Creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo. Free Manchuria

14. Manchukuo-Digo Emperor

The Japanese, through their reconnaissance channels, were well aware of all the actions of Pu Yi. He was constantly monitored, with him there were always people who reported on every step of his actions and conversations of Pu Yi. As the emperor himself wrote, first of all it was his servant Qi Jizhong . He appeared in the imperial palace in Beijing after Pu Yi drove out almost all the eunuchs from the palace. Then he was a young man whom the emperor had great confidence in. When Pu Yi left Tianjin for the Northeast, he took him with him and, of course, he knew every step of the young emperor. After the establishment of Manchukuo, Qi Jizhong was sent to study in Japan at a military academy, soon becoming an officer in the puppet troops of North China.

From the testimony of Pu Yi at the Tokyo trial: “General Yoshioka (Japanese Minister of the Court of the Emperor of Manchukuo - V.U.) gave me a list of relatives who were allowed to see me. When I met with these relatives, the Japanese gendarmerie kept track of when they came and went and reported to the Kwantung Army. All correspondence that came to my name from various friends was detained and looked through by Japanese censors. General Yoshioka, on the basis of instructions received from General Umezu, forbade me to visit the graves of my ancestors.

The Japanese military intelligence service was in charge of the 2nd Division of the Army General Staff and the 3rd Division of the Naval General Staff. These departments included representatives of legal intelligence, such as military and naval attachés, military missions, and intelligence agencies of the army and navy. In China, Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (by the way, as during the Japanese intervention in Siberia), intelligence work was carried out by military missions, the heads of which, as a rule, were appointed by the most qualified intelligence officers.

The Japanese gendarmes also carried out independent intelligence work. One of the departments of the gendarmerie, kempetai, performed the specific functions of counterintelligence and "thought control". As a rule, combat commanders were appointed as chiefs of gendarmerie detachments, therefore, most of the Japanese officers who held responsible positions had experience in commanding gendarmerie detachments and had experience in intelligence and counterintelligence work on their service records. Many top military leaders of the Kwantung Army took "advancement courses" precisely in the gendarmerie detachments. Thus, Lieutenant-General Itagaki, who had a great deal of experience in the intelligence service, prepared the Manchurian events as chief of staff of the Kwantung Army. General Tojo, the former premier of Japan during the war years, headed the gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army in 1936, and then became its chief of staff. Lieutenant General Tashiro, before accepting the post of commander of Japanese troops in North China, served as chief of the gendarmerie.

Intelligence work was also carried out by the civilian police, whose duties included recruiting cadres of provocateurs and planting spy agents in neighboring countries.

The consular and diplomatic intelligence service was administered by the Tokyo Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The intelligence work of the Japanese Foreign Ministry was carried out not only by diplomatic and consular institutions, but also by a huge network of research, scientific, cultural and other organizations.

In all major cities of the Far East, Japanese intelligence had its own residents, usually hidden under the guise of photographers, pharmacists, owners of restaurants and hotels, editors of newspapers and magazines, scientists, teachers, servants, etc. So, in Mukden, the owner of the University Pharmacy, who was actually a colonel of the headquarters of the gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army, a certain Miyakazawa, who spoke Russian and Chinese well, was engaged in espionage activities. The border reconnaissance posts in Sakhalyan and Hailar acted under the guise of pharmacies, owned or operated by officers of the Japanese General Staff or the gendarmerie.

The year of the reign of the supreme ruler in Manchukuo has passed. By agreement with the Japanese, Pu Yi agreed to be the supreme ruler for one year, and if the leadership of the Kwantung Army did not restore the monarchical system in a year, he could resign. But this did not happen, the supreme ruler, as he himself later admitted, did not have the courage to resign. And if, when he assumed new duties, he still stuttered about his future fate and the possibility of becoming emperor during meetings with Muto Nobuyoshi, which took place three times a month, then later he no longer raised this issue, at meetings he touched only on the topics of Buddhism, Confucianism, friendship between two countries of Manchukuo and Japan.

However, at one of the meetings that took place in the first days after the anniversary of his tenure as the supreme ruler of Manchuria, Muto Nobuyoshi himself raised the issue that had long worried Pu Yi, his "imperial dreams", saying that Japan was just studying the problem of what the political system of Manchukuo should be. -Go. When suitable conditions are created, the Japanese stressed, this issue will naturally be resolved.

On March 27, 1933, Japan, having not received recognition of the “fait accompli”, that is, the creation of Manchukuo by the League of Nations, published the Notice of its withdrawal from this international organization, thereby freeing its hands to expand aggression in China. Even two days before the official announcement of withdrawal from the League of Nations, the command of the Kwantung Army concentrated five divisions on the front between Jinzhou and Shanghai, which, with the support of aviation from the Korean group of Japanese troops and warships of the 2nd squadron, were preparing to go on the offensive, force passages in the Great the Chinese wall, and then turn the front to the west and southwest in order to break into Central China and seize the provinces of Rehe and Chahar, thereby creating a blockade ring around Beijing and Tianjin.

Not a single division of the central Chinese government was in these threatened areas. Under the command of Chiang Kai-shek and his General Staff, 30 divisions with reinforcement units armed by Western states with modern small arms and artillery weapons, totaling more than 350 thousand people, were thrown at that time against the Soviet regions and the Red Army south of the Yangtze. The militarist generals of the western and southern provinces, for their part, had no intention of sending their troops north, as they saw the rise of Chiang Kai-shek's power as a threat to their position.

This situation was taken advantage of by the Japanese troops, who were in a hurry to launch an offensive with the aim of capturing Northern China, and primarily the provinces of Rehe and Chahar. Here they were opposed by the troops of Zhang Xueliang, in which anti-Japanese sentiments were strong. The officers and soldiers of the former Manchurian army were eager to go into battle in order to wash away the shame of their flight from the borders of Northeast China. However, these troops were poorly armed, had small stocks of ammunition and artillery shells. Zhang Xueliang's repeated appeals to Chiang Kai-shek for assistance with weapons remained unanswered.

On February 25, at dawn, two Japanese divisions in two echelons launched an offensive from the Jinzhou and Shanghaiguan regions, entering the Rehe province. The Chinese troops, who had the order "to prevent the Japanese troops from forcing the Great Wall of China," remained in positions along the wall without offering serious resistance to the Japanese. Then the Japanese troops, curled up in columns, began to move quickly in the western and north-western directions, occupying one settlement after another. For a month and a half of the offensive, these columns advanced 280-200 km and on April 8 entered the main city of the province of Rehe.

As soon as the Japanese army completely occupied Rehe, Pu Yi congratulated the Japanese generals on their victory and wished them further military success. He wished the generals to "make new efforts and achieve new victories".

Continuing to develop the offensive, the Japanese columns entered the province of Chahar by mid-April. On May 2 they occupied the town of Dolonnor. The Mongol feudal lords and their guard troops met the advanced detachments of the Japanese troops with "bread and salt", which gave the Japanese invaders grounds to assert an alleged "liberation mission against the Mongolian population of Inner Mongolia." The Japanese government "offered" Pu Yi "to address the leaders of the Rehe province with a proposal for negotiations on the subject of joining their provinces to the state of Manchukuo, to stand under the protection of this state recognized by Japan." A “delegation” from the rulers of Rehe, consisting of six officials, five monks and more than ten officers of the Inner Mongolian army who previously worked for Japanese intelligence, was delivered to the capital of Manchukuo Xinjing by Japanese officers. The "delegation" was accepted by Pu Yi, the conversation was extremely short. The "delegates" put their signatures under the declaration on the "voluntary annexation of the province of Rehe to the state of Manchukuo."

From the cities of Rehe and Dolonnoora, motorized mobile detachments of the Japanese Kwantung Army moved south and southeast, broke through the passages in the Great Wall of China, entered Hebei province, and on the direction of the Peking-Mukden railway ended up only 180 miles from Beijing and in 250 miles from Tianjin.

