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Switzerland

35. However, a number of countries strongly oppose regularization (Australia, Canada, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Japan). Opponents of the regularization policy argue that this procedure itself is an incentive to increase the number of illegal immigrants in the future. Moreover, these programs undermine the foundations of the existing legal system. Also, the principle of social justice is violated. Legal migrants have to stand in long queues and go through complex bureaucratic procedures. From this point of view, in countries with frequent regularizations, it is easier to obtain the status of a permanent or temporary resident by following the path of an illegal migrant. At the same time, it should be noted that in Western Europe and the United States, regularization programs enjoy fairly wide support from the population, which sees a greater threat in the existence of illegal migration than in the legalization of migrants already living in the country. 2

36. As practice shows, effective measures to combat illegal migration are international agreements, in particular, on joint border protection, the fight against organized crime, readmission, etc.

37. The fight against illegal migration should be initiated not only by state authorities, but also come from “below”. Perhaps that is why in Switzerland, where illegal migration is being fought from the level of local communities, this problem has been largely resolved. On the other hand, the accession to the European Union of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe will provide an example of the most massive amnesty for illegal migrants. During the day, thousands of Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians legalize their stay in Germany, Italy, Denmark and other countries.

2 Chernyshova O. (2002), Legislative Amnesties for Illegal Immigrants: Could Western Experience Be Useful for Russia? In collection: G. Vitkovskaya, ed. (2002), Immigration Policy of Western Countries: Alternatives for Russia, Moscow.

GOALS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. The goal of immigration policy in the Russian Federation is to promote sustainable growth of the country's economy, social justice and empowerment of Russians through the regulation of migration processes. Immigration policy presupposes: conducting effective border control and visa regime in order to prevent migration of persons undesirable for the Russian society; attracting to the country those foreigners who can benefit the Russian economy and society; promoting the integration and naturalization of immigrants.

2. The need to develop a modern immigration policy is dictated not only by the requirement to solve the accumulated problems associated with migration processes in the past, but also by the expected prospects for the development of Russia.

Demographic trends... The development prospects of the demographic situation make economically viable development of replacement migration, i.e. migration that compensates for the decline in the size of the entire population or individual groups of the population of working age. Without stimulating replacement migration, even taking into account a possible increase in the birth rate, the number of Russia will decline by 2025, and in 2050 will drop to the level of 1937 and will barely exceed 100 million people. This value is less than the prospective population of Iran or Vietnam, and is approximately equal to the population of Turkey. The population of most regions of the Russian Federation will decrease. By 2025, the most significant population decline - by more than 1/3 - should be expected in the Far Eastern Federal District. The population of the Northwestern Federal District will decrease by 20%. Only in the Southern Federal District significant changes in population are not expected. As a result demographic aging the proportion of people over the age of 60 will increase from 18% in 2000 to 26% in 2025 and 38% in 2050. Changes in the quantitative ratios between generations in favor of older people will have a strong impact on the development of the labor market, the social security and health care system, economic development in general. The influx of migrants to a certain extent can slow down the process of demographic aging.

Economic forces... First of all, we are talking about how to fully benefit for the country from international migration in the era

globalization. Human capital today is the most important factor in economic growth, which implies an increase in investment in education and science in the future. However, the training of highly qualified personnel at the national level, even in highly developed countries, does not have time to meet the growing needs of various sectors of the economy. International migration of specialists is one of the essential sources of increasing human capital. This circumstance pushes many developed countries to reform migration policies and move from a policy of strict control of migration to a policy of flexible management of migration processes in order to attract specialists. A competitive struggle for highly skilled labor has developed between developed countries, and the task of Russia is not to lose in this struggle. At the same time, the Russian economy, unlike most developed countries, experiences a shortage of unskilled labor, which cannot be fully covered by domestic resources. In addition, in a country with a vast territory, undeveloped resources and a large population, there are conditions for the development of self-employment of immigrants. Thus, immigration can and should contribute to the economic development of the country.

National security... The threat of international terrorism and the rapid internationalization of crime in the era of globalization require effective control over immigration flows in close cooperation with other countries of the world;

Humanitarian factors. The policy and measures of assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons should be commensurate with the capabilities of the state and aimed at those who really need this assistance;

Foreign policy interests. The regulation of migration processes is an integral part of the development of international cooperation, primarily with the CIS countries, the European Union, and the PRC.

Immigration policy principles

3. Immigration policy must strictly comply with the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; other laws of the Russian Federation; bilateral international agreements, international treaties and conventions signed and ratified by Russia.

4. Immigration policy should not provide any exclusive advantages and privileges for foreigners in relation to the indigenous population of the country. Otherwise, social tension in society will increase, xenophobia will spread, and the emigration outflow of the population will increase.

5. Carrying out an immigration policy is impossible without a well-established and open system of registration of migration movement and foreign population. Primary information about the migration movement should be developed by the Federal Migration Service, the State Committee on Statistics (Goskomstat), the Ministry of Labor (labor immigration), and the Ministry of Education (educational immigration). The best source of data on foreign population can only be a centralized register of foreign population in Russia. The components of this system for collecting and storing data should be a register of educational immigrants, a register of labor immigrants, refugee registers, and local registers of foreign populations. In order to obtain information promptly, selective (5%) processing of migration cards should be carried out.

6. Based on the lessons of the past and the experience of other countries of the world, immigration policy should meet the following requirements:

- selection criteria must be clear to immigrants and those conducting it

- relocation and legitimization of an immigrant should not be overwhelmed by unnecessary procedures, measures, conditions, etc., since this lengthens the decision-making on immigration, and ultimately, has a negative effect in the form of an increase in illegal immigration and corruption;

- the rules of immigration policy should not change often, since both immigrants and employers make certain plans for the future;

- immigration policy should be provided with financial and material resources, professional staff;

- the goals and directions of the policy should be fully and in an accessible form presented in the mass media.

7. Immigration policy should be differentiated depending on the category of migrants, on the goals and duration of their stay in Russia. The main objects in the field of regulation of immigration flows and integration should be the following categories of immigrants: permanent immigrants (settlers), temporary migrants, refugees and forced migrants.

8. Immigration policy should be consistent with other directions of state policy, in particular with social policy, employment and labor relations policy, public security policy, foreign policy of the state. Immigration acts as an additional, not the main method for solving problems of the labor market, social security, demographic development, etc.

9. When developing a migration policy, the prospects for Russia's integration with other states should be taken into account.

10. Migration policy should be coordinated at the federal and regional levels. Regions can initiate the implementation or refusal to implement certain immigration programs.

Institutions

11. The mechanism for implementing migration policy should be based on the principle of separation of powers. The Federal Migration Service within the Ministry of Internal Affairs should be responsible for the direct implementation of immigration legislation (immigration control on the territory of the Russian Federation, monitoring the legality of foreigners' stay in Russia, issuing residence permits, considering applications for visa extensions and changes in status, combating illegal migration ); Passport and Visa Office - for the registration of foreigners. Other ministries and departments should take an active part in the implementation of certain areas of migration policy: GUBEP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (combating economic crimes, collection and operational exchange of information), the Federal Border Service (immigration control at the borders of Russia); Ministry of Labor (work permits and licensing of firms using foreign labor, labor certification, lists of surplus and scarce occupations); Ministry of Foreign Affairs (issuing visas to foreign citizens); Federal Security Service (fight against terrorism, collection of information and exchange of operational information); Ministry of Education (Study Immigration). The FMS should coordinate the activities of all structures providing immigration policy.

12. The country should be a body has been established to oversee the implementation of immigration laws. The functions of this body should include, in particular, the analysis of the activities of migration institutions, as well as consideration of complaints regarding violations of the law by government officials.

This body must be independent and report directly to the President of the Russian Federation.

13. The results of the work of departments in the field of immigration policy should be presented to the Parliament of the Russian Federation annually and published in the open press.

14. In order to facilitate the implementation of migration policy and the formation of a tolerant attitude towards immigrants, the country should consistently pursue a policy of combating all forms of nationalism and discrimination on religious, racial and other grounds.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMMIGRATION POLICY

Resettlement to Russia

1. One of the main components of the immigration policy in the Russian Federation should be a policy aimed at the development of permanent immigration, i.e. relocation to a permanent place of residence. Such a policy will accelerate the implementation of the aspirations of those foreigners who want to live in Russia and be its full citizens, will facilitate the process of family reunification, attracting qualified specialists and investors (economic immigrants) to the country.

2. When developing this component of immigration policy, one should use the experience gained by countries of classical immigration (Australia, Canada, USA) in the field of organizing international relocations.

3. It is assumed that it will be possible to apply for the status of immigrants at the embassies of the Russian Federation, and on the territory of the Russian Federation - at the local offices of the FMS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

4. To implement the resettlement program, it is necessary in Russia:

- Amend the laws on the procedure for families leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, the law “On the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation”;

- Develop a new law "On Immigration" that defines the rules of the immigration process, the rights and obligations of immigrants, their integration into Russian society;

- To approve the main categories of potential migrants: family reunification, economic immigrants, refugees. In the law "On Immigration" to define each category of immigrants, the rules for resettlement of persons belonging to this category, differences in the status of immigrants of different categories;

- To legalize the situation of those who actually moved to Russia and live on its territory without serious violations of Russian legislation;

- Develop measures to promote the accelerated integration of permanent immigrants;

- Divide the powers of Federal and regional authorities in the field of regulation of permanent immigration;

- Develop targeted state and regional programs for permanent immigration and resettlement of immigrants.

3. Immigrants from the moment they enter the territory of Russia must obtain an unlimited residence permit and the status of a permanent resident of the Russian Federation. They have all the rights and bear all the obligations stipulated by the Constitution for Russian citizens. They can be drafted into the military, vote as voters, and work in government offices. Unlike Russian citizens, immigrants may be limited in the right to stand for elections in all, except for local, government bodies, as well as to hold a number of government positions. At the same time, the obligation to preserve his place of residence in Russia, declared upon receipt of immigrant status, means that in case of leaving the country for a long time, the immigrant must confirm his intention to be a permanent resident of the Russian Federation upon returning.

Economic immigration

4. The economic immigration program should consist of three parts and accordingly include three categories of immigrants. The first (main) part of the program should be aimed at attracting people with a high level of education and qualifications to the country; the second - to attract entrepreneurs and businessmen(business immigration). Unlike most developed countries, it is recommended to introduce a third category of economic migrants “unskilled workers” for industries experiencing a shortage of labor (by analogy with the sixth preferential category in US immigration law).

