METHOD "VALUE ORIENTATIONS" M. ROKICH

(The best psychological tests. - Petrozavodsk, 1992. - P.112-114)

The system of value orientations determines the content side of the orientation of the personality and forms the basis of its relationship to the surrounding world, to other people, to itself, the basis of the worldview and the core of the motivation for life activity, the basis of the life concept and philosophy of life (Self-regulation andsocialpersonality behavior. -L., 1978.; Workshop onpsychodiagnostics. -M., 1989).

The most common at present is the method of studying the value orientations of M. Rokeach, based on the direct ranking of the list of values.

M. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values:

terminal - belief that some ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for;

instrumental - belief that some course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (18 in each) either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. The latter form of material supply gives more reliable results. First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

The advantage of the technique is its versatility, convenience and economy. in conducting the survey and processing the results, flexibility - the ability to vary both stimulus material (lists of values) and instructions. Its essential disadvantage is the influence of social desirability, the possibility of insincerity. Therefore, a special role in this case is played by the motivation for diagnosis, the voluntary nature of testing and the presence of contact between the psychologist and the subject. The methodology is not recommended for selection and examination purposes.

In order to overcome these shortcomings and to penetrate deeper into the system of value orientations, it is possible to change the instructions, which provide additional diagnostic information and allow more reasonable conclusions to be drawn. So, after the main series, you can ask the subject to rank the cards, answer the following questions:

“In what order and to what extent (as a percentage) are these values ​​realized in your life?”

“How would you place these values ​​if you were what you dreamed of?”

“How do you think a person who is perfect in every way would do it?”

“How do you think most people would do it?”

"How would you do it? 5 or 10 years ago?

"How would you do it through 5 or 10 years?

“How would people close to you rank the cards?”

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, concrete and abstract values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life, etc. are distinguished. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; values ​​of self-affirmation and values ​​of acceptance of others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of the system of value orientations. The psychologist must try to catch the individual pattern. If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the respondent has a lack of formation of a system of values ​​or even insincerity of answers. The survey is best done individually, but group testing is also possible.

"VALUE ORIENTATIONS" M. ROKICH

Instruction: “Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards with the designation of values. Your task is to sort them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

Each value is written on a separate card. Carefully study the cards and, choosing the one that is most significant to you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Then do the same with all the remaining cards. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place.

Work slowly, thoughtfully. If in the course of work you change your mind, you can correct your answers by swapping the cards. The end result should reflect your true position."

STIMULUS MATERIAL

List BUT (terminal values):

Active active life (fullness and emotional richness of life)

Life wisdom (maturity of judgment and common sense, achieved by life experience)

Health (physical and mental)

Interesting job

The beauty of nature and art (experiencing beauty in nature and art)

Love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one)

Financially secure life (lack of material difficulties)

Having good and true friends

Public recognition (respect for others, team, workmates)

Cognition (the possibility of expanding one's education, horizons, general culture, intellectual development)

Productive life (maximum use of one's capabilities, strengths and abilities)

Development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement)

Entertainment (pleasant, easy pastime, no responsibilities)

Freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions)

happy family life

Happiness of others (welfare, development and improvement of other people, the whole people, humanity as a whole)

Creativity (possibility of creative activity)

Self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts).

List B (instrumental values)

Accuracy (cleanliness), the ability to keep things in order, order in business

Good manners (good manners)

High demands (high demands on life and high claims)

Cheerfulness (sense of humor)

performance (discipline)

Independence (ability to act independently, decisively)

Intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others

Education (breadth of knowledge, high general culture)

Responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word)

Rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make deliberate, rational decisions)

Self-control (restraint, self-discipline)

Courage in defending one's opinion, one's views

Strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties)

Tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and delusions)

Breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, respect other tastes, customs, habits)

Honesty (truthfulness, sincerity)

Efficiency in business (hard work, productivity at work)

Sensitivity (caring)

Rokeach test "Value orientations"

The system of value orientations determines the content side of the orientation of the personality and forms the basis of its relationship to the world around, to other people, to itself, the basis of the worldview and the core of the motivation of life, the basis of the life concept and "philosophy of life".

The most common at present is the method of studying the value orientations of M. Rokeach, based on the direct ranking of the list of values. The latter circumstance makes many authors doubt the reliability of the technique, since its result strongly depends on the adequacy of the subject's self-assessment. Therefore, it is desirable to support the data obtained using the Rokeach test with data from other methods.

M. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values:

terminal - beliefs that the ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for;

instrumental - beliefs that some mode of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (18 each), either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. The latter form of material supply gives more reliable results. First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

Instruction: "Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards with the designation of values. Your task is to arrange them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

Carefully study the table and, having chosen the value that is most significant for you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Then do the same with all the remaining values. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place.

Develop slowly, thoughtfully. The end result should reflect your true position."

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, "concrete" and "abstract" values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life, etc. are distinguished. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; values ​​of self-affirmation and values ​​of acceptance of others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of the system of value orientations. The psychologist must try to catch the individual pattern. If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the respondent has a lack of formation of a system of values ​​or even insincerity of answers.

METHOD "VALUE ORIENTATIONS" (M. Rokeach)

Form of the tested ________________

List A (terminal values):

Description of the technique

The purpose of the test is to identify the content side of the orientation of the individual.

M. Rokeach's test "Value Orientations of the Personality" is aimed at identifying the value-motivational sphere of a person. This technique allows you to determine the attitude of the individual to himself, to the world, to others, as well as to find out the basic life principles and priorities.

M. Rokeach's test "Value Orientations of a Personality" is based on direct ranking of the list of values. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values: terminal and instrumental, 18 points each. Terminal values ​​or goal values ​​are defined by him as a person's belief that the ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for.

It is these values ​​that indicate what is especially important and significant for a person, and what is his meaning of life. Instrumental or tool values ​​are a person's belief that a certain course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

The respondent is offered a set of cards or a list of values ​​that must be distributed in order of importance to him personally.

The most significant value should take the first place, respectively, the least important will remain the last. The end result represents the subject's value system.

The M. Rokeach test "Value Orientations of a Personality" is widely used in career guidance, career counseling, team cohesion, corporate culture, etc.

Procedure

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (18 each), either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

Greater convenience for the subject (and greater accuracy of the results) is provided by the use of not lists, but sets of individual cards, each of which indicates a certain value. The person sorting the cards is more focused and sees a more complete picture of all the values ​​presented.

The survey is best done individually, but group testing is also possible.

Instruction

Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards, where values ​​are written, the basic principles that guide you in life. Your task is to sort them in order of importance for you personally.

Carefully study the presented list and choose the value that is most significant for you - it will take the first place (or get the first rank). Then choose the second most important value and place it in second place. Rank all proposed values. The least important will remain the last and will take, accordingly, the 18th place.

Work slowly, thoughtfully. There are no right or wrong answers here. The end result will represent your value system.

Modification of the study procedure

To overcome social desirability and deeper penetration into the system of value orientations of the subject, it is possible to change the instructions that provide additional diagnostic information and allow more reasonable conclusions to be drawn. So, after the main series, you can ask the subject to rank the cards by answering the following questions:

“In what order and to what extent (as a percentage) are these values ​​realized in your life?”

“How would you place these values ​​if you were what you dreamed of?”

“How do you think a person who is perfect in every way would do it?”

“How do you think most people would do it?”

“How would you have done it 5 or 10 years ago?”

“How would you do it in 5 or 10 years?”

“How would people close to you rank the cards?”

Interpretation of results

The respondent is presented sequentially with two lists of values ​​- terminal and instrumental. He needs to rank all the values ​​in order of personal importance.Thus, the most important value will be in the first place, and the least significant value will remain and take the eighteenth place.

The results of the Rokeach test indicate the structure of a person's value orientations, help determine the most important principles that guide a person in life, his attitude towards himself, his relatives, employees, work, and the world as a whole.

The dominant orientation of a person's value orientations is fixed as the life position he occupies, which is determined by the criteria of the level of involvement in the sphere of work, in family, household and leisure activities. A qualitative analysis of the results of the study makes it possible to evaluate life ideals, the hierarchy of life goals, values-means and ideas about the norms of behavior that a person considers as a standard.

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks on various grounds.