All over China, a protest movement rose up against the Japanese aggression. The Soviet government and the progressive forces in the capitalist countries came out in defense of the Chinese people, condemning the aggressive actions of the Japanese imperialists. The governments of the United States and Great Britain were forced to declare "non-recognition of Japanese seizures in China", and US President F.D. Roosevelt addressed an open letter to the Japanese government, in which he proposed "cease hostilities in China and enter into negotiations with the Nanjing government" .

On May 31, 1933, Japanese-Chinese negotiations took place in Tanggu, as a result of which the Nanjing government, torn by internal contradictions, capitulated again and signed an agreement known as the He-Umezu agreement (He Yinqing - Umezu). Under this agreement, the Kuomintang troops were to withdraw east of Luandong, and the Chinese government was to pledge Japan not to undertake "any acts that could provoke hostilities and unrest." This agreement stated that "Japanese troops, wishing to ascertain how the agreement is being carried out, can use aircraft and other means for observation, and the Chinese side must let the Japanese representatives through, protect them and provide them with all conveniences" This is a shameful, capitulatory agreement signed by the government The Kuomintang, where the official refusal of the Nanjing government from Manchuria was confirmed, marked the beginning of a new stage in Japan's policy towards China. The Japanese leaders were convinced that the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jinwei, was ready to sacrifice Northern China, ready to make any agreement with Japan, if only to get a "free hand" for a wide deployment of a civil war against the Communists and the Red Army of China.

This situation had a very inspiring effect on people who were passionately interested in the restoration of the Qing monarchy. They decided that the right moment had come, and began active operations.

Back in March, Xi Xia sent a person close to him with instructions to invite Manchurian monarchist veterans and former members of the parliament of the three eastern provinces to a meeting in Changchun. They wanted to ask Pu Yi to take the throne, but the Japanese gendarmerie, well-informed about the state of affairs in Manchukuo, then forbade them to do so. In June they began to act again.

Some people from the Zhili group, as well as paid agents and some Japanese, were ready to support the militarist Wu Peifu if he again appeared on the stage. This caused some excitement among the old Qing monarchists of Beijing and Tianjin. A new "discussion and study" of the question of the possibility of restoring the monarchy in the north and northeast of China began. In July, the head of the general office of the State Council of Manchukuo, the Japanese Kamai, unexpectedly resigned. He was given an official severance pay of one million yuan, and another "a certain amount" for vowing to remain silent. After that, he begins a secret struggle for "independence" by Northern China. In a conversation with a high-ranking Chinese official, he said that he would go to Shanghai "to act in the name of the future restoration of the monarchy throughout China." Thus, rumors about a possible restoration of the monarchical system were constantly circulating in society, which undoubtedly inspired Pu Yi and his closest Chinese entourage. The supreme ruler sends his bodyguard Kudo Tetsusaburo, who came at one time with Pu Yi from Tianjin and whom he trusted, considering him honest and devoted, to Japan, where by indirect means to find out the situation and collect some information of interest to Pu Yi. Kudo soon returned, saying that in Japan he met in Minami with important persons from the Black Dragon Society and learned that the leaders of the Japanese military department agreed to restore the monarchical system in Manchukuo.

Already in October 1933, the words of the Japanese Kudo were confirmed. The new commander-in-chief of the Kwantung Army, Hisikari Takashi, officially informed Pu Yi that the Japanese government was ready to recognize the latter as Emperor of Manchukuo. Pu Yi came into an extremely joyful mood, his "imperial dreams" came true.

Three months before his proclamation as emperor, Japanese advisers led by Colonel Doihara staged a pilgrimage to the Northern Mausoleum in Mukden, where Pu Yi had a vision and said that “The soul of the deceased ancestor with a gesture showed him that the ascension to the throne of the emperor is known to the souls of his other ancestors, who were once on the throne in Peking, and that they give this their full approval.

The supreme ruler of Manchuria began to prepare for accession to the "imperial throne", believing that the first thing to do was to prepare the imperial attire.

Here is how Pu Yi himself described these preparations: “The imperial robe with dragons was sent from Beijing by the dowager imperial concubine. But the command of the Kwantung Army said that Japan recognizes me as the Emperor of Manchukuo, and not the Qing Emperor, so I should not wear a robe with dragons, but the full dress uniform of the Generalissimo of the naval, air and land forces of Manchukuo.

– How is it possible? I am a descendant of Aisin Gioro, is it possible not to follow the rules of the ancestors? In addition, all members of the Aisin Gioro family will come. And with them I will ascend the throne in an overseas uniform?

“You are right, Your Majesty,” Zheng Xiaoxu nodded his head, looking at the imperial robe thrown on the table. This man, who dreamed of becoming the prime minister of the late Qing, was apparently at that moment contemplating the coral decoration and peacock feathers on the headdress that high-ranking dignitaries could wear. Lately, he has become a little more respectful towards me. - You are right, your Majesty, but how will the Kwantung Army look at this?

- Talk to them.

After Zheng Xiaoxu left, I began admiring the imperial dress that Imperial Concubine Rong Hui had been keeping for twenty-two years. This imperial robe was worn by Emperor Guangxu, this robe with embroidered dragons I have been thinking about for twenty-two years. I will definitely wear it to the solemn ceremony, and this will be the beginning of the restoration of the Qing Dynasty ...

Zheng Xiaoxu soon returned. He said that the Kwantung Army strongly demanded that I be dressed in the uniform of a generalissimo at the solemn ceremony.

As a result of negotiations with the Japanese command, a certain compromise was reached.

On March 1, 1934, early in the morning, in the suburb of Changchun, Xinghuaqun, on an artificially mounded hill depicting the "Temple of Heaven", Pu Yi, before the official coronation, in an ancient Manchu robe - an imperial robe - performed a ritual of worship in front of the altar, made sacrifices to the ancestors and performed an ancient entry ritual to the throne. Then, returning to the city, he changed into the uniform of a generalissimo and at 12 noon held a solemn ceremony of accession to the throne not far from the palace. "His Majesty the Emperor deigned to go to the Throne Place and take it." From that time on, the “superior ruler’s office” was renamed the “palace office”. The place of residence of Pu Yi, in contrast to the palace of the Japanese emperor, called " huanggun", became known as" digun" (that is, the word " huangdi”- the emperor, consisting of two hieroglyphs, was divided into two parts, the first was the name of the Japanese palace, the second was the palace in Chongqing).

The solemn ceremony of accession to the throne of the emperor took place in the palace premises of Qinshian. He was specially prepared for this significant event. A huge red carpet was laid in the Qingminlou Hall. Near the northern wall, with the help of silk curtains, a semblance of an altar was depicted, in the middle of which a throne specially made in Japan was placed: orchids, the emblem of the emperor, were carved on its back.

Pu Yi stood in front of the throne, next to him on the right and left side were the Minister of the Interior and the military attaché, the Japanese Ishimaru, Kudo's bodyguards and the son of Xi Xia Xi Lunhuang, Wan Rong's brother Jun Liang and others. All civil and military officials, headed by the prime minister, bowed deeply three times to Pu Yi, the latter bowed back to them with a slight bow. Then the commander of the Kwantung Army and also the Japanese Ambassador Hisikari presented Pu Yi with his credentials and congratulated him. After that, almost all members of the imperial family of Aisin Gioro and former courtiers, who arrived from Beijing, knelt down three times and repulsed nine bows. And the emperor at that time was already sitting on the throne.

Many old Qing courtiers living in Central China sent their congratulations, the head of the Shanghai gangsters Chang Yuqing also sent his congratulations to Pu Yi and declared the seed to be loyal subjects of the new emperor.

On March 5, the emperor deigned to grant through Minister of War Zhang Jingkui the Highest Rescript addressed to the military and the Rescript to the soldiers who died for the cause of the founding of the state.

On May 10, 1934, on the occasion of the coronation of His Majesty, the first parade of the Manchukuo-Di-Guo troops took place, arranged at the airfield in the capital of Xinjing, which was personally received by the emperor.