5. As a method for selecting immigrants who come to Russia under the economic program, it is recommended to use the Canadian point system, which takes into account the professional and personal characteristics of immigrants and is adapted to Russian conditions (Table 12). Distinctive features

the proposed system in comparison with the Canadian system of scoring are a higher proportion of points for language proficiency and for the ability to adapt.

6. All persons wishing to obtain immigrant status must undergo selection. However, the total points to be scored will be different for each category of economic immigrant. In addition, all economic immigrants (with the exception of investors) must meet the following requirements: (1) have a certain (for example, 1 year) work experience that corresponds to the level of education received; (2) have enough money to support their family in Russia.

7. The economic and family immigration program is focused on independent immigrants. They don't get any advantages for

compared with the indigenous population. Table 12.

Diploma, certificate of higher education

Doctorate, master's or master's degree and more than 15 years
learning

Completed tertiary education, bachelor's level degree and 14 years
learning

Incomplete higher education and 12 years of study

Diploma, certificate of special and professional
education

Diploma, certificate of graduation from technical school or three years
vocational education and 13 years of study

Diploma, professional education certificate and 11 years
learning

Diploma, certificate of professional education and 10 years
learning

Certificate of complete secondary education

Knowledge of the Russian language	Maximum 24

Excellent knowledge of the language (the ability to speak, understand,


Good knowledge of the language (the ability to speak, understand,


Satisfactory knowledge of the language (the ability to speak is assessed,


Insufficient knowledge

experience	Maximum 14









	Maximum 10

21-40 at the time of submission of documents

Minus two points for ages over 40 and under 21

Availability of work in Russia	Maximum 10

Adaptability	Maximum 18

Higher or secondary specialized education of a spouse

Experience in Russia

Two or more years of study at higher educational institutions in Russia

The presence of relatives in Russia

	Maximum 100

8. At the same time, business immigrants must meet additional conditions:

- investors must make investments in the Russian economy in the amount established by the government of the Russian Federation and create new jobs;

- entrepreneurs must make investments in the enterprise they intend to manage in the amount established by the government of the Russian Federation. They can obtain immigrant status within three years after the assessment of the development of the enterprise, carried out by representatives of the migration service.

- self-employed must have some experience in the sector

means to open this case. It is assumed that this category of immigrants will establish small service businesses and farms in rural areas.

9. Unskilled immigrants must have job offers in sectors of the economy and in enterprises with a labor shortage.

10. The program of economic immigration and resettlement of immigrants must be coordinated at the Federal and regional levels. Regions can initiate targeted programs to attract immigrants, for example, for agricultural relocation or work in the Far North, with the involvement of their own resources for the implementation of these programs. National entities of the Russian Federation can make additions to the point grading system (for example, assessing the level of knowledge, in addition to the Russian language, the language of an autonomous republic or region).

Family reunification

11. The family reunification immigration program has both humanitarian and economic goals. As world experience shows, immigrants of this category integrate into social life faster than others.

12. The main criterion for selecting immigrants is whether they have relatives in Russia. In the absence of sufficient funds from the immigrant himself, relatives must ensure his residence in Russia (housing, financial support) for a certain period of time.

13. The following categories of relatives can apply for immigrant status under the family reunification program:

Wives and husbands

Parents;

- Disabled and unmarried children;

- Grandparents;

- Minor brothers, sisters, nephews, nieces, grandchildren, if they are orphans.

14. Other related categories (able-bodied and married children, brothers, sisters, grandchildren) are taken into account in the point system of the economic immigration program.

15. Marriage is not a ground for immediate permanent resident status. In order to prevent fictitious marriages, this status must be granted at least one year after the marriage was contracted.

INTRODUCTION

From the very first day of its existence, the United States of America has been a country of migrants, and American history knows periods when more people entered the country than lived on its territory in half a century. Perhaps this is why the US Constitution does not provide for any restrictions on immigration, and the first laws regulating the stay of foreigners in its territory appeared only at the beginning of the 19th century. They were imperfect and periodically changed in the direction of tightening, concerning both illegal and legal migrants. So, already today there are restrictions on the issuance of immigration visas to residents of Asia, Africa, citizens of the former socialist camp. Moreover, obtaining a nonimmigrant visa for many citizens has become quite problematic and every year it gets more complicated. Nevertheless, the US immigration attractiveness has been and remains quite high.

US immigration policy is under the influence of a number of factors that impede the development of effective strategic decisions in this area. These factors include, in particular, the influence of changeable public sentiments, misunderstanding of the social and economic nature of immigration, the prevailing practice of favoring the country's indigenous population to the detriment of foreign visitors (nativism), as well as various narrow-political considerations.

The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that the analysis of the experience of host countries in solving problems related to immigration became important for Russia after its inclusion in the world migration processes. Large-scale immigration is a new phenomenon for Russia, not yet fully realized and comprehended by Russian society and its political and intellectual elite. In this sense, Russia is the opposite of the United States, whose population is created by immigration. The American experience is useful for Russia, in particular, because the history of immigration in the United States is also a long history of migration policy, accumulated trial and error.

The aim of the course work is to consider the main directions of US immigration policy, as well as the proposed ways of its further development. In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

1) shows the origins of US immigration policy;

2) analyzed the formation of US immigration policy;

3) considered the current situation with immigration policy in the United States.

1. KEY FEATURES OF US IMMIGRATION POLICY

1.1 The origins of US immigration policy

The United States of America owes its origins and dynamic history to immigrants. Therefore, the issues of regulating immigration processes are always in the center of attention of the American public.

US immigration policy emerged after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Over more than two hundred years of history, its goals, objectives and methods of implementation have changed in accordance with the interests of the development of the economic system, the foreign policy position of the United States and the attitude towards immigrants in American society. The initial stage of US history was characterized by the absence of any restrictions on the intensity and structure of immigration flows. The only exception was the Law on Hostile Aliens, passed in 1798. But already in 1800, President Jefferson overturned this law. The next federal law regulating immigration processes was passed in 1864. It was aimed at encouraging the influx of immigrants to meet the need for labor, exacerbated by the outbreak of the Civil War and the subsequent decrease in the influx of new settlers. The same law gave the President of the United States the authority to appoint the Commissioner for Immigration.

The United States is a country founded and built by immigrants. This is a unique, amazing place where people from all over the world came to get new opportunities, to start a new life.

“US attitudes towards immigration and immigrants reflect citizens' belief in the American Dream. We have always believed that any person, starting from the very bottom, can rise very high, as far as his talents and energy allow. Neither race nor birthplace affects this, "said Robert Kennedy, as if forgetting the historical development of US immigration policy, the attitude of American citizens towards people who arrived from other countries, laws that the US Congress passed to limit the number of immigrants, to belittle their social status and role in society.

Immigrants from a wide variety of countries have suffered harassment from both the Americans themselves and the US government throughout three centuries of American history. But, in our opinion, immigrants from China suffered the most. Their journey to one of the largest and most influential communities in the United States today was tragic, full of obstacles and humiliation.

There are a number of reasons for immigration to the United States. In the extensive specialized literature, the following are named, among others: the presence of social networks that facilitate migration, the lack of jobs in the homeland of immigrants, the need of the American economy for cheap labor. In addition, immigration, primarily Mexican, is the result of an expansionary policy pursued by the United States. As a result of increased trade and liberalization of legislation, ties between Mexico and the border states have become much closer. The expansion of the American economic presence has led millions of Mexicans who have not been affected by the economic restructuring to want to move to the United States.

The social and economic consequences of such demographic changes are well documented and may come as a surprise to the general public. Thus, studies have shown that the very participation of immigrants in the country's economy leads to an increase in tax revenues at the federal and local levels, as well as to an increase in consumer spending. In addition, immigrants create jobs for Americans and do not appear to increase unemployment. However, foreign workers are underpaid and exploited. They are brought into the country, and then, if unemployment starts to rise, they are sent home, turning them into scapegoats in times of economic crisis.

By proclaiming freedom and democracy as determinants of national identity, the Founding Fathers of the United States formulated overarching principles based on very specific conditions. As M. Lind notes, freed from the dominion of the British crown at the end of the 18th century, the country was a product of British culture and could be called English America; and even when large-scale immigration from the Old World transformed the United States into European America in the 19th century, it did not change the nature of American society, formally rooted in European political ideals.

By the middle of the XIX century. European countries were not divided societies, while the United States maintained slavery and allowed unprecedented ethnic segregation. The practically insoluble nature of the problems generated by this circumstance was pointed out by G. Myrdal. N. Glazer says multiculturalism is the price America has to pay for its inability or unwillingness to incorporate African Americans on the same principles and to the same extent that it has already incorporated many other groups.

The success of the melting pot, which turned the first waves of immigrants into full-fledged Americans, gave rise to another illusion. Since the uniqueness of American society is determined, unlike almost all other societies, by the fact that it is based on ideas, and not on national culture or ethnic solidarity, American politicians and sociologists found it possible to believe that immigrants tried not to preserve other languages and cultures, .. and Americanize as quickly as possible. This assumption was superfluous, since most Europeans who came to the United States did not need to "Americanize" at all, since they already shared the values of democracy and freedom on which the American "nation" was based.

Modern immigration no longer serves the purpose of forming a single community - and this, in our opinion, is its qualitative difference from previous stages in the history of the West.

American multiculturalism in fact implies that anyone who believes in the superiority of Western civilization and culture, who considers Christianity to be the only true religion, is considered a heretic, and a dangerous one; meanwhile, representatives of any people and adherents of any religion, defining their identity, somehow distinguish themselves from the mass of other people, believing their values in something higher, and ideals - more perfect, and the element of superiority is inevitable, albeit in a latent form , is contained in any national or religious ideology. Modern America is turning into a structured society that is losing the ability to preserve its own identity. It follows that she has no right to speak and act on behalf of the entire Western world.

What caused the imbalances made by the West in the development and implementation of modern immigration policy?

First, the large-scale penetration of immigrants into the Western world took place in a fairly short period of time by historical standards, which allowed analysts to view this process as a homogeneous one, not to distinguish between its individual stages. We have to admit that Western sociologists even ignored the obvious fact that the migrations of the 18th and 19th centuries were actually not migrations to the Western world from beyond its borders, but were a movement of population between Europe and America, which was perceived as a product of Europe itself. Therefore, the consideration of the ongoing processes from the same positions from which the migration phenomena of the past centuries were considered, seems to us inappropriate, it does not allow us to identify the most important features of the immigration processes due to their multiethnic and multicultural nature.