Groups of terminal values

"Concrete" and "Abstract"

Specific Values

Place in life

abstract values

Place in life

Active active life

life wisdom

Health

The beauty of nature and art

Interesting job

Love

financially secure life

Cognition

Development

Public acceptance

freedom

productive life

happiness of others

happy family life

Creation

Pleasures

Self-confidence

Values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life

Professional self-realization

Place in life

Personal life

Place in life

Active active life

Love

Interesting job

Having good and true friends

Public acceptance

freedom

productive life

happy family life

Development

Pleasures

Groups of instrumental values

Ethical values, communication values, business values

ethical values

Place in life

Communication values

Place in life

Case values

Place in life

Responsibility

upbringing

Accuracy

High demands

Cheerfulness

diligence

Independence

Intolerance to shortcomings

Education

self control

Tolerance

Rationalism

breadth of views

sensitivity

Honesty

Strong will

Efficiency in business

Individualistic, conformist and altruistic values

individualistic values

Place in life

Conformist values

Place in life

Altruistic values

Place in life

Independence

upbringing

Tolerance

Intolerance to shortcomings

self control

sensitivity

Rationalism

breadth of views

Courage to stand up for your opinion

Strong will

Values ​​of self-affirmation, values ​​of acceptance of others

Self-affirmation values

Place in life

Values ​​of accepting other people

Place in life

High demands

self control

Independence

Tolerance

Intolerance to shortcomings

sensitivity

Education

breadth of views

Courage to stand up for your opinion

Honesty

Strong will

Efficiency in business

The results obtained in identifying value orientations are important:

in vocational guidance of employees when changing their profession or place of work;

when advising on career development;

in the process of diagnosing team cohesion (since the essential features of teamwork are common goals, values ​​and approaches to the implementation of joint activities);

when diagnosing corporate culture, especially its deep level, which includes hidden beliefs, unconscious attitudes and beliefs of employees and management, reflecting the attitude to the world as a whole, to a person and to work. This level is very important to study, as it has a great influence on the actual behavior of employees;

when studying the degree of corporate identity that affects employee loyalty;

when studying the motivational sphere of employees;

when studying and designing standards of conduct in the company;

when carrying out work on the prevention of resistance to change, etc.

It is important for practitioners to clarify the structure of a person's value orientations, to determine the leading values, to diagnose the inconsistency or consistency of professional values. Based on the results of the test, one can get an idea of ​​the patterns of the individual system of value orientations of the individual. If patterns cannot be identified, then it can be assumed that the subject has a contradictory value system (or insincerity). In this case, it is better to repeat the study and supplement it with data obtained using other methods.

Answer sheet

Full Name

List A

terminal values

Place in life

Active active life (fullness and emotional richness of life)

Life wisdom (maturity of judgment and common sense, achieved through life experience)

Health (physical and mental)

Interesting job

The beauty of nature and art (experiencing beauty in nature and art)

Love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one)

Financially secure life (lack of material problems)

Having good and true friends

Public recognition (respect for others, team, colleagues)

Cognition (the possibility of expanding one's education, horizons, general culture, intellectual development)

Productive life (maximum use of one's capabilities, strengths and abilities)

Development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement)

Freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions)

happy family life

Happiness of others (welfare, development and improvement of other people, the whole people, humanity as a whole)

Creativity (opportunity to be creative)

Self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts)

Pleasures (pleasant, easy pastime, lack of responsibilities, entertainment)

List B

instrumental values

Place in life

Accuracy (cleanliness, ability to keep things in order, clarity in doing business)

Good manners (good manners, the ability to behave in accordance with the norms of a culture of behavior)

High demands (high demands on life and high claims)

Cheerfulness (optimism, sense of humor)

performance (discipline)

Independence (ability to act independently, decisively)

Intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others

Education (breadth of knowledge, high cultural level)

Responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word)

Rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make deliberate, rational decisions)

Self-control (restraint, self-discipline)

Courage to stand up for your opinion

Sensitivity (caring)

Tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and delusions)

Breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, respect other tastes, customs, habits)

Strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties)

Honesty (truthfulness, sincerity)

Efficiency in business (hard work, productivity at work)

Scales: terminal and instrumental values

Purpose of the test

M. Rokeach distinguishes between two classes of values:

. terminal- belief that the ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for;
. instrumental- Beliefs that some course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (18 each), either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. The latter form of material supply gives more reliable results.

First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

Instructions for the test

"Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards with the designation of values. Your task is to arrange them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

Carefully study the table and, having chosen the value that is most significant for you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Then do the same with all the remaining values. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place.

Develop slowly, thoughtfully. The end result should reflect your true position."