On June 6, 1934, the brother of the Japanese emperor Chichibu-no-Miya Yasuhito arrived in Changchun, who congratulated Pu Yi on behalf of the Japanese emperor and presented him with the highest state award of Japan, the Order of the Chrysanthemum on the Big Ribbon ( Daikun'i kikkadaijuse), and Empress Wan Rong - the Order of the Precious Crown ( Hokanse) .

In July, Pu Yi's father and his brothers and sisters came to Changchun to meet with the emperor. The emperor sent a guard detachment to the railway station to meet them and escort them to the imperial palace.

Pu Yi, dressed in a military uniform and hung with orders, and Wan Rong in palace attire, were waiting for guests at the entrance to the imperial palace.

A car with Pu Yi's father drove up, the son stood at attention, waiting for the guest to get out of the car, then saluted his father in a military manner, and Wan Rong knelt down. Then everyone went into the living room, where they were all of their own, so Pu Yi, right in military uniform, knelt down and repulsed his father's bow to the ground.

In the evening there was a family banquet. As soon as Pu Yi entered the hall, the court orchestra began to play. European dishes were served at the banquet, and the guests were seated as at a dinner party - in a European way. Emperor Pu Yi and Wan Rong sat at opposite ends of the table, as befits hosts.

Pu Jie raised his glass of champagne according to his elder brother's plan and loudly proclaimed, “Long live His Majesty the Emperor! Hooray! Hooray! Hooray!"

All members of Pu Yi's family, including his father, repeated this after Pu Jie with the exclamation of “Hurrah! Hooray! Hooray!".

The next day, there was a protest from the Japanese embassy due to the fact that during the meeting of Father Pu Yi, armed guards were present at the station, and this is a violation of the agreement signed by Japan and the former authorities of the Northeast and recognized by the Manchu Empire. The agreement stated that in a certain zone - on the lands adjacent on both sides to the South Manchurian Railway - other armed persons, except Japanese, could not be located. And the Japanese embassy, ​​or to be more precise, the command of the Kwantung Army, demanded that such cases should not be repeated in the future. Pu Yi immediately sent a man to the Japanese embassy with guarantees and apologies, and was pleased that the Japanese protest was not open.

A new motto of the reign of the emperor "Kang-De" was proclaimed, from this year a new chronology began according to the motto of the reign, and the empire became known as "Manchukuo-Di-Go".

Emperor Pu Yi, on the day of his accession to the throne on March 1, 1934, issued the first edict on the establishment of orders. He established three orders at once: a large order blooming orchid, order Glorious dragon and order auspicious clouds .

Grand Order blooming orchid was the highest award of the "empire" and had two degrees: an order with a chain and an order on the Big Ribbon. In all respects, the order corresponded to the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum. Its appearance was based on the imperial coat of arms, although the official image of a blooming orchid was approved as such a little later. By 1941, only two people were the owners of this order: Emperor Pu Yi and Japanese Emperor Hirohito.

Order Glorious dragon was the equivalent of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun with paulownia flowers. Also known as the Order of the Dragon with Rays. It depicts a golden imperial dragon with five claws on its paws, and a shining golden sun. The composition was based on the emblem embroidered on the back of the ceremonial clothes of the Manchukuo-Di-Go emperor, in which he was dressed when he ascended the throne. From 1934 to 1940 this award was presented only 33 times.

Order auspicious clouds had eight degrees, was the equivalent of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun.

In the center of the badge of orders from the first to the sixth degree there is a yellow enamel circle with an outer ring covered with red enamel. From the ring in the vertical and horizontal direction, four groups of rays diverge (three rays each), forming a cross. At the corners of the cross are images of clouds in the Chinese classical style, covered with blue enamel.

Considering that the created Manchukuo did not have a constitution, although promises to develop one were made, and even a commission was created to "study issues related to the development of a constitution", the state lived according to the three promulgated laws of the country, replacing it.

On March 1, 1934 (the 1st year of Kang-De according to the new chronology), the “State Organization Law” was published, which entered into force from the day of publication. The law was amended twice (in November 1934 and June 1938). The law determined the system of state administration of Manchukuo.

“By the grace of the sacred Heaven, We have ascended the throne and hereby establish the Law on Organization, by which we indicate the foundations of the organization of the supreme power,” it said.

The first chapter of the Law, consisting of fifteen articles, outlined the functions of the emperor. Let's see what they were.

The greatness of the emperor cannot be violated (article 2), the emperor, as the ruler of the state, wholly possesses the supreme power, and he exercises it on the basis of this Law (3). The prime minister gives advice to the emperor and is responsible for it (4). The Emperor exercises legislative power through the Legislative Chamber (6). The emperor establishes the Regulations on the organization of administrative institutions and appoints and dismisses officials, and also determines their salaries, with the exception of those cases for which there are special provisions in this and other laws (10). The emperor declares war, concludes peace and treaties with other states (11). The emperor has the supreme command of the army, navy and air forces of the state (12). The emperor bestows orders and other awards (13). The emperor grants pardon, reduction of punishments and restoration of rights (14).

With the promulgation of the Supreme Manifesto on the establishment of the Kenkoku Shinbo Temple, the relevant sections of the basic Law of Manzhou Di-Go on the state system were changed. Thus, in the ninth paragraph, it was said that His Majesty the Emperor is establishing the Kenkoku Shinbo Temple and will personally perform divine services there for the well-being of all the people.

On the basis of the Supreme Decree of the fifteenth paragraph of the Law, it was established that the affairs of state worship would be in charge of a special Department for State Temples.

The order of succession to the throne was established by a special law on succession to the throne, consisting of 10 articles.

The throne of the Manchurian Empire is inherited forever by the male line of sons and grandsons of the Emperor Kang-Te (Article 1). The throne passes to the eldest son of the emperor (2). In the absence of the emperor's eldest son, the presto passes to the emperor's eldest grandson. In the absence of the eldest son and eldest grandson of the emperor, the throne passes to his next son and then in the same order, according to the above (3). The legitimate sons and grandsons of the emperor inherit the throne in the first place, and the sons and grandsons of an illegitimate line inherit the throne only in cases where there are no legitimate sons and grandsons of the emperor (4). In the absence of the emperor and grandchildren, the throne is inherited by the emperor's brothers and their sons and grandchildren (5). Only persons of the blood line of the emperor can inherit the throne (10).

The third document was the Law on Ensuring the Rights of Citizens. “The Emperor of Manchukuo Di-Guo ensures the freedom and rights of the people and, except in time of war and extraordinary events, establishes their duties on the following grounds without any derogation,” the introduction to this Law said.

“Citizens of the Manchurian Empire enjoy personal immunity,” his first article said. “Restrictions on freedom by the authorities are permissible only on the basis of the law.”

How the "freedom and rights of the people" were ensured can be seen from the numerous examples that are given in the book.

On the basis of supreme power, His Majesty the Emperor personally manages the celebrations in the state, as stated in the Law on the Organization of the State.

In the empire of Manchukuo-Di-Go, official large, medium and small holidays were approved.

Big holidays

There were two types: established forever, that is, permanent holidays and extraordinary holidays.

Day of the divine progenitor of Japan Amaterasu-Omikami - July 15 (the last two holidays were sometimes referred to as middle holidays).

Extraordinary holidays were established on the days of great historical events, as well as renovations of the temple.

Middle holidays .

The birthday of His Majesty the Emperor of Manchukuo, now safely reigning, is February 6;

Small holidays .

15th day of each month in memory of the establishment of the Temple of the Foundation of the State;

The new emperor especially liked to make "imperial visits" and "imperial tour of the possessions" of Manchuria, which he made on the orders of the leadership of the Kwantung Army once or twice a year, leaving his capital Xinjing. Four times a year, Pu Yi participated in the established ceremonies: once in a ceremony held at the monument zhongling (Chureito- in Japanese) (“devoted souls”), in honor of Japanese soldiers and officers who died in an aggressive war; the second time - in a ceremony held in the temple jianguo in honor of the fallen soldiers and officers of the puppet army of Manchukuo; the third time - when the birthday of the Japanese emperor was celebrated at the headquarters of the Kwantung Army. This holiday was called tianchang". And, finally, the fourth time - during the annual meeting in the Assistance Society.