Secondly, the negative attitude towards immigration, which was shared by most European philosophers of the 18th and 19th centuries, who considered the nation-state to be the natural political form of the organization of society, is being revised today for purely ideological rather than rational reasons. The ideology of multiculturalism looks like a kind of apology of Western civilization to other peoples for its unique position in the modern world. This, however, radically contradicts the basic principles of liberal theory and individualism, on which the rise of the Western world was based. While continuing to preach the desire for personal success and pride in them at the individual level, Western theorists refuse to recognize the importance of these factors at the level of nations and peoples.

In conclusion, it should be noted that immigration policy is constantly changing. Politicians are poorly aware of the challenges they face. Frequent change of attitudes leads to the fact that none of them is fully implemented; eternal haste leads to inadequate actions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

1.2 Formation of US immigration policy

First of all, it should be noted that the US Constitution does not contain any provisions limiting immigration, it only authorizes the US Congress to pass immigration laws, since it refers this issue to the competence of the federal government, and also establishes that immigrants must pay a certain fee for entering the country ... In the first hundred years of the American state, immigration to the United States was not a problem, since American society was composed entirely of settlers and had extensive employment opportunities for newcomers. Until the early 19th century, there was no specific law regarding immigration and no official arrival registers were kept. In the 18th century, the question of limiting immigration did not arise.

In 1798 laws were passed on foreigners and incitement to rebellion. These laws were not intended to control immigration; rather, they were aimed at choosing people worthy of becoming American citizens. Federalists who were in power in the 1790s believed that immigrants from Europe were mostly supporters of the opposition, i.e. Democratic Republicans. In an effort to gain a foothold in power, the federalists increased the length of stay in the country required to obtain citizenship to fourteen years. In 1802 these laws were repealed.

In the 1850s, the so-called Dunno Party (also known as the Order of the Stars and Stripes) was very popular and spearheaded nationalist policies against immigrant workers and Catholics. She advocated an increase in the naturalization period, trying in every possible way to prevent everyone, except for immigrants from Western European countries, from obtaining US citizenship. Party members were convinced that Eastern Europeans and Catholics, by their presence, undermined the cultural foundations of America. For some time, the "dunno" controlled the legislatures of several northeastern states. With the outbreak of the Civil War, this movement lost its strength.

From 1870 to 1920, about 26 million people immigrated to the United States, which exceeded the entire population of the country in 1850. Over the past fifty years, the image of the American immigrant has acquired a romantic trait. The reception points for immigrants at that time were located mainly on the east coast. Immigrants who entered the country through New York Harbor were greeted by the Statue of Liberty, then transported to Ellis Island, America's largest transit point. Most of the settlers were natives of European countries. This important circumstance is often overlooked. The immigrant contingent changed dramatically (at the same time changing the demographic composition of the whole of America) only in the twentieth century, when most of the visitors were from Asia and Latin America.

In the West Coast states, dissatisfaction with the influx of Chinese immigrants grew. In 1881, the California authorities announced a day off for anti-Chinese rallies. The US Congress began receiving numerous petitions demanding "take action against the Chinese." In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, which stopped immigration from China and the granting of citizenship rights to Chinese who had already arrived in America. Historians believe that attempts to ban Chinese immigration were prompted by a desire to reduce competition in the labor market during the economic crisis. The law has significantly reduced the number of Chinese immigrants to the United States.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, anti-immigrant sentiments began to grow in the United States again. During the First World War, the hostile attitude of Americans towards immigrants from the countries of Southern and Eastern Europe increased. The Immigration Law of 1917 strengthened the existing restrictions and defined the contingent of persons who were prohibited from entering the country (these are primarily illiterate, physically disabled, prostitutes, chronic alcoholics, stowaways, vagrants, people with mental disorders). In addition, the law did not give the right to enter the United States to residents of a number of countries (mainly Asia and the Pacific Islands).

By 1918, there was a shortage of workers in the United States. In the interests of America's business world, Congress and the Immigration Bureau have worked out measures to provide the labor market with cheap labor. A program was adopted that allowed the Bureau of Immigration to directly recruit Mexican workers for agriculture and railroad construction. The Immigration and Naturalization Service has adopted a flexible approach to attract cheap labor, which has led to a decrease in social tensions associated with European immigration.

After the end of the First World War, anti-immigrant sentiments again made themselves felt. Opinion polls have highlighted fears among many Americans that an influx of European immigrants from war-torn states will lead to increased competition in the labor market. In addition, anti-immigrant sentiments against certain groups of European immigrants intensified again. Based on economic motives and considerations of nativism, in 1921 and 1924 the US Congress passed the so-called quota limitation decrees, which marked the beginning of special restrictions on the entry of certain groups of immigrants into the United States. These groups included people from Eastern Europe, Africa, Australia and Asia. However, the restrictions did not apply to the representatives of the Western Hemisphere.

The passage of these laws presented the Immigration and Naturalization Service with a new and unforeseen challenge. The fact is that all sailors of ships arriving in the United States had the right to go ashore, and many of those who were prohibited from entering the country by law used this to stage desertion from a ship. In addition, an increasing number of Europeans, who were unable to obtain the right to enter due to lack of necessary documents or due to illiteracy laws, moved to the United States across the Mexican border. In 1922, 309,556 people entered the United States through Mexico, and in 1923 their number almost doubled, reaching 600,000.

To help border checkpoints, a patrol unit was organized by Congress, whose members began to ride horses regularly to go around the Mexican and Canadian borders. It should be noted that during this period there were no strict restrictions on entry from Mexico, as Mexicans generally did not stay in the United States for long. Mexican migration was a bilateral and relatively balanced phenomenon. However, the revolution that took place in Mexico caused the first influx of Mexicans into the country in 1911. At that time, approximately 250,000 Mexicans were reported to have entered the United States legally. At the same time, social networks were formed within the Mexican community, which function to this day.

During the Great Depression, a third of the US population was unemployed. The populist voices against ethnic Mexicans have resurfaced. President Herbert Hoover was convinced that Mexican immigrants were taking jobs away from Americans and that they were the cause of the decline. California authorities have passed a law prohibiting the employment of illegal Mexican immigrants. Public hostility towards Mexicans led to the fact that one third of all Mexicans living in the United States left the country or were forcibly deported. In total, about 500,000 people were expelled from the country. Later, in the 1950s, the mass deportation of Mexicans and American citizens of Mexican descent was repeated on an even greater scale.

During World War II, migrants from the Asia-Pacific region began to cause hostility from the Americans. In the 1940s, it seemed to many that Japanese immigrants posed a serious threat to US national security, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which was part of the Department of Labor, was again transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice, where it remains to this day. In addition to the measures taken, the Aliens Registration Act was issued, which instructed the agency to register and fingerprint all visitors suspected of subversive activities. As the US continued to become involved in the war and hostility to Japanese immigrants and ethnic Japanese grew, the Immigration and Naturalization Service expanded its responsibilities to include detention, internment, probation, and deportation of "untrustworthy" immigrants.

The Second World War caused an acute shortage of labor resources in the United States, and the need to attract foreign labor arose again. The documents indicate that in 1946 the Immigration and Naturalization Service, with the assistance of the US Department of Labor, employed 82,000 workers in agriculture and heavy industry. There were 43,088 Mexicans, 9,589 Jamaicans, 5,052 Bahamas, 2,187 Barbados, 669 Newfoundlands and 160 Honduran workers.

Beginning in 1942, the agricultural sector had the opportunity of seasonal employment of cheap labor. The United States government, in collaboration with the Mexican government, has developed a simplified contracting system called the Bracero program. This program granted Mexicans the status of seasonal agricultural workers. However, she has been criticized for the over-exploitation of Mexican workers. The employer had the right, at his own discretion, to set the size of their wages, to determine the conditions of work, rest, food. The situation of disenfranchised seasonal workers was compared to that of a slave. In the early 60s, the program was stopped by both states. The harsh working conditions created by the Bracero program resulted in immigrants choosing to enter the country illegally to work.

During the Korean War (early 1950s), there was an acute shortage of workers again. Soon, almost unanimously, a law was reestablished allowing the employment of Mexicans. The Immigration and Naturalization Service has begun hiring workers and sending them to agricultural enterprises. By 1964, when the law ended, the Immigration and Naturalization Service had provided jobs on the southwestern plantations and ranches for about three million immigrants.

In 1952, under the new immigration plan, specialist immigrants received many benefits. The entry permit was given depending on the qualifications of the immigrant and the current needs of the economy. In 1954, during the economic downturn, public discontent with Mexican immigrants increased again. Changes in attitudes towards Mexicans can be traced in the statistics of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: in 1954, the number of detainees and deportees reached 1,300,000; by 1959, an estimated 3.8 million Mexicans had been deported. This is a clear example of the grave and dangerous consequences of nationalist sentiments in society. The actions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service drew criticism on both sides of the border. As a result, the US Congress, in agreement with Mexico City, adopted the Migration Labor Agreements, which provided for the cooperation of the governments of both countries in organizing the hiring of workers, as well as softening the policy towards illegal immigrants.

The 1950s saw an outflow of immigrant labor from the agricultural sector to light and heavy industry with their higher-paying jobs. In large cities, where industrial production was concentrated, district immigration centers were created, in the work of which all sorts of raids and round-ups took not the last place.

Along with other laws passed in the 1960s (Civil Rights, Suffrage, Equality in Employment), the 1965 Immigration Act granted entry rights to persons who had previously been denied admission by ethnicity. The ban on certain other immigrant groups was also lifted and preferential conditions were created for family reunification of immigrants. Residents of the countries of Asia and Latin America, who previously did not have the right to enter, now rushed in huge numbers. Unsurprisingly, the staff of the Immigration and Naturalization Service had to work with renewed vigor.

Social and political unrest in the countries of East Asia and Central America has caused a large influx of refugees. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the United States accepted many immigrants from these countries in excess of existing norms. In 1980, in addition to the system of benefits introduced in 1965, the Refugee Law established a special procedure for admitting refugees into the country. This law defined refugee status and introduced rules for calculating the number of refugees that the state is able to accept.

2. US IMMIGRATION POLICY IN XX CENTURY

2.1 US Immigration Policy in the 1990s

In the 1980s, the number of illegal immigrants to the United States increased significantly. The government has tried to reduce the economic attractiveness of working in the United States. Politicians hoped that by creating obstacles to the employment of immigrants, they would be able to significantly reduce their influx. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed. The main goal of this law was to reduce the number of illegal immigrants to the United States. For this, it was necessary to implement two provisions: "On sanctions against employers" and "Legalization of immigrants". The first was to deprive immigration of attractiveness for those who aspired to the United States in search of work, the second legalized the stay of illegal immigrants already in the United States in order to reduce the total number of illegal immigrants. As a result of these innovations, about three million immigrants were able to draw up documents to obtain legal status.