Test

List A (terminal values):

1. active active life (completeness and emotional richness of life);
2. life wisdom (maturity of judgment and common sense, achieved by life experience);
3. health (physical and mental);
4. interesting work;
5. beauty of nature and art (experience of beauty in nature and art);
6. love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one);
7. financially secure life (lack of financial difficulties);
8. the presence of good and true friends;
9. public vocation (respect for others, team, workmates);
10. knowledge (the possibility of expanding one's education, outlook, general culture, intellectual development);
11. productive life (the fullest possible use of their capabilities, strengths and abilities);
12. development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement);
13. entertainment (pleasant, easy pastime, lack of responsibilities);
14. freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions);
15. happy family life;
16. happiness of others (welfare, development and improvement of other people, the whole people, humanity as a whole);
17. creativity (possibility of creative activity);
18. self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts).

List B (instrumental values):

1. accuracy (cleanliness), the ability to keep things in order, order in business;
2. good manners (good manners);
3. high demands (high demands on life and high claims);
4. cheerfulness (sense of humor);
5. diligence (discipline);
6. independence (ability to act independently, decisively);
7. intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others;
8. education (breadth of knowledge, high general culture);
9. responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word);
10. rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make well-considered, rational decisions);
11. self-control (restraint, self-discipline);
12. courage in defending one's opinion, views;
13. strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties);
14. tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and delusions);
15. breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, to respect other tastes, customs, habits);
16. honesty (truthfulness, sincerity);
17. efficiency in business (industriousness, productivity in work);
18. sensitivity (caring).

Processing and interpretation of test results

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, "concrete" and "abstract" values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life, etc. are distinguished. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; values ​​of self-affirmation and values ​​of acceptance of others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of the system of value orientations. The psychologist must try to catch the individual pattern.

If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the respondent has a lack of formation of a system of values ​​or even insincerity of answers.

In the 20th century, there lived such a famous American psychologist as Milton Rokeach. He devoted almost his entire career to the study of social and personal values. Although Milton started out as a psychiatrist. But he is known as the developer of a unique concept of value orientations of the individual. And this Rokeach technique is very famous all over the world. As well as the test based on it. However, first things first.

General provisions

Rokeach's methodology is built around the idea that a value is a stable belief in the fundamental preference for something specific (worldview, way of being, purpose of life, etc.). However, the psychologist also suggests that there are not so many of them.

Milton divided all of them into two types - terminal and instrumental. The first are the beliefs that the ultimate goal of each person's existence is really worth trying to achieve.

The second type of values ​​is called instrumental. These, in turn, are beliefs regarding the fact that a certain property of a person or a way of her actions always and in any situation remains a priority.

That is, the first type affects the goals of individual existence, and the second - the methods of achieving them and modes of action.

Specificity

Rokeach's technique also involves the analysis of values ​​and dividing them into groups, which is logical, since all beliefs relate to certain areas of life. Accordingly, there are values ​​of personal life and professional self-realization, financial (material) and spiritual. The instrumental type mentioned above includes beliefs related to communication, ethics, business, altruism, self-affirmation, and other people.

Rokeach's technique, as practice shows, is interesting and effective. Its advantage lies in versatility, economy and convenience. It is very easy to “examine” a person with its help, as well as process the results. And lists of values ​​(otherwise called stimulus material) can be varied, and instructions can be changed.

True, some highlight the shortcomings. These include social undesirability and the likelihood that the person agreeing to the test will be insincere.

How is the research done?

So, what is the method of M. Rokeach - it's clear. How is the test itself?

A person is offered two lists in which values ​​are indicated (instrumental and terminal). 18 in each. In what form, in principle, it does not matter. Usually they are provided on A4 sheets in the form of a list or on cards.

When a person has received the material, he is given the task of assigning a number to each value. First, he needs to deal with the terminal list, and then with the instrumental one.

The psychologists who routinely administer such tests may ask questions that bring them closer to the subject's preference system. Often they are interested in how values ​​are realized in his life. The answer is usually given as a percentage. They may also ask how a person would arrange cards 5 or 10 years ago. Or how people close to him would distribute them. Questions may lead to other, more personal ones, so it is very important that the testing is voluntary and, preferably, conducted face-to-face.