Imperial departures were furnished as follows. On the eve of the emperor's departure from the palace, the gendarmerie and police of Changchun, for prevention, arrested "suspicious elements and vagabonds" who allegedly interfered with the imperial inspection. On the second day, police and troops were stationed along the road along which the cortege was to pass. They stood with their backs to the procession on both sides of the street and made sure that people did not walk along the street, did not leave houses and shops, did not look out the windows .. Just before Pu Yi left the palace, the radio station in Chinese and Japanese broadcast throughout the city: "His Imperial Majesty leaves the palace."

The so-called "small imperial exit" was headed by a police car for special purposes, at some distance from it was an open red car with a small flag, in which sat the chief inspector of police. Then followed the emperor's bright red car, accompanied by two motorcyclists on each side. The imperial cortege was closed by many cars that accompanied the Son of Heaven, and his personal guards.

All ceremonies were copied from the Japanese imperial house.

If the emperor went to the Kio-Wa-Kai society to read the next “decree” to the people, or to some special anniversary celebrations and anniversaries, then the road in front of the Assistance Society building and its courtyard were sprinkled with yellow sand. At this time, the employees of the society had to leave their places and go out into the street. The prime minister, who was concurrently the president of Kio-Wa-Kai, with all the numerous officials of the first rank, lined up at the exit to receive the emperor. When Pu Yi drove by, everyone bent in a low bow. The orchestra played the "national anthem" of Manchukuo. The emperor entered the hall, rested a little, then received the ministers. Next to Pu Yi on both sides were the Minister of the Interior, the military attache, the head of security, the personal secretary of Emperor Yoshioka, the master of ceremonies and others. Tables and chairs, tablecloths and everything else were brought in advance from the palace, everything had a special imperial coat of arms in the form of an orchid. The prime minister with all the high-ranking officials saluted the emperor in turn and departed. After such a procedure, to loud music, Pu Yi left the lounge, entered the assembly hall and went straight to the stage. At this time, all those present in the hall had to bow in low bow. The commander of the Kwantung Army, standing in the corner of the stage, bowed to the emperor, the latter nodded his head in response. Having risen to the stage, Pu Yi bowed towards the audience, and only after that everyone could straighten up. Then the emperor read out the “decree” presented by the Minister of the Interior. At the same time, all those in the hall had to stand with their heads down, not raising their eyes from the floor. After reading the decree, the emperor left the hall, accompanied by music and low bows, to the rest room. Meanwhile, officials on special assignments lined up at the exit, preparing to see off the emperor. When Pu Yi left the society building, loudspeakers on the streets announced in two languages: "His Imperial Majesty is returning to the palace." After his return, the radio station broadcast again: "His Imperial Majesty has safely arrived at the palace."

In Manchukuo, the cult of the emperor was actively planted.

The imperial portrait had to hang in every institution, school, military and other organizations in a certain place. For example, in government institutions - in the meeting room, in schools - in the director's office, a kind of altar was arranged, which was fenced off with a curtain, behind it hung a portrait of Pu Yi and a manifesto (As it resembles the People's Republic of China during the "cultural revolution", when each department, every citizen of the country had to have a portrait of Mao Zedong, and the newlyweds before the wedding had to bow a few bows to the portrait or bust of Chairman Mao, and proclaim him a health resort of 10 thousand years, as once close to the Chinese emperor). Everyone who entered this room had to bow in the direction of the portrait of the emperor. In private houses, although there was no special order that it was necessary to hang a portrait of the emperor, but Kio-Wa-Kai without fail distributed a photograph in which the emperor was taken with Wan Rong (at first, Pu Yi’s photograph was called the “imperial image”, then this name was replaced by a more euphonious and familiar to the Japanese, the middle between the Japanese and Chinese word "truthful portrait of the emperor").

In the army and schools, it came to idolatry: every morning on the ruler they beat off a “bow from afar” twice: one bow towards the East, where the “emperor’s dwelling” was located (that is, in Tokyo); the other - in the direction of the city of Changchun, where the palace of the "Emperor of Manchukuo" was located.

All students of Manchurian schools were required to memorize the manifestos of Pu Yi (fortunately, there were six such manifestos in total: Manifesto of accession to the throne of March 1, 1934; Manifesto of instruction to the people on the occasion of the return of the emperor (from Japan - V.U.) dated May 2, 1935; Manifesto to Strengthen the Foundations of Nations, July 15, 1940; manifesto on the present situation of December 8, 1941; Manifesto on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the state of March 1, 1942 (later this manifesto was replaced by the manifesto of accession to the throne); The Abdication Manifesto of August 15, 1945, which was never read aloud to anyone. Schoolchildren, students, soldiers had to know the manifestos by heart, and if they forgot the text or made mistakes, they were punished. On the anniversary of the promulgation of certain manifestos, rallies were held in all schools, institutions, military units, at which the text of the manifesto was read. (And during the period of the “cultural revolution”, the entire adult population had to know the sayings of Mao Zedong from his red “quotation book”, and when the “new instructions of Mao” were published, regular rallies were organized).

For example, in schools this ceremony took place like this. All the teachers and schoolchildren lined up solemnly in front of the podium: the teachers were in front, and the schoolchildren were behind them. Then the head of the school's educational and educational work, wearing white gloves, came out of the building, holding a manifesto high above his head, wrapped in a piece of yellow cloth. Those present bowed in respect. The manager went up to the podium, placed the bundle on the table, then unrolled it, opened the yellow wooden chest, took out the roll with the manifesto, and handed it to the headmaster. The latter, also wearing white gloves, accepted the bundle and, addressing everyone standing at the ceremony, began to read.

THE EMPEROR In 1809 Fourier traveled to Switzerland. This trip was mainly on the business of the company, which was affected by the deplorable results of Napoleon's continental blockade. A plan to crush the power of England, an attempt to deprive her of the opportunity to trade

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11. The Supreme Ruler of Manchukuo Having suffered a defeat in Shanghai, Japan began to strengthen its military-political apparatus in the occupied territory of the three northeastern provinces of China. Back in November 1931, the Council of the League of Nations became aware of the "abduction"

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Manchu-go, Manchuria (Chinese 滿洲國 - State of Manchuria, Chinese 大滿洲帝國 - "Damanzhou-digo" (Great Manchurian Empire)), a puppet state (empire) formed by the Japanese military administration on the territory of Manchuria occupied by Japan; existed from March 9, 1932 to August 19, 1945.
The capital is Xinjing (now Changchun); the last Chinese emperor (from the Manchu Qing dynasty) Pu Yi (Supreme ruler in 1932-1934, emperor from 1934 to 1945) was placed at the head of the state.
The League of Nations refused to recognize Manchukuo, which led Japan to withdraw from the organization in 1934. At the same time, Manchukuo was recognized by 23 of the 80 states of the world that existed at that time.
In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and followed entirely in line with its policy. In 1939, the armed forces of Manchukuo took part in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River (in Japanese historiography - the "Incident at Nomonhan"). During the Soviet-Japanese war, Manchukuo ceased to exist. On August 19, 1945, Emperor Pu Yi was captured in the Mukden airport building by Red Army paratroopers. In 1949, the territory of Manchukuo became part of the PRC.
WIKI
I can not resist reposting this material (a lot of photos):
Pu Yi: Life of an Emperor
The emergence of Manchukuo - Territory and administrative structure - International recognition - Oath of Pu Yi - Emperor of the Great Manchurian Empire - Peaceful fate of Zaifeng - Japanese tutelage - Visits to Japan
New Visit to Japan - Establishment of the Amaterasu Cult in Manchukuo - Economic Growth and Public Holidays -
"Parent Country" - World War II - The Kwantung Army and the Beginning of the End

Japan took over Manchuria in 1931. Pu Yi was 25 at the time. On the initiative of the Fourth Division of the Kwantung Army, on February 23, 1932, the All-Manchurian Assembly was held, declaring the independence of Northeast China. A new state appeared - Manchukuo (滿洲國).