In 1990, immigration policy was again subjected to a fundamental revision. The 1990 Immigration Act increased the number of immigrants working in the country under the so-called “flexiblecap” to 675,000, and funds were allocated to increase the number of patrol units, for which an additional 1,000 border guards were hired. The main activities of the Immigration and Naturalization Service were revised, a greater proportion began to take measures to restrict entry and naturalization, as well as to deport illegal immigrants.

Just ten years after the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, illegal immigration has again become the target of reform initiatives that have received support in society, especially in states such as California, Texas, Arizona and Florida, where immigrant communities have grown especially strongly. These states have gone to court to demand that the federal government pay damages for what they believe are caused by the presence of large numbers of immigrants, blaming the government for failing to keep up with the task of immigration control.

After cutting nearly half a million rates at defense-related businesses, California's economy began to decline. Many Californians saw the state's troubles as a result of the presence of illegal immigrants. In 1994, California passed one of the most controversial bills, number 187, aimed at reducing the damages caused by illegal immigration. This bill made it incumbent upon directors of educational institutions to verify the status of students admitted after January 1, 1995, as well as the status of their parents. Information about those who could not confirm their legal status was supposed to be sent to the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the California Department of Justice. According to this initiative, the heads of medical institutions, both public and private, were prohibited from providing medical assistance to illegal immigrants (with the exception of emergency).

Despite the fact that this bill was ultimately declared unconstitutional (since immigration policy issues are resolved only at the federal level), it defined a mechanism to reduce both types of immigration, legal and illegal, and thus initiated the reform of the entire social security system. In 1996, the Personal Responsibility Act was passed, which restricted the use of social services and food stamps for legal immigrants. Illegal immigrants were denied access to most government benefits at the federal, local, and state levels. In addition, in 1996, the US Congress tightened penalties for offenses committed by immigrants.

Border controls, especially tough ones in the states of Texas and California, have led to an increase in illegal crossings across the less-guarded Arizona border. Temperatures in the Nogales area, Arizona can reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 ° C). The result is that the mortality rate among immigrants, most of them unprepared for such a harsh climate, has quadrupled since 1993.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the International Trade Center and the Pentagon brought about the need for completely new political decisions. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, border guards were ordered to close borders and deploy agents at airports, once again demonstrating the purely reactive nature of American immigration policy. The attention of the society has switched from illegal immigrants to those who are "overdue", i.e. immigrants who remained in the country after the expiration of the visa. Society demanded an answer to the question of how it could have happened that several terrorists had managed to enter the country “legally”. Politicians, responsive to changes in public sentiment, have prepared a number of economic initiatives to address the problem of overdue. And although immigration specialists talked about this problem long before the terrorist attacks, it is only now that a new system for registering the status of foreign students and participants in the exchange program is being introduced.

According to American law, you can enter the country either immediately with an immigrant visa or with a nonimmigrant visa (guest, student, tourist, business visa, exchange visa, temporary work visa, etc.). It is difficult to enter the United States on an immigrant visa. Such visas are extremely reluctant to be issued by the embassy, and either relatives of US citizens or those units who were lucky enough to win the Green Card lottery and prove that there are funds for a decent residence in the United States for the first time, an invitation to work from an American employer and sufficient experience become their owners. and qualifications for the job. For the overwhelming majority of those wishing to immigrate to the United States, there are ways of indirect immigration, i.e. entry into the country on nonimmigrant visas with a subsequent change in status in the country. There are several such paths.

1. Work visa. Issued to foreigners who have an invitation from an American employer for up to one year with subsequent renewal. Two years later, subject to the status quo and guarantees from the employer (sponsor), the visa can be replaced with a temporary green card (residence permit in the United States). There is a strict quota for the issuance of these visas, which has intensified especially recently.

2. Visa of the bride. It is issued to those wishing to marry a US citizen and obliges to marry within three months after entering the country. After two years of marriage (provided that this is actually preserved) and a successfully passed interview, you can apply for a residence permit.

3. Investment visa E. This visa provides for investment in an enterprise in the United States (or the creation of a new one) in the amount of at least 1 million dollars (in rural areas - up to 500 thousand dollars) and the creation of at least 10 jobs for citizens of the country. It is given to the investor personally for 2 years, after which, subject to the fulfillment of obligations, its owner can apply for permanent residence in the United States.

4. Investment visa L. This visa provides for the opening of a branch of an operating foreign enterprise in the United States and is issued for a period of up to seven years to both the investor and his spouse. At the same time, there is no need to prove at the embassy the absence of intentions to immigrate to the United States, and a year after the start of work, you can apply for permanent residence in the United States.

5. Immigration through obtaining refugee status. For Russians, this is practically an unrealistic option, since Russia is officially recognized as a democratic state.

Subject to the observance of US laws, including those related to the immigration regime, after two years of residence permit status, you can apply for permanent residence. Obtaining US citizenship is possible after five years of permanent residence status, i.e. after seven years from the date of entry into the country. There is also talk that since 2010 qualified immigrants who have lived in the country for 2 years in the status of a residence permit will be given the opportunity to obtain US citizenship on preferential terms, provided they serve in the army: they will be able to become US citizens six months after the conclusion of the contract. In any case, upon naturalization, renunciation of the previous citizenship is not required.

For the United States, which accepts more immigrants than any other country in the world, immigration is a strength of national identity. Essentially a nation of immigrants, the inhabitants of this country have created their own classic version of the "American Dream", which is that an immigrant arrives with practically nothing and reaches the pinnacle of success or fame, or at least achieves a prosperous existence and the privilege of belonging to an honorable middle class in America.

However, despite this, immigration has always been the subject of heated debate from the very beginning of the country's history and even from the late 18th century, when English settlers in Pennsylvania expressed concerns about the influx of German immigrants.

Despite the fact that the proportion of immigrants to the total population of the United States was significantly higher at the end of the 19th century (about 11 immigrants per 1000 people) than it is now (about 5), their actual number is very high. If you compare 1900-1910 and 1990-2000, you can see that 8.7 million immigrants came to America in the first decade, while in the last this number was more than a million.

In the late 1990s, more than 900 thousand people in the United States annually receive the right to legal residence - "greencard". In fiscal 1996, 915,000 such permits were issued. In addition, about 75,000 people from other countries were recognized as refugees and about 17,000 people who had already arrived in the United States were granted asylum. Thus, about a million people a year receive a permanent residence permit in the United States. Also, according to the estimates of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, approximately 275 thousand people who do not have legal status come to the United States annually. It is estimated that about 5 million newcomers live in the United States illegally.

In legal immigration in the United States, four major streams can be distinguished, corresponding to four purposefully implemented programs (directions) of immigration policy: family reunification, labor and humanitarian immigration, and immigration in order to maintain ethnocultural diversity.

The most significant channel of legal immigration inflow is family reunification; within its framework, 550-600 thousand relatives of permanent residents or US citizens come to the country annually. For the closest relatives of American citizens (minor children, spouses, as well as parents of US citizens under the age of 21) there are no quantitative restrictions on obtaining a visa, and about 300 thousand "greencards" are issued annually. Since the number of people who have acquired American citizenship has increased significantly in recent years, it is likely that the number of their immediate family members who have the right to come to the country will increase in the near future. In addition to this category, US immigration law provides for a limited, although significant number of "greencards" for other family members: for adult children of US citizens who are not married, for spouses and children of permanent residents, for married children of US citizens, and also for siblings of American citizens. At least 226 thousand visas are issued annually for these categories of persons, and any number of unused visas is added to the number planned for the next year. Visas are awarded according to a complex formula that takes into account both category and country. Since there are many more applicants than the corresponding visas, some of them have to wait for their turn for years. For example, the brother of an immigrant from the Philippines who becomes a US citizen can wait 15-20 years for a visa. There are also restrictive measures for immigrants (for example, the poverty line), which prevent the reunification of poor families.

The second largest stream of legal immigrants consists of those whose travel to the United States is sponsored by an employer. In this case, the employer must prove that it is impossible to find such a specialist among citizens or permanent residents of the United States. 140,000 permits are issued annually, and most of those who enter the United States through this channel are either highly qualified specialists in the field of technical sciences, or doctors, programmers, translators, etc. In previous years, the established number of visas exceeded the demand, but in the last two years the situation has changed dramatically. Partly because of the rapid development of information technology, partly because of the 2000 computer problem, the demand for highly professional programmers and other technical scientists has increased dramatically. In 1998, the annual quota for this category of visas, known as H1 (b), was met by April (the fiscal year starts in June), and the information technology industry began an active campaign to increase the number. However, they met with resistance from those who did not want more immigration to the United States. There was also a problem with the trade unions, who believed that there were enough such specialists in the country, it was just that employers preferred to hire immigrants for lower wages. This situation caused heated political discussions and has not been resolved to this day.

The third stream of immigration is related to humanitarian reasons. This includes the US refugee resettlement program, some other humanitarian programs, and asylum seekers, although they fall into some other categories. In the 70s, the current law on refugees was adopted, which defines their main categories.

In accordance with the refugee resettlement program, refugees from other countries enter the United States who meet the international definition of a refugee as a person who has a justifiable fear of persecution or cannot be protected in his country and who is accepted by the United States for "special humanitarian reasons." There is no clear definition of “special humanitarian considerations”, but it is understood to refer to a person who is closely associated with the United States — either has permanent relatives or is invited by an employer, especially if the employer is the US government. The US government also accepts refugees in urgent need of resettlement through the referral of UNHCR. American embassies in other countries may also consider granting refugee status in cases where a person is in dire danger, but this is rarely done.

The number of people that can be accepted through a formal refugee resettlement program is determined in annual consultations between the US Department of State and Congress, and it has dropped dramatically since 1992, although this was the only category of immigrants that Congress has advocated for increasing admission - as opposed to the administration. Refugee resettlement peaked in 1980 (the so-called "Vietnamese who arrived by boat"), when more than 200,000 refugees were resettled from camps in Indochina. Then the number of entry permits for this category increased sharply, but then it slowly declined in the late 1980s, in part due to the increase in the number of visitors from the Soviet Union. In 1992, the issuance of 142 thousand visas was authorized, of which more than 50 thousand were for immigrants from the former Soviet Union. However, the actual number of arrivals was only 132,000 in 1992, so in 1993 the ceiling was lowered to 132,000 permits. In fact, only 119 thousand refugees were admitted. The process was repeated the following year, the number of permits dropped to the number of arrivals in the previous year, etc. In 1997, the ceiling reached 78,000 entry permits for refugees per year, and only 70,000 were accepted. As a result, refugee advocates and their congressional supporters have called for an end to the process, and the number of permits has increased to 83,000.

