ventured to send poetry as well. Isakovsky, who worked in the editorial office of the Rabochy Put newspaper, received the young poet, helped him not only to be published, but also to form as a poet, and influenced him with his poetry.

After graduating from a rural school, the young poet came to Smolensk, but could not get a job, not only to study, but also to work, because he had no specialty. I had to exist "on a penny literary earnings and beat the thresholds of editorial offices." When Svetlov published Tvardovsky's poems in the Moscow magazine Oktyabr, he came to Moscow, but "it turned out to be about the same as with Smolensk."

In the winter of 1930, he again returned to Smolensk, where he spent six years. "It is to these years that I owe my poetic birth," Tvardovsky later said. At this time, he entered the Pedagogical Institute, but left the third year and completed his studies at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI), where he entered in the fall of 1936.

Tvardovsky's works were published in 1931 - 1933, but he himself believed that only with the poem about collectivization "Country Ant" (1936) did he begin as a writer. The poem was a success with readers and critics. The release of this book changed the life of the poet: he moved to Moscow, graduated from MIFLI in 1939, and published a book of poems, Rural Chronicle.

In 1939 the poet was drafted into the Red Army and participated in the liberation of Western Belarus. With the beginning of the war with Finland, already in the rank of officer, he was in the position of a special correspondent for a military newspaper.

During the Great Patriotic War, the poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941 - 45) was written - a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and the nationwide patriotic feeling. According to Tvardovsky, "Terkin was ... my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart talk and a remark to the occasion."

Almost simultaneously with "Terkin" and the poems of the "Frontline Chronicle", the poet began the poem "House by the Road" (1946), completed after the war.

In 1950 - 60, the poem "For the distance - the distance" was written, and in 1967 - 1969 - the poem "By the Right of Memory", which tells the truth about the fate of the poet's father, who became a victim of collectivization, prohibited by censorship, published only in 1987.

Along with poetry, Tvardovsky always wrote prose. In 1947 a book about the past war was published under the general title Motherland and Abroad.

He also showed himself as a deep, insightful critic: the books "Articles and Notes on Literature" (1961), "The Poetry of Mikhail Isakovsky" (1969), articles on the work of S. Marshak, I. Bunin (1965).

For many years, Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine, courageously defending the right to publish every talented work that came to the editorial office. His help and support affected the creative biographies of such writers as Abramov, Bykov, Aitmatov, Zalygin, Troepolsktsy, Molsaev, Solzhenitsyn and others.

Alexander was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, which is located in the Smolensk province. The father of the future poet, Trifon Gordeevich, worked as a blacksmith, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, was from a family of farmers who lived on the outskirts of the country and guarded its borders.

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky

The future poet studied at a rural school. He began to write poetry quite early, and at the age of 14 Alexander sent small notes to Smolensk newspapers and some of them were published.

M. Isakovsky from the editorial office of the newspaper "Working Way" helped the young poet and had a great influence on him.

Smolensk-Moscow

After leaving school, Alexander moves to Smolensk in order to find a job or continue his studies. However, he did not succeed.

Tvardovsky began to live on intermittent literary earnings, which he received for beating the thresholds of the editorial office. Once the magazine "October" publishes the poet's poems and he goes to Moscow, but even here the young guy does not succeed, so he goes back to Smolensk. Here he stays for 6 years, and in 1936 he was admitted to MIFLI.

In 1936, his poem "Country of the Ant" was published, after which the poet himself believed that his path as a writer began with it. After the book was published, Alexander moved to Moscow and graduated from MIFLI in 1939. In the same year, his first collection of poems by Tvardovsky "Rural Chronicle" was published.

War years and creativity

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army in 1939. His work and biography is currently changing a lot, as he finds himself in the center of hostilities in Western Belarus. When the war with Finland began, he already had an officer's rank, and also worked as a special correspondent for a military newspaper.

During the war, he wrote the poem "Vasily Terkin", and after it he creates a sequence of poems "Front Chronicle". In 1946, therefore, Tvardovsky completed The House by the Road, in which the initial tragic months of the Great Patriotic War are mentioned.

Poem Vasily Terkin

In 1950-60, the book “Beyond the distance - the distance” was written, and in 1947 he published a poem about the past war, which he gave the title “Motherland and Foreign Land.

For attempting to publish the book "Terkin in the Other World" and publishing in the "New World" journalistic articles by V. Pomerantsev, F. Abramov, M. Lifshitz, M. Shcheglov, Alexander Tvardovsky in the fall of 1954 was removed from the post of editor-in-chief of the magazine by decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "New world".

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Death and legacy

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 from lung cancer. The famous poet was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Alexander Tvardovsky left behind a great literary legacy; some streets in Voronezh, Moscow, Smolensk, and Novosibirsk were named after him.