It was a fairly large power with an area of ​​1,165,000 square meters. km. By modern standards, it would take the twenty-sixth largest in the world - between South Africa and Colombia. The population of Manchukuo was 30 million people. Administratively, the country was divided into anto - an ancient Manchu administrative-territorial unit, similar to a province. In 1932, Manchukuo consisted of five anto, as it was during the Qing Dynasty. In 1941, a reform was carried out and the number of antos increased to nineteen. Anto was divided into prefectures.

Also in the structure of Manchukuo there was a special region of Peiman and two special cities - Xingjin (Changchun, the capital of the country) and Harbin. Peiman enjoyed the status of a special region from July 1, 1933 to January 1, 1936. Harbin eventually became part of the province of Binjiang.

Henry Pu Yi is the ruler of Manchukuo. 1932

The League of Nations, based on the Report of a commission led by Victor Bulwer-Lytton, determined that Manchuria was still an integral part of China and refused to recognize the new state, which led to the withdrawal of the Great Japanese Empire or League. Meanwhile, individual states recognized Manchukuo and established diplomatic relations with the Empire. These powers in different years included El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, the USSR (since March 1933, the consulate of Manchukuo-Di-Go worked in Chita), Italy, Spain, Germany, and Hungary. After the outbreak of World War II, Manchukuo was recognized by Slovakia, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Denmark, Croatia, the Chinese regime of Wang Jingwei, Thailand and the Philippines. It is widely believed that the Vatican also established diplomatic ties with Manchukuo, but this is a misconception. Bishop Auguste Gaspé was indeed appointed ad tempus representative of the Holy See and the Catholic Mission to the Government of Manchukuo, but the appointment took place through the Congregation De Propaganda Fide (Propagation of the Faith), and not the Secretariat of State of the Holy See, and Bishop Gaspé did not have diplomatic powers, answering only for missionary work.

Henry Pu Yi, ruler of Manchukuo

Pu Yi the ruler of Manchukuo with members of the government. To the right of Pu Yi is Zheng Xiaoxu, the first prime minister of Manchukuo.

Shortly before the creation of Manchukuo, Pu Yi, during an ancestral worship ceremony, swore an oath during a sacrifice:

“It is hard to look at the disasters experienced by the people for twenty years and be powerless to help them. Now that the people of the three northeastern provinces are giving me support and a friendly power is helping me, the situation in the country is forcing me to take responsibility and come to the defense of the state. When you start something, you cannot know in advance whether it will be successful.
But I remember examples of sovereigns who had to restore their throne in the past. For example, the Jin prince Wen Gong defeated the Qin prince Mugong, the Han emperor Guang Wudi overthrew the emperor Gengshi, the founder of the Shu state defeated Liu Biao and Yuan-nao, the founder of the Ming dynasty defeated Han Lin'er. All of them, in order to fulfill their great mission, had to resort to external help. Now I, covered with shame, want to take on a great responsibility and continue a great cause, no matter how difficult it may be. I want to devote all my strength to the sure salvation of the people, and I will act very carefully.
In front of the graves of my ancestors, I sincerely speak about my desires and ask them for protection and help.
(Based on the book "The Last Emperor", Moscow, Vagrius 2006)

Pu Yi (center), Pu Jie, brother of the former emperor (left), and Rong Qi, friend of Pu Yi, in Changchun
When Pu Yi learned that the Japanese saw him as the head of a new state, he agreed to their proposal. His goal was to restore the lost heritage of the ancestors. However, on March 9, 1932, he received from the Emperor of Japan only the title of Supreme Ruler of Manchuria (in fact, the Japanese governor) with the motto of the reign of Datong (大同), which was for him, not only the rightful heir to the Dragon Throne, but also a descendant of Nurhaci and Abahai, the creators of Manchukuo, the unifiers of the Jurchen tribes, with the deepest disappointment.

The ruler of Manchukuo Pu Yi during a visit to Japan.

Pu Yi the day before the coronation

. Fifth from left - Commander of the Kwantung Army, General Hisikari Takashi. 1934

Pu Yi at the celebrations on the occasion of accession to the throne

Pu Yi at the celebrations on the occasion of accession to the throne

Later, in 1934, the Japanese finally agreed to the adoption of Pu Yi the title of Emperor of Manchukuo, or rather Da-Manzhou-Di-Guo (大滿洲帝國) - the Great Manchurian Empire. In the early morning of March 1, 1934, in Sinuatsun, a suburb of the capital of Manchuo-Guo, Changchun (later renamed Xinjing - "New Capital"), an ancient ceremony was held for the accession of the emperor to the throne. Then, dressed in the uniform of a generalissimo, Pu Yi went to Changchun, where another coronation took place. Pu Yi adopted the throne name and reign motto of Kangde (康德). With all the splendor of the title of Emperor of the Great Manchurian Empire, everyone understood the puppetry of the newly-made emperor, who had no real political power. The Japanese planned to use Pu Yi, including as an agent of influence against China. For fourteen years, from 1932 to 1945, Pu Yi was the puppet ruler of Manchukuo, completely subject to Japan. Pu Yi did not really have his own power. His ministers only reported the state of affairs to their Japanese deputies, who carried out the real management of the ministries. They never came to Pu Yi with reports. Yoshioka Yasunori, a lieutenant general of the Japanese army, who spoke Chinese, became an attaché at the imperial court and an adviser to the Kwantung Army. He was inseparably with the emperor, controlling his every step.

It must be said that Pu Yi's father, the Second Grand Duke Chun Zaifeng, was initially against the proposal of the Japanese and did not support the idea of ​​creating Manchukuo. After the Xinhai Revolution, Zaifeng lived in Beijing, in his Northern Palace. The new leaders of China appreciated his prudence and peaceful relinquishment of power, and Zaifeng lived peacefully in peace surrounded by respect. In 1928, Zaifeng moved to Tianjing, where he lived in the British and Japanese concessions, but after a devastating flood, the former Prince Chun returned to Beijing.

During the reign of Pu Yi in the Manchurian Empire, Zaifeng paid his son three visits, but refused to stay in the new country. After 1949, when the Communists came to power in China, nothing much changed for Zaifeng again. Unless, in order to overcome financial difficulties, the Northern Palace had to be sold to the government. Then, in gratitude for the good attitude, Zaifeng donated his library and art collection to Peking University. Zaifeng did a lot of charity work and participated in public life to the best of his ability. Died on February 3, 1951 in Beijing.

Pu Yi Kangde - Emperor of Manchukuo in the form of Generalissimo

Autographed photograph of Emperor Pu Yi Kangde

Empress Wan Rong after an audience with the Japanese Prince Chichibu, brother of Emperor Hirohito, where the Empress was presented with the award of the Emperor of Japan.

As for Manchukuo-Di-Guo, the actual power here was in the hands of the commander of the Kwantung Army, who simultaneously acted as the ambassador of the Japanese Emperor at the court of the Emperor Kangde. It was the Japanese commander who made all the most important state decisions, and the army of Manchukuo-Di-Go was subordinate to him. At the same time, the only guarantor of the country's independence was the Japanese Kwantung Army. From 1932 to 1945, six people replaced each other in the posts of commander of the Kwantung Army and Japanese ambassador to the Kangde Emperor.
From August 8, 1932 to July 27, 1933 Field Marshal Baron Muto Nobuyoshi commanded the Kwantung Army.
From July 29, 1933 to December 10, 1934 - General Hisikari Takashi.
From December 10, 1934 to March 6, 1936 - General Hiro Minami.
From March 6, 1936 to September 7, 1939 - General Kenkichi Ueda.
From September 7, 1939 to July 18, 1944 - Umezu Yoshijira.
And from July 18, 1944 to August 11, 1945 - General Yamata Otozo.