The curtailment of the refugee resettlement program has led to a cut in some key programs that reflected US Cold War priorities, such as the reception of refugees from the former Soviet Union, Indochina and Cuba. As the flow of refugees from these countries decreased, the Department of State was not very active in identifying new groups of refugees falling under the resettlement program. Therefore, non-governmental organizations have had to put in considerable effort to facilitate the initiation of a serious resettlement program for refugees from Bosnia.

The fourth stream of legal immigration - a unique one - is accepted within the framework of the program for the maintenance of ethno-cultural diversity. Unlike many countries striving for a mono-national state, the United States makes sure that as many diverse ethnic, cultural and religious groups as possible are represented in the country's population. Therefore, for countries that do not have a history of migration relations with the United States, special "greencard" lotteries are held, and for representatives of such categories there is a priority in obtaining entry visas.

After the collapse of the USSR, flows of immigrants from the newly independent states appeared in the United States. In 1996, 44% of all refugees in the United States were from the former Soviet Union, double the number from Bosnia. In general, the largest number of immigrants came from Ukraine. There is a strong lobby in the United States that advocates the provision of special protection to Jews, evangelicals, Protestants and other religious activists from Ukraine. Russian immigrants made up only 15% and entered mainly through family reunification and employment. 88% of immigrants from Uzbekistan, about the same number from Moldova and Belarus, come to the country as refugees, and immigrants from Armenia and Lithuania - mostly in accordance with the program of ethnocultural diversity.

Labor migrants form an important component of general immigration to the American continent and provide a significant portion of the labor force in the US national economy. There are two main schemes that ensure the flow of labor migrants to the United States:

Upon obtaining the status of a labor immigrant, that is, a person entering the country at the invitation of an American employing company for permanent work (annually, in accordance with Article 201 of the Immigration and Naturalization Act, the American government issues 140,000 labor immigration permits);

Upon receipt of non-immigration status as a temporary worker, whose period of stay in the United States is limited and is negotiated in advance by the American authorities (quantitative restrictions have not been established for foreign nationals entering temporary work).

The US government policy in relation to labor migrants was developed gradually. However, the most important principles for its implementation were already determined in 1952, when the US Congress passed the Walter-McCaren Act, which established the rules for labor immigration in the United States. These principles include:

Ensuring admission of foreign workers on a scale that ensures a more balanced domestic labor market and does not harm the employment and earnings of US citizens and other residents of the country;

Stimulation by establishing visa quotas for entry to America for highly qualified specialists, foreigners with exceptional abilities, as well as people of rare professions;

Counteracting the uncontrolled influx of foreign labor. Labor migration to the United States is carried out under strict government control. It is allowed within the limits necessary to maintain the required balance in the national labor market.

US immigration law clearly defines the groups of foreign citizens in whose work the American society is most interested. In accordance with the Immigration and Naturalization Law of 1952, as amended in 1997 (Article 203), these include:

a) priority specialists (foreigners with outstanding abilities in science, art, education, sports, famous professors, scientists and specialists, managers and executives working in international companies (28.6% of the total quota for labor immigration);

b) foreigners with an academic degree or exceptional ability (28.6% of the total number of labor immigrants);

c) skilled workers, specialists and other categories of labor migrants for those types of work for which there are no appropriate workers in the United States (28.6% of total labor immigration visas).

US immigration law stipulates that "nonimmigrants" entering the United States for temporary work qualify for the following main groups:

Workers with outstanding abilities and exceptional merit (primarily in the field of science, art and religion);

Persons entering temporary work under contracts with American entrepreneurs; they are divided into two subgroups - temporary agricultural workers and workers in other specialties;

Trainees who come at the invitation of American companies;

Persons working in representative offices and branches of American companies, employees of foreign companies that have opened their representative office or branch in the United States. According to the current immigration law, the following categories of visas are provided for temporary workers.

There is another category of foreign nationals who temporarily enter the United States and have the right to work. These are international students studying in the United States or coming as part of exchange programs between educational institutions. At the same time, it is envisaged that the work of students should not be the main type of their occupation in the United States and can only be a source of a small "extra earning".

The structure of the unskilled labor force admitted to the national labor market is peculiar. In accordance with established practice, out of every five temporary workers entering on an H-2 visa, four are seasonal agricultural workers, employed mainly for harvesting perishable fruits and vegetables. centers. Consequently, there are practically no industrial and construction workers in this group of temporary workers.

The immigration program, developed in the United States, provides for a number of priorities in attracting and employing certain categories of temporary workers. Immigration policy is to encourage highly qualified specialists, persons of "exceptional merit and ability", to curb the flow of people entering the category of unskilled labor.

Professionals temporarily entering the United States have significant advantages over the unskilled labor force. These benefits boil down to the following:

Foreign specialists do not need to obtain certificates from the US Department of Labor;

H-1 travelers can do temporary work (such as lecturing) or permanent work (such as a research firm), while H-2 travelers are only allowed to do temporary work. in essence;

O H-1 visas can be renewed locally, while H-2 visas are issued for up to 1 year, after which the foreign worker must leave the United States, and in order to come again, he must go through the entire registration procedure again including US Department of Labor certification.

These circumstances lead to the fact that, on average, more than two-thirds of the total number of temporary workers who annually enter the United States on an H visa are persons with an H-1 status.

This review has shown that factors such as the volatility of public sentiment, the population's prejudice towards immigrants, explained by ignorance of social and economic issues, widespread nativist prejudices, as well as the clash of various interests, constantly lead to the emergence of imperfect and ineffective immigration programs. So far, there is no reason to believe that this state of affairs will change in the future.

CONCLUSION

The problem of immigration to the United States, both legal and illegal, is extremely complex. Experts argue that the relatively healthy state of the American economy now allows more foreign workers to be attracted to it, regardless of the opinion of those who are afraid of losing their jobs because of immigrants or who believe that immigrants are taking away their benefits. Indeed, the business community is demanding a new "bracero program" to replenish the labor market. Mexican workers are granted temporary permits to work in the United States in the service industry. They are needed in the hotel business, in agriculture, in the service of penitentiary institutions. To summarize, we can say that during periods of economic stability, politicians more radically resolve issues related to immigration.

First of all, let us note that issues related to immigration have always caused a boil of passions in society, which is especially characteristic of the last twenty years. According to a 1993 Gallup poll, the prevailing opinion among Americans is that most immigrants live in the country illegally, that they are from Latin America, most often Mexico, and that the damage they cause to the US economy exceeds their economic contribution. Espenscheid and Baelenger studied the attitudes of US citizens towards immigrants of different ethnic groups. Evaluating ethnic groups on such grounds as family values and industriousness, the Americans put immigrants from Europe in the first place, the Mexicans were the last on the list. There was a widespread perception that Mexican immigrants were more likely to benefit from social benefits and more often commit offenses.

In addition, there is a belief in American society that the United States is accepting too many migrants from Asia and Latin America. All this eloquently testifies to the fact that illegal rather than legal immigration is causing concern of the population. Confirmation is the following fact - nine out of ten respondents believe that the United States should strengthen the security of its borders. The named researchers have established a link between the attitude of society towards immigration and the economic situation in the country. They note that attitudes towards immigrants "are partly determined by the state of the macroeconomy and are notably complicated by deteriorating job prospects."

Initially, freedom of immigration predominantly meant the freedom of European Protestant Christian immigration. But even in these conditions, there were repeated demands to restrict the entry of certain ethnic or religious groups. Attempts to sharply limit the number of immigrants were also made later, in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, the United States now accepts migrants from all countries of the world, and the volume of immigration to the country is very large. The absolute number of immigrants - those born outside the United States - is now estimated at 38 million. In the last decade of the twentieth century alone, the United States welcomed more than 14 million immigrants, which provided half of the growth in the workforce in the 1990s. Immigration inflows are expected to exceed 15 million in the current decade. Despite the fact that the United States is much better aware of the positive aspects of immigration than in Russia, this country also faces a number of serious problems it generates today. The flow of immigration leads to an increase in social tensions and is viewed by many as a threat to both the country's security and the cultural identity of the American population.

LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE

1. Aleshkovsky I.A. Immigration policy and economic development of countries receiving migrants (on the example of the Green Card program in Germany). - Access mode: V.V. Sogrin History of the United States: [Ucheb.pos. for universities in the specialty "Regional Studies"]. - SPb .: Peter, 2003 .-- P. 52.

Newland K. Politics by Other Means: The Big Why? immigration to the United States // Russian Archipelago. - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref3" name = "_ ftn3" title = ""> Braun T. The Heritage We Renounce. 19th Century Images and Stereotypes of Chinese // Chinese-Americans in the United States: Media Portrayal and Historical Basis. - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref4" name = "_ ftn4" title = ""> Lawrence K., Newland K. Purposes and methods of US immigration policy // Immigration policy of Western countries: Alternatives for Russia / Edited by G. Vitkovskaya. - Moscow: Gandalf, 2002 .-- S. 189.

Dinnerstein L. Natives and strangers: A multicultural history of Americans / L. Dinnerstein, R.L. Nichols, D.M. Reimers. - N.-Y .: Oxford University Press, 1996. - P. 103.

Braun T. The Heritage We Renounce. 19th Century Images and Stereotypes of Chinese // Chinese-Americans in the United States: Media Portrayal and Historical Basis. - Access Mode: # "#_ ftnref7" name = "_ ftn7" title = ""> Braun T. The Heritage We Renounce. 19th Century Images and Stereotypes of Chinese // Chinese-Americans in the United States: Media Portrayal and Historical Basis. - Access Mode: # "#_ ftnref8" name = "_ ftn8" title = ""> Newland K. Politics by Other Means: Big "Why?" immigration to the United States // Russian Archipelago. - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref9" name = "_ ftn9" title = ""> Lawrence K. Four components of the US immigration policy // Russian Archipelago. - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref10" name = "_ ftn10" title = ""> V. Inozemtsev. Immigration: a new problem of the new century: a historical sketch // Russian Archipelago. - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref11" name = "_ ftn11" title = ""> Denisenko MB, Kharaeva OA, Chudinovskikh O.S. Immigration policy in the Russian Federation and Western countries. - M., 2003 .-- S. 82.

Swain C.M. The new white nationalism in America: its challenge to integration. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. - P. 93.

Danilov D.P. Immigrating to the U.S.A .: who is allowed? what is required? how to do it! - 6th ed. - North Vancouver, B.C .: Self-Counsel Press, 1993. - P. 62.