List No. 1

Now you can list directly those concepts that include the methodology of Rokeach's "Values ​​of Orientation". The first list is thermal. It includes the following concepts:

• Active life.
• Wisdom.
• Health.
• Fascinating work.
• Art and nature.
• Love and intimacy.
• Financial prosperity.
• Having loyal friends.
• Respect and recognition of other people.
• Opportunity to learn.
• Self-development.
• The ability to live productively (“to the fullest” use prospects and opportunities).
• Entertainment and leisure.
• Independence and freedom.
• Happiness in personal life.
• Opportunity to be creative.
• self-confidence.
• happiness of other people.

So, these are 18 values ​​that the terminal list includes. On the cards, usually, their broader definition is indicated in brackets, but even so you can understand what is meant.

List #2

But that's not all that the Rokeach technique includes. Processing of the results is performed by the psychologist only after the person has dealt with each list. And here is what the second instrumental includes:

• Accuracy.
• upbringing.
• The ability to enjoy life.
• High demands on people and the world.
• performance.
• Independence.
• Inability to accept shortcomings (both in oneself and in others).
• Intelligence and education.
• A responsibility.
• Rationalism.
• Self control.
• Courage, bravery.
• Strong will.
• The ability to show tolerance.
• Broad views, lack of "framework".
• Honesty.
• Hard work and productivity.
• Caring, sensitive.

As you can see, the lists are fundamentally different. At least the fact that the second list includes concepts related to personal qualities, which often play a role in the process of achieving what was listed in the first.

How to pass the test?

At the very beginning it was said that each value is assigned a serial number. The minimum is 1, and the maximum is 5. Units are values ​​that have no value. Two - those that, in principle, can be important. Three - values ​​\u200b\u200bwith a certain, specific meaning. Fourth - important statements. And the five - what a person puts above all.

How to determine the result?

This is an important topic. The results according to the Rokeach method are usually determined by the psychologist, since he also conducts the test. But in general terms, it is worth telling how this is done.

So, the test is aimed at studying To better understand the meaning of his actions or deeds. The results are determined by the so-called reliability scale. It is designed to determine how much a person wants his actions to be positively evaluated by others. And the higher the result is, the more the subject corresponds to the so-called “approved” image. But the critical threshold for the generally accepted test is 42 points. If the results overstepped him, then either they are unreliable, and the person was dishonest, or a complex person is sitting in front of the psychologist.

But not the points that a person scored by putting numbers on values ​​are taken into account. The psychologist refers to the reliability scale. If a person, for example, puts a five on a statement that relates to a negative scale, then he will be assigned 1 point. That which carries a negative value, he marked with one? Then they give him a "five". The scale is very voluminous, but if you wish, you can familiarize yourself with it individually.

Interpretations

So, in general, it is clear what Rokeach’s “Value Orientations” methodology is. Processing the results is the job of a psychologist, but it’s worth talking a little about interpretations. There are several.

There is an interpretation of Rokeach’s methodology. If this version of the test is used, then according to its results, it turns out that a person considers his main goal - self-development, spiritual satisfaction, creativity, social interaction, prestige and respect, achievement and success, wealth and finances, or the preservation of personal identity , uniqueness.

There is an interpretation in the spheres of life. During the test, it turns out which area is the most important for a person - professional, educational, family, social, recreational or physical activity.

These are the two most common interpretations. However, it is not surprising why they are. One interpretation is aimed at clarifying the inner world of a person. And the other - to his external world and the sphere in which he is comfortable to exist. However, both are inextricably linked.

What else should you know?

The method "Value Orientations" receives mostly positive reviews. Even psychologists note that it is the most elaborate and reliable. No wonder, because Milton Rokeach is the founder of the concept of values ​​in principle.

And its effectiveness has been proven. Various studies were conducted - and most actively, of course, young people participated in them: schoolchildren and students. Especially high school students. And most of them put health and family life, friends, love, financial wealth and self-confidence in the first place as terminal values. From the instrumental list, many chose cheerfulness, responsibility, good breeding, tolerance and diligence. This choice is not surprising. Moreover, it is correct and predictable. Too global for teenagers? Not at all. Confirmation of this is the saying of the psychologist Eric Homburger Erickson. He assured that young people, in their own way, should be "acrobats." To be able to lower the crossbar of your childhood with just one powerful movement, jump over it, and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. And in the shortest amount of time.

And this is just one of the examples. In fact, the technique of Milton Rokeach is really interesting, effective and efficient. And if there is a desire along with the opportunity, it is worth passing such a test. Alone or with someone, whatever. At least for the sake of interest.