Henry Pu Yi Kangde - Emperor of Manchukuo



Emperor Aisingioro Pu Yi Kande

Emperor Aisingioro Pu Yi Kande

In April 1935, Pu Yi visited Japan in the status of Emperor of Manchukuo. The fact is that the emperor of Japan sent his brother with congratulations on the occasion of the accession of Pu Yi to the throne. And the command of the Kwantung Army recommended that Pu Yi pay a return visit to Tokyo as a token of gratitude. Pu Yi met with Emperor Hirohito, participated in various ceremonial events, watched the exercises of the Japanese naval forces. Prior to this, Pu Yi had made a trip to Japan in 1934 when he was introduced to the Empress Dowager. With her, the Emperor of Manchukuo maintained constant contact throughout his reign, warm, trusting relations were established between them, they constantly exchanged letters.

Emperor Pu Yi Kande with Japanese Emperor Hirohito during a visit to Japan. April 1935.

Emperor Pu Yi Kande with Japanese Emperor Hirohito during a visit to Japan. April 9, 1935.

Henry Pu Yi Kangde - Emperor of Manchukuo, on the cover of Time weekly

The second visit of Pu Yi to Japan in the status of Emperor of Manchukuo took place in May 1940. This trip lasted only eight days. During this visit, Pu Yi received the official consent of the Emperor of Japan to introduce the cult of the Japanese progenitor goddess Amaterasu Omikami into Manchukuo. Upon his return to Changchun, Pu Yi ordered the construction of the Temple of Strengthening the Foundations of the Nation near his palace, in which the cult of Amaterasu Omikami was sent. The Chamber of Worship specially established for this purpose was headed by the former chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, Hashimoto Toranosuke. Sacrifices were made every month, on the first and fifteenth, with the participation of the emperor, senior officials and the command of the Kwantung Army. On July 15, 1940, the cult of the Shinto deity was officially approved in Manchukuo by the manifesto of Emperor Kande "On strengthening the foundations of the nation."

Emperor Pu Yi Kande at the Tokyo Station with Emperor Hirohito. May 1940.

Emperor Pu Yi Kande. Solemn temple ceremony.<

Emperor Pu Yi Kande greets Prince Takamatsu, brother of Japan's Emperor Hirohito, during celebrations marking the 10th anniversary of his accession to the throne.

Emperor Pu Yi Kande. Rain.

Emperor Pu Yi Kangde with Lieutenant General Chu Kudo, Chamberlain of the Court and Imperial Adjutant. 1940s.

The indigenous population of Manchukuo reacted with hostility to the new foreign cult. The emperor himself admitted in his memoirs that before each sacrifice he performed the ritual of ancestor worship and mentally told himself that he would bow not to Amaterasu, but to the Beijing Kunningun Palace.

Standard of the Emperor of Manchukuo

State flag of Manchukuo

State Emblem of Manchukuo

State seals of Emperor Pu Yi

National anthem of Manchukuo.

Meanwhile, cooperation with Japan has also brought positive results. Thanks to Japanese investment in Manchukuo, agriculture and heavy industry developed rapidly, and the extraction of iron ore and coal increased. The indicators of steel and iron smelting went up.

Public holidays in Manchukuo were declared: March 1 - Foundation Day of Manchukuo Di-Go; February 7 - Emperor's birthday; April 20 - Day of Prayer for the Harvest; January 1 - New Year; July 15 - Day of the progenitor goddess Amaterasu Omikami.

Imperial Guard of Manchukuo

View of the main street of Changchun during the Manchukuo era

The building of the State Council of Manchukuo. 1939

The building of the Central Bank of Manchukuo. 1939

Manchukuo Telegraph and Telephone Company

Manchukuo Coal Industrial Company

Xinjing First Hospital (Changchun)

Naturally, Manchukuo was forced to make an alliance with Japan. Moreover, the Japanese insisted that in Manchu documents and official publications, Japan should not be called an ally, but the "parent country" of Manchukuo. Pu Yi was forced to support Japan in the war against China that had been going on since 1937 and in the war against the United States and Britain that had begun in 1941. Manchukuo regularly declared war on the countries with which Japan was at war. In 1939, Manchukuo acceded to the Anti-Commintern Pact signed by Japan, Italy and Germany in 1936.

Postage stamp of Manchukuo

Map of Manchukuo (3.35 MB, Chinese)

Government of Manchukuo (photo taken before 1942):
First row, left to right: Yu Zhishan (于芷山), Minister of War; Xie Jishi (谢介石), Ambassador to the Great Japanese Empire; Xi Qia (熙洽), head of the Imperial Household Office;
Zhang Jinghui (张景惠), Prime Minister; Zang Shii (臧式毅), Chairman of the Senate; Lü Ronghuan (吕荣寰), Minister of Civil Affairs.
Second row, left to right: Ding Jianxiu (丁鉴修), Minister of Industry; Li Shaogeng (李绍庚), Minister of Transportation; Yuan Jinkai (袁金铠), Minister of the Court; Ruan Zhendo (阮振铎), Minister of Education; Zhang Yanqing (张燕卿), Minister of Foreign Affairs.

During the reign of Pu Yi in Manchuria, the Japanese forced Pu Jie's brother, who was studying at a Japanese military school, to marry a Japanese woman, Ms. Saga Hiro. Pu Yi was also offered to marry a Japanese woman, but he suspected that they wanted to put a spy on him under the guise of a wife, and in 1937 he took a second wife, a Manchu girl named Tan Yu-Ling (谭玉龄, 1920 - 1942), which means "Jade Years". However, Tan Yu-Ling died five years after her marriage, and Pu Yi blamed the Japanese for poisoning her. As happened before in the Forbidden City, the Japanese gave the emperor photographs of several girls, and in 1943 Pu Yi remarried a Manchu girl who had been brought up in a Japanese school. Her name was Li Yuqin (李玉琴, 1928 - 2001), meaning "Jade Lute". The emperor had not lived with her since the day he abdicated the throne of Manchukuo, but they officially divorced only in 1958.

Tan Yu-Ling, Emperor's Consort

Li Yuqin, Emperor's Consort

Emperor's brother Pu Jie and his Japanese consort Saga Hiro

In the last years of his reign, despite the fact that the traditional religion of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty was Confucianism, Pu Yi began to lean towards Buddhism. During this period, he became a committed vegetarian; in the spirit of the teachings of the Buddha, forbade killing any living creatures in the palace, up to mice and flies. Pu Yi, removed from state affairs by the Japanese, fell into mysticism, became interested in divination and meditation, during which it was forbidden to make noise in the palace. Exhausted by his own position as a hostage, deprived of power, feeling the impending disaster, Pu Yi gradually turned into a domestic tyrant. Physical punishment of servants became the norm for the imperial palace in Changchun. When one of the servant boys, who was trying to escape from the palace, was caught and died from beatings, Pu Yi was only afraid that the soul of the slain might not find rest and begin to take revenge on him. Several days were devoted to prayers for the repose of the soul of the deceased servant. So lived Pu Yi, the Emperor of Manchukuo, deprived of power, protected from the outside world by the Japanese authorities. Over time, the command of the Kwantung Army was not up to the Manchu emperor. The military position of the Kwantung Army in the war with the USSR became more and more difficult every day.

Media materials:

1. Video about the palace of the emperor of Manchukuo in Changchun.
   
2. Manchukuo. Documentary film from 1938.
   

manchukuo

MANCHZHOU-GO (Manchurian state) in 1932-45 a puppet state created by the Japanese imperialists in the territory of the North-East. China - Manchuria. In August 1945, the Soviet Army liberated the North-East. China from the Japanese occupiers, which put an end to the existence of Manchukuo.