Aleshkovsky I.A. Immigration policy and economic development of countries receiving migrants (on the example of the Green Card program in Germany). - Access mode: # "#_ ftnref15" name = "_ ftn15" title = ""> Burstin D. Americans: National experience / Per. from English Yu.A. Zarakhovich, V.S. Nesterova; Aftersl. V.P. Shestakov; Comment. P.V. Balditsyn. - M .: Progress-Litera, 1993 .-- S. 103.

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Introduction. 2

1. The main features of US immigration policy 4

1.1 The origins of US immigration policy 4

1.2 Shaping US Immigration Policy 9

2. US immigration policy in the XX century. 17

2.1 US Immigration Policy in the 1990s 17

Conclusion. 31

List of used sources and literature 33

b> INTRODUCTION

1) shows the origins of US immigration policy;

2) analyzed the formation of US immigration policy;

3) considered the current situation with immigration policy in the United States.

1. KEY FEATURES OF US IMMIGRATION POLICY

1.1 The origins of US immigration policy

The United States is a country founded and built by immigrants. This is a unique, amazing place where people from all over the world came to get new opportunities, to start a new life.

This article presents the results of an associative experiment conducted by teachers and students of the Department of Cultural Studies of the Siberian Federal University in 2011. This article examines the factors that have actualized the problem of migration for Russia, and also discusses the problems that could be solved with the help of immigration. It seems obvious that, despite the need for immigration for the development of the country, a number of restrictions on quantitative and qualitative indicators for inbound migration should be introduced. That is, it is necessary to find a balance in matters of both the required number of migrants and the level of their qualifications. To make the most productive decision, one should refer to the experience of various countries in this area, first of all, to the experience of the so-called "immigrant" states: the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. The article examines the political, economic and social measures taken in these countries, which allowed them from sparsely populated territories due to active immigration to become states with a high standard of living.

national identity

migration policy

immigration

1. Viktoruk E.N., Moskvich Yu.N. The values of innovation for students, experts and entrepreneurs of Krasnoyarsk: the desired ideal, hopes and reality / Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - 2011. - T.4. - No. 11. - S. 1507-1525.

2. Zamaraeva Yu.S. Historiographic review of approaches and concepts on the problem of migration in foreign and Russian studies of the XX century // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - 2010. - T.3. - No. 3. - S. 437-444.

3. Zamaraeva Yu.S. The attitude of the migrant and the host environment as a phenomenon of modern culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the results of an associative experiment using the methodology "Serial thematic associations" // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - V. 4. - No. 6. - P. 805-815 ...

4. Kirko V.I., Koptseva N.P., Keush A.V. Evenk Municipal District of Krasnoyarsk Territory - an experimental platform for creating a business incubator // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - 2011. - T.4. - No. 8. - M. 1127-1131.

5. Koptseva N.P. Methodological Possibilities of Social (Cultural) Anthropology for Contemporary Cultural Research // Philosophy and Culture. - 2012. - No. 10. - S. 9-18.

6. Koptseva N. P. The problem of the methodology of modern cultural research: the possibilities of classical British social anthropology // Humanities and social sciences. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. 89-104.

7. Koptseva N. P. Conducting experimental applied cultural research of intercultural communication: focus groups, personal interviews, questionnaires, obtaining expert opinion (based on the study of the Krasnoyarsk Territory) // Modern problems of science and education. - 2013. - No. 3. - S. 410-410.

8. Koptseva N.P., Zamaraeva Yu.S., Sertakova E.A. Socio-cultural study of the cultural needs of residents of the city of Krasnoyarsk // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - 2011. - T.4. - No. 11. - S. 1577-1588.

9. Koptseva N.P., Pimenova N.N., Reznikova K.V. Preservation and development of indigenous peoples of the circumpolar territories: cultural and anthropological analysis // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series "Humanities". - 2010. - T.3. - No. 5. - S. 649-666.

10. Mineev V.V. The unity of theoretical-methodological and methodological-practical aspects of teaching philosophical disciplines // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. - 2012. - No. 5-1. - S. 123-127.

As factors that influenced the fact that migration has become an urgent problem for Russia, it is customary to single out the following. First, with perestroika, there was a liberalization of the migration regime, previously limited by the Soviet regime. Secondly, a large flow of refugees from the post-Soviet space was sent to Russia, due to interethnic tensions and even interethnic wars that occurred at the time of the collapse of the USSR and the period that followed. Thirdly, the proclamation of the new independent states caused a change in the status of ethnic Russians in them, which contributed to the desire of the latter to repatriate. Fourth, Russia became open to the outside world, but at the same time did not gain effective control over its long borders, which caused illegal migrations from Asian and African countries. Fifth, non-local economic crises cause flows to Russia from some of the newly independent states, because living conditions there are worsening living conditions than in Russia.

It should be noted that immigration for Russia is a necessary condition not only for development, but also for existence. In particular, there are a number of problems that could be solved through immigration. Firstly, we are talking about the fact that the country's population is shrinking, Russia is almost universally underpopulated, there is an insufficient number of cities and transport routes. Secondly, there are tendencies towards a decrease in the working-age population with an increase in pensioners, which may lead to a crisis in the pension system. Thirdly, in any country, part of the population must serve in the army, be employed in low-prestige jobs. To solve these problems, the country needs to pursue a selective policy of attracting migrants capable of taking part in economic growth and reproduction of the Russian population.

N. Mkrtchyan, who analyzed the migration legislation of the Russian Federation and discovered all of its inferiority, came to the conclusion that the Concept of regulating migration processes in the Russian Federation, if interested in an influx of immigrants, should give unequivocal answers to at least the following questions: , medium and long term; should the state regulate the distribution of immigrants throughout the country, and if so, what economic incentives and administrative restrictions it will use in this case; Will Russia accept all immigrants on equal terms or will a system of criteria for their selection be proposed, i.e. be selective reception? In the latter case, it is necessary to determine the priorities for countries, as well as identify the key selection criteria; what mechanisms will be used to integrate immigrants into the host community, how the process of their naturalization will take place ”.

Attention should be paid to the way in which answers to these questions are given abroad. First of all, when it comes to the immigration policy of foreign countries, I recall a number of countries that were initially focused on receiving a large number of people from abroad. In particular, we are talking about countries that some scholars call "immigrant", for example, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. The USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand managed to become states with a high standard of living from practically deserted territories due to active immigration. For Russia, which has vast territories and a relatively small population, the experience of these countries will be very useful, as well as the experience of Israel, one of the young states, whose population has increased significantly over several decades.

The United States is a world power that receives more immigrants than any other state, moreover, it is in the United States that immigration is a strong side of national identity. The so-called "American Dream" is directly related to immigration: a person who has practically nothing comes to the United States and gains the opportunity to achieve a minimum of a prosperous existence, a maximum - to reach the heights of success and solvency. The immigration policy of the United States has undergone changes during its existence, today it is customary to distinguish four main streams in the legal immigration of the United States, which correspond to four areas of policy: family reunification, labor immigration, humanitarian immigration and immigration to maintain ethnic and cultural diversity. Family reunification is the most significant flow; about 550-600 relatives of US citizens or residents come to the country annually. The second in terms of the number of arrivals is occupied by the flow of labor migration, that is, entry sponsored by an employer, which, in addition to the financial side of the case, must prove that there is no such specialist among US citizens. Humanitarian immigration peaked in the 1990s, and was subsequently limited by law.

The first three areas of immigration policy existing in the United States are supported by most modern countries, while the fourth is an exclusive characteristic of the United States, since most countries advocate a mono-national state, and the United States, on the contrary, strives to make the population of the country as large as possible. ethnic and confessional groups. To implement an entry policy to maintain ethno-cultural diversity, every year the United States conducts "greencard" lotteries, in which anyone from the list of countries formed by the US Department of State can take part in it. The list excludes those countries from which more than 50 thousand immigrants came to the United States over the past 5 years. The first lottery draw took place in 1994 and has been held annually since then. On the one hand, the lottery allows you to maintain ethnic diversity, on the other hand, it allows you to attract people of the majority of working age to the country, which has a positive effect not only on the economy, but also on the social security of retirees living in the United States, since taxes paid by the new labor force, including the payment of pensions.

In Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the procedures for obtaining a residence permit and the subsequent acquisition of citizenship are quite simple for qualified specialists (while the list of professions is very large), as well as for investors. The governments of these countries not only do not interfere with the acquisition of citizenship, but also believe that it will have a positive effect on the economy, because of this, immigrants who have lived in the territory of the states for about 2-3 years receive citizenship. Canada's immigration policy assumes several main directions: in addition to humanitarian immigration and family recovery, there is the so-called independent immigration and business immigration. Qualified specialists of professions in demand in Canada have the opportunity to enter the country within the framework of independent immigration, the legislation allows to receive about 200 thousand such immigrants per year. For the selection of immigrants, there is a test that includes sections for both language proficiency and specialty and level of education. An immigrant must score at least 70 points out of 100 possible. Entrepreneurs who have successfully established themselves and are ready to start their own business in Canada need to score only 25 points in this test. According to the law, under the business immigration program, investors who are able to invest at least 400 thousand Canadian dollars in the country's economy, or businessmen who are obliged to open their own business and employ at least one Canadian within 2 years, can enter Canada.

Australia, with similar immigration laws to Canada, does not accept skilled workers over the age of 45, which has hampered Australian retirement problems. Multiculturalism is the backbone of Australia's domestic policy, in connection with which every immigrant has the right to develop their culture in the country, and every resident of the country has a duty to recognize this right for Australian citizens and immigrants. At the same time, the greatest support is received by immigrants who have agreed to settle in less populated, peripheral territories. New Zealand, whose immigration policy is very similar to Australia's, has a social program to facilitate immigration and Oceania, and therefore 5% of the country's population is non-Maorian Polynesians and Melanesians. The New Zealand authorities, like the Canadian ones, have nothing against dual citizenship, which is positioned as one of the advantages of living in these countries.

Israel is a relatively young state. The repatriation of the Jewish people to their historical homeland was recognized as the historical mission of the Jewish state. The country is open to Jewish immigration and is ready to facilitate the adaptation of newcomers. Jews who arrive in Israel do not need to wait several years before accepting citizenship: according to a law passed back in 1952, automatic citizenship status is provided for every Jew who arrived in the country under the Law of Return, adopted in 1950, and in which states that "every Jew has the right to immigrate to the land of Israel." However, the rules for non-Jewish immigrants in Israel are similar to those in other countries. The existing immigration policy has led to the fact that if in 1948, when the state was proclaimed, 805.6 thousand people lived in Israel (650 thousand of them were Jews), then at the end of 1995 the population was 5 million 619 thousand. , that is, it has grown 7 times. In the first 20 years of the new state's existence, more than 1.25 million Jews arrived in Israel, mainly from Eastern and Central Europe, North Africa and the Arab Middle East, a number of Jewish communities (Bulgaria, Yemen, Iraq) almost completely moved to Israel.