Manchukuo

(Manchurian state), a puppet state created by the Japanese imperialists in the territory of Northeast China - Manchuria and existed from March 1932 to August 1945. It was subjected to colonial exploitation and used as a military springboard for aggression against the rest of the territory of China, the USSR and the MPR. Territory M.-g. ≈ over 1 million km2. The population is about 30 million people. The capital is the city of Changchun, renamed Xinjing ("New Capital"). On the night of September 18-19, 1931, Japan, provocatively accusing the Chinese of destroying the track of the South Manchurian Railway belonging to it in the Shenyang (Mukden) region, sent troops into the territory of Northeast China. The Chinese troops, following the order of the Kuomintang government, offered no resistance. As a result, over the course of several months, Japan almost unimpededly took possession of the entire territory of the three northeastern provinces of China (in 1934 also the province of Rehe) and created a puppet administration there, which in March 1932 proclaimed the creation of an "independent" M.-g. The supreme ruler ("ruler-regent") M.-g. became the last emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty (ruled in China in 1644-1911; formal abdication ≈ February 1912) Pu Yi, associated with Japanese intelligence. On March 1, 1934, he was proclaimed Emperor M.-g. With all the affairs of M.-g. in fact, Japanese advisers and officials who occupied most of the responsible posts were in charge. A large role in the ideological indoctrination of the population was played by the society they created, the Sekhehoi (“Consent Society”), which intensively propagated the ideas of “Japan's great mission in Asia”. In M.-g. a military-police regime was established. During the occupation of Northeast China, the Japanese militarists increased the strength of the part of the Kwantung Army stationed in M.-g. from 12,000 to 780,000 men (the army of the puppet state was increased to 170,000 men), created a system of fortified regions on the border with the USSR , built a network of strategic highways and railways, airfields and other military installations. From the territory of M.-g. During 1933-1939, Japan repeatedly staged military provocations against the USSR and the MPR, including major provocations in 1938 in the area of ​​Lake Khasan and in 1939 in the area of ​​the Khalkhin-Gol River. It plundered the natural wealth of Northeast China, created various enterprises for the extraction and processing of natural raw materials, the production of iron, steel, and synthetic fuel for its military needs. A low-price agricultural supply system and labor conscription were introduced. The best lands were handed over to the Japanese colonists. Severe exploitation and police orders provoked resistance from the local population. Since 1932, numerous partisan detachments have been operating, which in 1935 were united into the Northeast United Anti-Japanese Army, headed by the Chinese Communists. However, by 1941, most of the partisan detachments were defeated by the Japanese. Korean partisan detachments also operated in the areas bordering Korea. In August 1945, at the final stage of the Second World War of 1939–45, Northeast China was liberated from the Japanese occupiers by the Soviet Army, which put an end to the existence of M.-G. ═Lit.: Sapozhnikov B. G., The Sino-Japanese War and Japan's Colonial Policy in China (1937≈194)

M., 1970; Pu Yi, The first half of my life, translated from Chinese, M., 1968.

V. P. Ilyushechkin.

Wikipedia

Manchukuo

Manchu-go, Manchuria (, State of Manchuria- a puppet state formed by the Japanese military administration on the territory of Manchuria occupied by Japan; existed from March 1, 1932 to August 19, 1945. It bordered on the Empire of Japan, the Mongolian People's Republic, the USSR, Mengjiang and the Republic of China.

The capital is Xinjing; the last Chinese emperor (from the Manchu Qing dynasty) Pu Yi (Supreme ruler in 1932 - 1934, emperor from 1934 to 1945) was placed at the head of the state.

In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and followed entirely in line with its policy. In 1939, the armed forces of Manchukuo participated in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River. During the Soviet-Japanese war, Manchukuo ceased to exist. On August 19, 1945, Emperor Pu Yi was captured at Fengtian Airport by Red Army paratroopers. In 1949, the territory of Manchukuo became part of the PRC.

Examples of the use of the word manchukuo in literature.

The provocative actions of the Japanese military were accompanied by a loud campaign in the Japanese press and Manchukuo directed against the Mongolian People's Republic and the Soviet Union.

There was the palace of the puppet emperor Manchukuo, protege of the Japanese Henry Pu Yi.

The book provides extensive reference material on the state of the Japanese armed forces. Compared with the first edition, the handbook has been significantly updated and supplemented, especially in terms of describing the technical branches of the military. The tactical section of the handbook has been supplemented with a description of the division's actions. The book is intended for the command and command personnel of the cadre and reserve of the Red Army.

Sections of this page:

Annex 3

The distribution of brigades by district and the total strength of the army are given in the following table.

The troops of the guards of Pu-Yi and the capital (Xinjiang) were included in the troops of the 2nd district.

There are no special engineering (sapper) units, properly trained and staffed, in the Manchukuo army. According to press reports, in a number of districts (1st, 2nd, 3rd), special sapper detachments were formed from soldiers and officers dismissed from the army to serve the Japanese military construction.

Signal troops are represented in the form of separate companies at some district headquarters; they have means of wireless, wire and pigeon communication.

The army by states should have up to 450 heavy and up to 1,000 light machine guns. At present, this number is not yet available, while the approximate number of machine guns in the army is 50-60% of their regular number. Artillery is still available in the form of separate mountain batteries in the 1st district (about one per brigade) and several separate artillery battalions (2 batteries, 4 guns each) at the headquarters of the districts. There are no modern technical means of combat (aviation, armored units, etc.) in the army, and their formation is not expected.

Small arms - Japanese Arisaka rifle (6.5 mm); armament of the army with these rifles ends.

Combat training of the army. In the army as a whole, despite the reorganization and increase in the number of Japanese instructors, no noticeable shifts in combat training have been noted so far. The military units, which for the most part have only practice and skills in conducting guerrilla operations (their fight against the Japanese troops as part of the troops of Ma, Ding-Chao, the fight against guerrillas), have so far received little or almost no training in actions in today's difficult conditions. However, it must be borne in mind that Japanese instructors are intensively putting together new parts of Manchukuo and increasing the combat training of the army. This is evidenced by the following facts:

a) live firing, tactical exercises, etc. are periodically held in a number of units;

b) in mid-October 1934, in the Xinjiang-Girin area, maneuvers were carried out with the participation of the 1st cavalry brigade and other units of the "pacification army" (from the 1st district); along with this, gymnastics and sports are being intensively introduced into the army (by Japanese officers).

The inclusion of light machine gun squads in companies and squadrons allows us to conclude that Japanese instructors will introduce the army to the basics of group tactics.

Political and moral state. The Manchukuo army as a whole is not yet a reliable tool in the hands of the Japanese command; to fight the partisans, it uses it very carefully and in all expeditions against the partisans reinforces parts of Manchukuo with Japanese troops. The mass of soldiers, despite a number of "purges", is largely anti-Japanese and is still poorly provided for; therefore, desertion takes place in the army, the departure of soldiers to the partisans. Anti-Japanese sentiments are also strong among the rank and file officers.

However, the Japanese command is already taking serious measures to increase the political stability of the army and turn it into a more reliable force in the hands of Japan. Along with the continued withdrawal of "unreliable" soldiers and officers from the ranks of the army, soldiers from the wealthy sections of the countryside are being recruited into the army. Each volunteer must present a guarantee from the authorities or persons who know him. The officer corps of the Chinese army is under the constant control of Japanese advisers and instructors. The latter, in essence, are the heads of headquarters and military units, and the Chinese officers play the role of their assistants.

Finally, a more systematic treatment of soldiers in the spirit of the Wandao idea (“fair”, “virtuous”, etc. role of Japan in Manchukuo) is being introduced in the army. For this purpose, special "propaganda" committees headed by Japanese officers have been created; they periodically make trips in parts, read patriotic lectures to the soldiers, show films of the same kind (“Coronation of Pu-Yi”), etc.

In conclusion, it must be said that the Manchukuo army is beginning to change its old, semi-feudal appearance and former social composition, and is gradually turning into an increasingly pliable tool in the hands of Japanese imperialism.

Taking into account the great opportunities for the operational use of the Sungarian military flotilla, the Japanese command took measures to study the Manchurian river theater and to increase the combat capability of the Sungarian flotilla.