Having gathered during its existence immigrants who are carriers of culture and languages of about 80 countries, Israel tried to use the model of a "melting pot" that erases linguistic and cultural differences, since it was assumed that among a population with significant ethnic homogeneity and unity of religion, they would be are small. But it was not possible to achieve linguistic, ethnic and confessional unity; in fact, Israel turned out to be even more multinational than the United States and Canada. The reason for this state of affairs is seen in the fact that in most immigrant countries, those entering their territory one way or another have to adapt to the lifestyle of the indigenous population, but in Israel immigration policy began immediately after the formation of the state, which led to the fact that the numerical superiority of the indigenous population. In this regard, a transition was made from a “melting pot” policy to ethnic and socio-cultural pluralism as a fundamental direction for the absorption of immigrants.

The state facilitates the adaptation of immigrants in Israel in various ways, first of all, it helps in solving the housing problem, moreover, this applies to both the acquisition of temporary housing and the purchase of your own apartment or construction of a house. The state has developed a number of programs for immigrants to acquire their own homes, such as "First Home at Home", "Second Home at Home", "Ulpan Kibbutz" and others. Israel provides assistance not only in solving housing problems, but also in the employment of immigrants, first of all, we are talking about scientific and technical personnel. As a result of the influx of highly qualified workers from the USSR to Israel, the number of scientists and engineers in the camp per 10 thousand workers has become the largest in the world - 135 people. The penchant for scientific activity among the immigrants of Israel was preserved and developed with the help of the state. The Center for Absorption in Science under the Ministry of Absorption provides assistance in the employment of immigrant scientists; Intellectual migration led to the widespread development of industrial parks in the country, and since 1991, with the aim of the early involvement of immigrant scientists, the Ministry of Industry and Trade began to deploy a program to support technological greenhouses, or business incubators.

Reviewers:

Koptseva N.P., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head. Department of Culturology, Humanitarian Institute, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk.

Mineev V.V., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafieva, Krasnoyarsk.

Bibliographic reference

Reznikova K.V. IMMIGRATION POLICY OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES: SEARCH FOR ACCEPTABLE MODELS FOR RUSSIA // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 2 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=12412 (date of access: 12.03.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Today's society is characterized by one of the most important problems of our time - migration, which is a complex socio-political process that affects the development of territories, the development of production and productive forces, culture, and human relations. The search for a better life abroad, the pursuit of material well-being, political persecution, racial, religious or national discrimination - there can be many reasons for migration.

The topic is relevant both for the European Union as a whole and for Italy in particular: in 2013 alone, 307.5 thousand immigrants arrived in Italy (in total, 3.4 million to the EU countries). In general, on January 1, 2014, there were almost 5 million immigrants on the territory of the country, or 8.1% of the total population of Italy. As a result, there is a whole range of problems related to the integration of immigrants into the society of the host country, their socialization, as well as changes in the demographic, economic and cultural situation in the state, which is forced to react to the situation that has arisen. This is how the country's immigration policy develops. The aim of the study is to determine the main directions of Italian immigration policy in the following aspects: political, legal, economic and socio-cultural. The object of research in this work is Italy's policy in the context of the aggravated problem of migration, the subject is strategy, a set of political and organizational measures in relation to immigrants.

Modern migration, which is transnational in nature, forces states to seriously develop their own effective migration policy. Migration policy is "a state doctrine or concept of regulating migration processes, inextricably linked with the ongoing economic, social, demographic, national, cultural policies, divided into real and declared." ... Migration policy can be viewed in relation to emigrants and immigrants. In this paper, we will dwell in detail on the immigration policy of Italy.

For a long time, immigration to Europe was not an object of political attention. 1945-1973 it was one of the minor issues that was thought to be easily dealt with through regulation, and the consequences were not problematic. For the first time, the views of politicians changed in connection with the 1973 oil crisis, when many countries announced a freeze on entry to Europe for labor immigrants. This caused completely unpredictable consequences. Firstly, immigrants began to stay in the host country (because when leaving the country it was impossible to enter there again). Second, three new "channels" of immigration emerged that were beyond the control of political means: "family reunification, political asylum, undocumented migration."

The situation was heating up every year, and the problems were not solved. In the 1990s. there was an opinion that it is necessary to restrict both the entry of migrants and the granting of political asylum to them, as well as to toughen the fight against immigration without documents. In addition, it was proposed to combine the efforts of countries (primarily security agencies) from which migrants migrate and which receive migrants, as well as states that are transit countries for migrants. This was followed by the adoption of a number of pan-European documents and agreements, which, nevertheless, did not bring the expected result, therefore, the failure of the EU policy towards immigrants is currently visible to the naked eye. “All of Europe is now in motion,” political scientist Yuri Shevtsov comments on the situation, “people are moving from underdeveloped countries to highly developed ones, from some regions to others. External migration is increasing, because the difference in the levels of development of the EU and a number of neighboring countries and regions is growing. The European Union is not coping with the main thing: it was unable to ensure a stable zone of prosperity around itself, which would restrain the influx of Arabs, Africans or, for example, Albanians into its borders. "

The history of Italian immigration policy does not have deep roots: for a long time during the XIX-XX centuries. Italy was the country of departure. Only in the late 1950s and early 1960s. the rules of entry and stay on its territory of foreign citizens are beginning to be adopted. Officially, immigration in Italy was recognized as a phenomenon in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when immigration flows went beyond the traditional countries for immigration and headed to new, rapidly developing countries, incl. and to Italy, turning it from a "country of emigration" to a "country of immigration".

However, during these years, the number of immigrants in Italy was still significantly less than in other countries of Western Europe. In addition, Italy's immigration policy began to take shape, taking into account such features as the combination of a high official unemployment rate and a significant weight of the shadow economy (about 20-40%), O later joining the process of "closing" Europe from immigrants and the transit situation between donor and recipient countries.

In 1981, Italy joined the International Labor Organization Convention No. 143 on Illegal Migration, which was the beginning of the legislative regulation of immigration policy. The so-called “legge Martelli”, adopted in 1990, laid the foundations for modern Italian immigration policy and defined the rules for the entry and stay of foreigners in Italy. Let us note its compromise nature: on the one hand, it proclaimed the extension of the right to asylum to all (before that it operated only with respect to immigrants from the countries of the Soviet bloc) and introduced a new amnesty program for all immigrants, regardless of whether they had a job; on the other hand, this law introduced rather strict restrictions on the control over migration (approval of the maximum number of arriving legal migrants, introduction of visas for many countries).

The next legal document was Law No. 40/1998, passed by the center-left parliament in 1998 amid growing concerns about ineffective measures to restrict immigration. The main focus was on restricting entry into Italy, as well as on changing the expulsion procedure, which contained loopholes for immigrants. This procedure has been simplified, legal guarantees have been reduced, a rule has been established for keeping immigrants to be expelled in certain centers, and agreements have been signed with the countries of origin on the admission of expelled immigrants back. Later, the effectiveness of the law was confirmed by statistical data, according to which the actual number of deportations and the percentage of the number of actual expulsions to notifications of expulsion increased.

Immigration policy became more stringent with the adoption in 2002 of the Bossy-Feeney Act, which already explicitly expressed concerns about a significant flow of immigrants to European countries. The following restrictive measures were taken: the maximum possible time for a work permit was reduced from four to two years; for citizens from countries outside the European Union, the period (from five to six years) of residence in Italy was increased in order to obtain a permit for permanent residence in the country; a procedure was developed for the immediate deportation of illegal immigrants; the right to family reunification with third-degree family members was abolished.

Further, a number of laws were adopted regulating the relationship between employers and immigrant workers in order to combat the shadow economy and improve occupational safety and health of workers, harmonizing the inspection procedure by supervising authorities.

Consider the immigration policy of Italy in the political and legal aspect. If, until 2002, liberal laws were adopted in relation to those entering (they were actively offered work, the borders were actually open, the authorities emphasized "the inadmissibility of violating the rights of millions of immigrants from North African countries living in the EU"), then the coming to power of the center-right (the League North ”,“ National Alliance ”) and the constantly growing concern about the problem of illegal immigration to Italy of immigrants from the Arab world, which became the most numerous category of immigrants, were marked by the already mentioned extremely strict immigration law“ Bossi-Fini ”, the purpose of which was not to integrate immigrants into society of indigenous people, and leave them as "temporary workers", relations with which are built on the basis of only labor contracts. The main tasks of the government during Berlusconi's tenure were the following: limiting immigration and suppressing illegal immigration; ensuring the safety of Italian citizens by limiting immigration (the proportion of prisoners among foreigners was 13 times higher than that of Italians); expulsion of all illegal immigrants. In addition, Italy demanded to strengthen border and police controls in African countries.

To combat African immigrants, the government took special measures: it created additional patrols to control its territorial waters, special police units and temporary detention centers for illegal immigrants, allocated fast patrol ships for Libya, designed to stop the illegal transport of immigrants. The above measures had an effect, and as a result, in 2010, only 205 people landed on Sicily and the nearby islands, the number of illegal migrants was 1470, which was a very good result for the Berlusconi government.

The most powerful migration flow was caused by popular unrest in some countries of North Africa. As a result of the "Arab Spring" in February 2011, about 60,560 people arrived in Italy through the sea from Tunisia and Libya. In order to change the situation and "clean up" the southern Italian provinces, several pledges of cooperation were signed with the interim governments of these countries to facilitate the return of illegal immigrants to their homeland, as well as to prevent illegal transit across the border.

The following immigration reasons were identified, giving the right to obtain a permit for permanent residence in the country and citizenship:

“Family reunification - when the reunification takes place to a person who already has immigration status or Italian citizenship;
adoption of a minor foreigner by a person who already has immigration status, or Italian citizenship;
hired work (if there is a contract with an indefinite completion date);
self-employment in various fields such as trade, sports, art, commerce, etc. " ...

The position, rights and obligations of immigrants are currently defined in detail by the Bossi-Fini Act (2002) and a number of amendments to it. Let us dwell on the main points of these regulations. First, a "residence contract" has been introduced, which must be drawn up by the employer in advance. Secondly, the law provides for visas for immigrants, in the absence of which foreigners are subject to immediate expulsion from the country. Thirdly, the possibility of immigration in connection with family reunification is indicated only up to the third degree of kinship. Fourthly, the law narrows the circle of persons applying for political asylum.