In April 1933, a central body was created - the "Manchukuo Maritime Administration" in Xinjing, headed by the head of the department, directly subordinate to the emperor (in his practical activities, he is led by the chief of the naval general staff and the maritime ministry of Japan). The head of department was given a headquarters consisting of the chief of staff, the flagship mechanic, the flagship quartermaster and a number of other specialists and employees. The task of the "Naval Administration" is to organize and manage the sea and river defense of Manchukuo.

The moment of the organization of the "Manchukuo Maritime Administration" should be considered the beginning of the accelerated construction of the military river forces of Manchukuo.

A shipbuilding program was developed, including the construction of 2 gunboats of 200 tons, 6 gunboats of 60 tons and approx. 20 boats of 10-15 tons.

In the spring of 1933, the Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company acquired a shipyard owned by Skoda in Harbin, and 1,500,000 yen was allocated for the refurbishment and expansion of the shipyard. At this shipyard, small tonnage gunboats and boats were built. Large tonnage gunboats were built at the Kawaski shipyards in Japan (in Kobe), from where they were brought disassembled to Harbin, where they were assembled, armed and launched.

The press does not provide complete data on the ship composition of the Manchukuo military river forces, but it can be assumed that at present the ship composition is approximately presented in the following form.

gunboats constitute the main combat core of the military river forces. Three of them are old gunboats repaired after the 1929 conflict; they are armed with 1-2 guns and several machine guns. The remaining two gunboats are the newest and most powerful ships of the Manchukuo Navy. According to press reports, the gunboats Shun-Ten and Yang-Ming, built in 1934, have the following tactical data: displacement - 290 tons, speed - 12 knots, armed with several long-range naval and anti-aircraft guns and machine guns. These gunboats were built in Japan at the Kawasaki shipyards, disassembled and transported to Harbin, where they were assembled and finished with weapons. The new gunboats are built according to the latest shipbuilding technology, using electric welding methods, they have good equipment, radio equipment and searchlights.

Armed steamers are armed with 1-2 small-caliber guns and several machine guns.

Armored boats are armed with one 15-cm mortar and 2-3 machine guns.

Armed boats with a displacement of 10 to 15 tons, armed with 1-2 machine guns.

In addition, the command of the Sungari military flotilla has several auxiliary river vessels for various purposes and barges at its disposal.

According to the foreign press, several gunboats and boats for the Manchukuo River Flotilla are currently under construction at the Kawasaki shipyards (in Japan) and in Harbin.

Basing of the Sungarian flotilla. The main rear base of the Sungari River Flotilla is the city of Harbin, where military depots, construction and repair facilities are concentrated, which fully meet the needs of the flotilla.

The main operational base of the flotilla is the city of Fugdin, where in the summer of 1934 a branch of the flotilla headquarters was organized and where a number of institutions and workshops were transferred to serve the flotilla.

Currently, construction work is being carried out to equip the Fugda river port to prepare it for the full satisfaction of the needs of the flotilla.

In addition, the expansion and equipment of the river port in Jiamusi is being carried out with the calculation of basing part of the flotilla in it.

Personnel. Simultaneously with the growth of the naval composition of the military river forces of Manchukuo, there is a continuous replenishment of them and personnel. Enlistment of the rank and file occurs through the recruitment of volunteers from the Chinese and Japanese, the latter being in a more privileged position.

In order to provide the most reliable personnel for the personnel of the Sungarian flotilla, the Japanese command practices the systematic relocation to Manchuria of demobilized sailors of the Japanese fleet and reserve sailors, whom it recruits for service on ships of the river flotilla, providing them with a number of benefits. As a result of these measures, most of the non-commissioned officers and specialists of the ships of the river flotilla are Japanese.

The officer corps consists of Japanese active duty officers and Chinese - officers of the former river police service and who previously served on the ships of the Sungarian flotilla under Zhang Xue Liang.

For the training of personnel in Harbin, a naval school was organized, after which some of the cadets are sent to Japan to the navigation school, and some sign for the ships of the flotilla.

On the ships of the river forces of Manchukuo there are Japanese officers as instructors and advisers.

Combat training. Until now, the flotilla has not conducted planned combat training due to participation in punitive expeditions against partisans and hunghuz, as well as continuous guard and security service in areas most susceptible to attack by partisans and hunghuz, and at the mouths of the Sungari and Ussuri rivers.

The ships of the military river forces of Manchukuo sail along the Amur, Sungari, Ussuri, Nonni and Argun rivers. In 1934, part of the ships of the flotilla passed along the river. Sungach to Lake Khanka, opening a new waterway, little explored to date.

In addition to the Sungarian flotilla, there is a Japanese guard detachment of marines in Harbin, which has several river armed vessels (boats); the detachment operates in constant contact with the flotilla.

Scheme Airfield network of Japan, Korea and Manchuria

Symbols:

Existing wish. roads

Railroads under construction roads

Designed railroads roads

Car roads

Narrow gauge railways roads

Air bases

Permanent airfields

Temporary airfields and landing sites

Air lines

Note.

1) Permanent aerodromes include those whose use takes place over a long period, and the presence at the aerodrome of long-term structures intended for storage, repair and other needs related to the activities of aviation units.

2) Temporary airfields and landing sites should mean those land plots on which there are 1 - 2 hangars and semi-permanent structures (gasoline storage facilities and small repair depots).

Manchukuo or the Manchurian state, created by the Japanese in the territory of Northeast China. It did not last long - from March 1932 to August 1945. Manchuria was used by the invaders as a military springboard for aggression against the Soviet Union, China and the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR). The territory of Manchuria was over a million square kilometers, about 30 million people lived on it. The capital of the new state was the city of Chachuan, renamed Xinjing by the invaders.

In 1931, on the night of September 18-19, Japan accused the Chinese of destroying its railway track. The provocation allowed Japan to send troops into Northeast China. The troops of the Celestial Empire, following the orders of the Kuomintang, did not put up any resistance.

As a result, in a short time, Japan easily captured the territories of three northeastern provinces of China (later, in 1934, it annexed the fourth province of Rehe). Militaristic Japan created a puppet administration in the seized territories and proclaimed the independence of Manchukuo.

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Pu Yi, became the ruler-regent or supreme ruler of Manchuria (his dynasty formally abdicated in February 1912). He had good connections with Japanese intelligence.

On March 1, 1934, Pu Yi became Emperor of Manchukuo, but in reality, Japanese advisers and officials led him. They occupied almost all places in the administrative apparatus.

In Manchuria, the Sehekhoy ("Consent Society") society was established to intensify the propaganda indoctrination of rivals. The society promoted the idea of ​​"Japan's great mission in Asia". In the newly minted state, the Japanese established a military-police regime. The number of divisions of the Kwantung Army during the occupation of Northeast China increased from 12 thousand to 780 thousand people, the Manchurian army itself was brought to 170 thousand. Human. The Japanese and the inhabitants of Manchuria were engaged in strengthening the borders with the Soviet Union, developing infrastructure. On the borders with the USSR, a system of fortified regions was created with a network of highways and railways, airfields and various other military installations.

The territory of Manchuria was repeatedly used by Japan for provocations against the MPR and the USSR. Including a major provocation near Lake Khasan in 1939. From the territory of the puppet state, militaristic Japan plundered the regions of Northeast China. She created many enterprises for processing the extracted raw materials: cast iron, steel, synthetic fuel. A system of cheap supplies of agricultural products has been introduced in Manchukuo. To reduce the cost of labor in the state there was labor service. The best lands went to the colonists. Such exploitation and unfair division of the land irritated the population and forced them to resist. Since 1932, a huge number of partisan detachments have been operating in Manchukuo. Later, in 1935, they united in an anti-Japanese army led by the Chinese Communists. Unfortunately, most of the detachments were defeated by regular Japanese troops by 1941. In August 1945, the Soviet army managed to liberate Northeast China from the Japanese invaders.