2009 was marked by the adoption of the “racist” and “inhuman”, according to the opposition and Italian industrialists, the “Security Package”, which contained the following innovations:

1) “toughening of financial responsibility, and in some cases criminal punishment for illegal stay in the country both for immigrants and for persons“ assisting them ””;

2) automatic conclusion upon receipt of a residence permit "Agreement on Integration", providing for a certain accumulative points system;

3) a sharp increase in employers' pay for hiring immigrant workers;

4) an increase in the period of stay of illegal migrants in centers of identification and expulsion from 60 to 180 days.

At the moment, the government of M. Renzi is well aware of the need for reforms, the importance of ending the "excess of hospitality" leading to the growth of racism in the country and the deterioration of economic indicators. Such sentiments lead to the strengthening of left-wing parties, in particular the "League of the North", whose representatives are not shy about xenophobic statements.

The migration crisis of 2015 further exacerbated the situation. Italy, like Europe as a whole, was not ready for such a development of events, which led to the emergence of disagreements between the countries of the European Union and within each of its countries. At the moment, the Italian government is experiencing strong public pressure (for example, in the midst of the crisis - in the summer of 2015 - the governors of the northern regions of Italy announced that they would not accept a single immigrant). Prime Minister Renzi himself threatened the European Union to take its own alternative measures if the European Union continues to ignore this problem. He also proposed introducing "temporary visas" that would allow immigrants to legally cross the border of the Schengen countries, regardless of which state they crossed in search of refugee status (as established by this law). The number of immigrants is constantly growing, in January-October 2015 alone, almost 140 thousand immigrants landed on the coast of Italy, but the government cannot do anything about it. Moreover, Italy was in favor of an even distribution of immigrants across all EU countries, since incurs the greatest losses (according to experts, in 2015 immigrants will cost Italy a record 1.2 billion euros).

When it comes to immigration policy, the economic aspect is extremely important. First, there is a disproportion in the labor market, which is why both the development and the functioning of the economy are absolutely impossible without the employment of immigrants. Secondly, the state is forced to “import taxpayers” due to the increased burden on the budget (due to an increase in life expectancy and pension costs, a decrease in the birth rate). Third, prudent immigration policies blur the differences in economic inequality across countries. Fourth, in recent decades, strong remittance flows have emerged from developed to developing countries that need to be closely monitored.

With regard to labor immigration, if during the XX century immigrants went to work that was ignored by local residents, then by the end of the emerging trend towards an increase in immigrant flows (due to the underdevelopment, economic backwardness of their home countries) led to the emergence of competition for jobs between immigrants and local residents. The following reasons are identified that explain the emergence and existence of immigration in Western Europe (including Italy):

lack of our own highly qualified workforce;
the need for cheap labor;
relatively high wages.

Among the factors contributing to the strengthening of labor migration flows, there are such as the improvement of communication means (as a result, the rapid dissemination of information) and the development of vehicles. It seems possible to single out separately the factor of economic benefit both for the immigrants themselves and for entrepreneurs-employers. The former get the opportunity to earn money that they would never have received in their homeland, as well as improve the standard of living, etc., the latter - to save their own funds, because unions are demanding high wages for Italian workers.

Why is Italy so attractive to immigrants? The main reason for this is the significant development of the informal sector of the economy. For example, “illegal labor in Italy is 15.9-17.6% of the gross national product” (according to unofficial data, all 27-30% of the GNP). The greatest prevalence of illegal labor was recorded in the service sectors and agriculture. There is a trend towards the development of shadow employment among workers: in 2005, 2% of checked workers did not have a residence permit in Italy.

For such violations, the government imposed sanctions including imprisonment, a large fine, and the suspension of the operation of the enterprise if the percentage of illegal workers reached 20% (Laws 40/1998; 89/2002; 248/06). Foreigners who find themselves in Italy in violation of the law are subject to mandatory deportation. At the same time, the government itself often pushes immigrants into illegal work when it conducts "amnesties" - procedures as a result of which all illegal workers currently in the country receive a work permit. It is worth noting that Italy has a system of quotas for the admission of foreign workers to the domestic labor market, which are determined every year regionally, and then, at the regional level, for each province.

Quotas are divided as follows:

by country (preference for representatives of those countries with which Italy has a bilateral agreement);
by the length of stay;
by category of immigrant (employee or independent);
by sector of employment.

However, even here it is not without contradictions. Employers deliberately inflate applications for the issuance of permits to enter the country in order to legalize those workers who are already engaged in labor activities at the enterprise. The government, for the sake of the trade unions and society, lowers quotas, and they do not always really reflect the needs of the labor market. Therefore, it is not surprising that trade unions spoke out during the economic crisis in 2011, when they demanded that the government remove quotas in order to first accommodate already existing unemployed immigrants.

According to statistics, the composition of foreign workers in Italy is dominated by Moroccans (11.9% of issued work permits), as well as Albanians, Romanians, Tunisians, Chinese and immigrants from the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Basically, employers need low-skilled labor (52.2%) and workers with average qualifications (46.8%). In addition to agriculture and work from home, most foreigners are employed in trade and commerce (28.8%), as well as in the steel industry (23.7%). A 2001 study found that only 10% of seasonal agricultural workers were licensed.

In practice, the formal system of total control does not work: immigrants can work for years without any documents. The fact is that a high level of the shadow economy is customary for Italy. Although this problem is recognized by the society and discussed in the course of political discussions, the government is not trying to reform the system of internal and border control, because this can cause discord between the authorities and representatives of Italian society, who have their own economic benefits in the current situation, lead to complex and large-scale checks and, as a result, an increase in the bureaucratic apparatus. In addition, the consequences of solving the problem are unpredictable in those provinces on the Adriatic coast, where criminal organizations are still strong and the influence of the authorities is almost absent.

At the same time, it should be noted that, despite some factors (for example, employment in mostly the least qualified, prestigious and paid jobs), labor immigrants make a significant contribution to the development of the Italian economy. In 2009, their share in Italy's GDP was 12.1%, or 165 billion euros.

Sociocultural aspect. Italy's immigration policy is closely related to concepts such as multiculturalism and integration. Multiculturalism is "a concept, policy and practice that celebrates the multicoloredness of cultures and denies any of them the right to dominate."

Currently, multiculturalism is constantly criticized. Arguments are given such as the ineffectiveness of the policy of multiculturalism, its misinterpretation of democracy, the lack of a positive result in Western Europe, where this concept has failed, as well as the overall utopianism of multiculturalism. Practice shows that the departure from the "cultural monopoly of the majority in favor of leveling the status of the minority", as a rule, is not implemented, and also contributes to the deconsolidation of society, its division into social groups with directly opposite interests, views and aspirations and the disappearance of the general social harmony.

Of particular difficulty is the relationship of Italian society with Muslim immigrants, who brought with them a mentality, a system of values, a way of life, traditions and customs, unusual for Europeans. In addition, it is worth noting the significant influence of the level of education (quite often Muslim immigrants do not even have primary education). As a result, the integration process is not easy, and often it becomes completely impossible. Foreign workers become representatives of the “bottom” of society (lumpen), forming a separate social group with their own special culture, and their places of residence turn into ghettos. There is a process of growing mutual "alertness" between the newcomers and the indigenous population, the desire to close off from each other. This has been accompanied by an increase in xenophobic, racist and chauvinist sentiments. The attitude of society towards immigrants can be judged by the regular electoral success of right-wing, ultra-right and nationalist parties, which proclaim the forced assimilation of migrants, advocate an end to the practice of receiving refugees, and also defend the abolition of granting them political asylum.

Part of the indigenous population is also dissatisfied with the provision by the state of extensive material assistance to the families of immigrants, which, as a rule, are numerous. Moving to the host country, they often join the ranks of the unemployed or dependents, and their maintenance is a burden on the Italian taxpayers. According to opinion polls, 75% of the Italians surveyed are convinced that immigrants are the reason for the increase in the crime situation and mass unemployment. Italian sociologists believe that in the event of a referendum on this issue, 81% of the population would approve of the deportation of some peoples.

Consider the prospects for the development of Italian immigration policy. It is worth noting here:

1) strengthening the control of state borders (especially sea ones), through which the largest flow of immigrants goes, in particular, from African countries, which is due to the geographic location of the country;

2) improving the regulatory framework: signing agreements with countries that supply labor (Albania, Morocco, China, Ukraine, the Philippines, Tunisia, etc.) to counteract illegal immigration, which will reduce the level of the shadow economy, increase cash flows to the state budget, and also strengthen the position of immigrants;

3) an increase in quotas for the work of immigrants in order to reduce the number of illegal workers, limit the shadow economy and reduce social tension in society;

4) development of programs for the integration of immigrants, taking into account their characteristics (level of education, religion, national traditions and customs, etc.), which will help immigrants find their own place in a new country, feel more comfortable there.

Thus, the immigration policy in the context of globalization is an important component of the state's activities, ensuring effective management of migration flows, labor resources, interaction between immigrants and indigenous people, as well as economic and social support for visitors. The migration process for Western Europe is not new, but large-scale migration flows to the countries of the Old World are about sixty years old. During the XX - early XXI centuries. A number of agreements on the implementation of immigration policy were signed between European countries, but this did not bring the expected result: numerous conflicts, growing problems allow analysts to talk about the failure of these measures.

Italy's immigration regime changed as the flow of immigration intensified from mild to harsher. Based on three aspects of immigration policy, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1) Political and legal aspect. Immigration policy largely depends on the views of those in power. Immigrant policies are now based on the Bossy Feeney Act (2002) and the Security Package (2009). At the same time, the migration crisis of 2015 made its own adjustments - the EU quota system for the distribution of immigrants.

2) The economic aspect. Immigration policy regulates, among other things, the distribution of labor resources. Italy is especially attractive to immigrants because of the presence of a significant shadow sector of the economy, however, solving this problem is very difficult for the government, because in fact, neither the state, nor entrepreneurship, nor the immigrant workers themselves are interested in this.

3) Sociocultural aspect. The relationship between immigrants and local residents is not easy, because the process of integration in the context of the policy of multiculturalism is difficult and ambiguous. Mutual alienation is growing, xenophobic and nationalist views are increasing among the indigenous population, which is reflected in sociological polls and in parliamentary elections.

As for the prospects for immigration policy, Italy has something to strive for, because processes related to the activities of immigrants are not going so smoothly. Italians should be more attentive to visiting foreigners, it is necessary to reform the legal framework, and also to strengthen control over the legalization of immigrants.

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